emissions Japan Calls US Emissions Plan a Bold Step Away From Coal By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: 2014-06-03T14:37:00Z Japan said the U.S.’s proposed cuts in greenhouse-gas emissions from its power plants is a bold step to tackle climate change. Full Article Storage Energy Efficiency Wind Power Solar
emissions RGGI Chair Says States Won’t Leave Emissions Trading Market for California, Quebec By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: 2014-09-25T13:46:00Z California and Quebec, which together created the largest carbon market in North America this year, may come away empty-handed as they woo northeastern U.S. states to join their system. Full Article Storage Energy Efficiency Wind Power Solar
emissions Carbon Emissions Stop Rising for First Time in 40 Years By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: 2015-03-16T15:12:00Z Global emissions were unchanged last year, the first time that’s happened amid economic growth in four decades, according to the International Energy Agency. Full Article Storage Energy Efficiency Wind Power Solar
emissions Obama Orders US Agencies to Cut Carbon Emissions 40 Percent by 2025 By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: 2015-03-19T21:32:00Z President Barack Obama ordered the federal government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent from 2008 levels over the next 10 years by shifting to renewable energy sources such as solar power. Full Article Storage Energy Efficiency Wind Power Solar
emissions Mexico Pledges to Cut Emissions 25 Percent in Climate Change Milestone By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: 2015-03-30T16:13:00Z Mexico has become the first developing nation to formally promise to cut its global-warming pollution, a potential milestone in efforts to reach a worldwide agreement on tackling climate change. Full Article Storage Energy Efficiency Wind Power Solar
emissions China's Recovery May Boost Carbon Emissions By www.rfa.org Published On :: 2020-05-08T15:31:10Z A record decline in greenhouse gas could be followed by a larger increase as the economy rebounds, energy experts warn. Full Article Story
emissions Taxing emissions in Singapore -- by Donghyun Park, Shu Tian, Mai Lin C. Villaruel By blogs.adb.org Published On :: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 15:47:44 +0800 Singapore’s carbon tax is designed to maximize green investments while minimizing negative effects on the overall economy. Full Article
emissions Mercedes-Benz Slapped with Record Fine for Emissions Cheating By english.chosun.com Published On :: 2020-05-07T14:01:44+09:00 The Environment Ministry is fining Mercedes-Benz W77.6 billion for illegally tampering with emissions tests, the biggest fine ever for a carmaker here (US$1=W1,225). The ministry on Wednesday said Mercedes-Benz, Nissan and Porsche tampered with the emissions of around 40,000 diesel cars sold in Kore... Full Article Business
emissions One in three shareholders vote for Rio Tinto to adopt binding emissions target By www.theguardian.com Published On :: 2020-05-08T08:32:49Z Shareholder vote in favour of global mining giant adopting binding targets grew sixfold since last yearShareholders in global miner Rio Tinto have rebuked the company over its climate stance, with 37% voting at a meeting in Australia for a resolution that would require it to set binding emissions targets.While the resolution did not pass, its sponsor, environmental group Market Forces, said it attracted six times as much support as an identical one put up at the same meeting last year. Continue reading... Full Article Rio Tinto Australia news Mining Environment Mining Business Fossil fuels Energy Greenhouse gas emissions
emissions Seagrass nursery in central Queensland could offset carbon emissions By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Thu, 24 Oct 2019 07:21:00 +1100 A seagrass nursery set up to propagate seeds to restore lost seagrass meadows could also be a tool to offset carbon emissions. Full Article ABC Radio Sydney sydney darwin brisbane widebay farnorth capricornia tropic northqld Environment:All:All Environment:Climate Change:All Environment:Conservation:Marine Parks Environment:Oceans and Reefs:All Science and Technology:Breakthroughs:All Australia:NSW:Sydney 2000 Australia:NT:Darwin 0800 Australia:QLD:Brisbane 4000 Australia:QLD:Bundaberg 4670 Australia:QLD:Cairns 4870 Australia:QLD:Central Queensland University 4701 Australia:QLD:Gladstone 4680 Australia:QLD:Mackay 4740 Australia:QLD:Townsville 4810 Australia:WA:Edith Cowan University 6018
emissions Fossil fuel methane emissions have been 'vastly underestimated', researchers say By www.sbs.com.au Published On :: Wed, 19 Feb 2020 18:49:08 +0000 A new study has found the oil and gas industry has had a far worse impact on the climate than previously believed. Full Article Europe World Business Science
emissions 10 Las Vegas Men Indicted for Falsifying Vehicle Emissions Tests By www.justice.gov Published On :: Fri, 8 Jan 2010 14:41:28 EST A federal grand jury in Las Vegas today returned indictments against 10 Nevada-certified emissions testers for falsifying vehicle emissions test reports. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Two Shell Chemical Companies Agree to Reduce Harmful Emissions Under Comprehensive Clean Air Act Settlements By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 31 Mar 2010 14:07:12 EDT Shell Chemical L.P. and Shell Chemical Yabucoa have agreed to install pollution reduction equipment on two petroleum refining facilities at an estimated cost of $6 million as part of two comprehensive Clean Air Act settlements. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority to Spend Millions to Reduce Commuter Train Emissions in Clean Air Act Settlement By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 4 Aug 2010 14:46:07 EDT In response to a federal enforcement action for excessive train engine idling, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) and the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company (MBCR) will spend more than $2 million to reduce diesel locomotive emissions throughout the MBTA’s commuter rail system. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Last of 10 Las Vegas Defendants Pleads Guilty to Falsifying Emissions Test Records By www.justice.gov Published On :: Mon, 25 Apr 2011 13:37:55 EDT Wajdi Waked, 25, of Las Vegas, pleaded guilty today before Judge Philip M. Pro of the U.S. District Court in Nevada, to one count of violating the Clean Air Act by falsifying emissions test results. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Last of 10 Las Vegas Defendants Sentenced for Falsifying Emissions Test Records By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 21 Sep 2011 16:56:34 EDT William Joseph McCown, 49, of Las Vegas, was sentenced today before District Judge Lloyd D. George of the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Kansas Refinery to Pay Nearly $1 Million Penalty for Environmental Violations Related to Air Emissions By www.justice.gov Published On :: Tue, 6 Mar 2012 15:14:06 EST Coffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing (CRRM) has agreed to pay a civil penalty of more than $970,000 and invest more than $4.25 million in new pollution controls and $6.5 million in operating costs to resolve alleged violations of air, Superfund and community right-to-know laws at its Coffeyville, Kan., refinery. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions US Announces Clean Air Act Settlement with Wisconsin Utility – Dairyland Power Cooperative to Reduce Emissions by More Than 29,000 Tons Annually By www.justice.gov Published On :: Fri, 29 Jun 2012 10:37:20 EDT The Department of Justice and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) today announced a Clean Air Act settlement with Dairyland Power Cooperative (DPC) that will cover the utility’s three power plants in Alma and Genoa, Wis. DPC has agreed to invest approximately $150 million in pollution control technology that will protect public health and resolve violations of the Clean Air Act. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions New Jersey Glass Manufacturer to Install State-of-the-Art Emissions Controls to Resolve Violations of the Clean Air Act By www.justice.gov Published On :: Mon, 1 Oct 2012 16:26:09 EDT Under a settlement announced today by the Department of Justice and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Durand Glass Manufacturing Company Inc. has agreed to install emissions controls on its three glass furnaces that will reduce more than 173 tons of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and 23 tons of particulate matter (PM) per year. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Automotive Electronics Manufacturer Fined $500,000 for Selling Illegal Devices Resulting in Tons of Excess Particulate Matter Emissions By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 17 Jan 2013 14:11:25 EST In a settlement with the United States on behalf of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, automotive electronics manufacturer Edge Products LLC (Edge) has agreed to pay a $500,000 civil penalty for manufacturing and selling electronic devices that allowed owners of model year 2007 and later diesel pickup trucks to remove emission controls from their vehicles. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Cement Manufacturer Agrees to Reduce Harmful Air Emissions at Colorado Plant By www.justice.gov Published On :: Fri, 19 Apr 2013 12:23:31 EDT The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced today that CEMEX, Inc., the owner and operator of a Portland cement manufacturing facility in Lyons, Colo., has agreed to operate advanced pollution controls on its kiln and pay a $1 million civil penalty to resolve alleged violations of the Clean Air Act (CAA). Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Clean Air Act Settlement with Wisconsin Utilities to Reduce Emissions by More Than 50,000 Tons Annually By www.justice.gov Published On :: Mon, 22 Apr 2013 13:50:30 EDT The Department of Justice, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the United States Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Wisconsin announced a Clean Air Act (CAA) settlement with Wisconsin Power and Light Company (WPL) that will significantly reduce air pollution from three coal-fired power plants located near Portage, Sheboygan, and Cassville, Wis. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Settlement with Ash Grove Cement Company to Reduce Thousands of Tons of Air Emissions By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 19 Jun 2013 13:46:53 EDT Ash Grove Cement Company has agreed to pay a $2.5 million penalty and invest approximately $30 million in pollution control technology at its nine Portland cement manufacturing plants to resolve alleged violations of the Clean Air Act. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions United States Reaches Settlement with Safeway to Reduce Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances Nationwide By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 4 Sep 2013 14:58:21 EDT In a settlement agreement with the United States, Safeway, the nation’s second largest grocery store chain, has agreed to pay a $600,000 civil penalty and implement a corporate-wide plan to significantly reduce its emissions of ozone-depleting substances from refrigeration equipment at 659 of its stores nationwide, estimated to cost approximately $4.1 million. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions North America’s Largest Acid Manufacturer and Its Subsidiaries Agree to Slash Emissions and Reduce Air Pollution By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 19 Mar 2014 11:08:22 EDT LSB Industries Inc. (LSB), the largest merchant manufacturer of concentrated nitric acid in North America, and four of its subsidiaries have agreed to reduce harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by meeting emission limits that are among the lowest for the industry in the nation. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions U.S. Settlement with Minnesota Coal-Fired Utility to Reduce Emissions By www.justice.gov Published On :: Fri, 29 Aug 2014 12:46:02 EDT In a settlement with the United States, Minnesota Power (MP), an ALLETE company based in Duluth, Minnesota has agreed to install pollution control technology and meet stringent emission rates to reduce harmful air pollution from the company’s three coal-fired power plants located in Cohasset, Hoyt Lakes and Schroeder, Minnesota, the Department of Justice and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced today Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions United States Settles with Costco to Cut Ozone-Depleting and Greenhouse Gas Refrigerant Emissions Nationwide By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 3 Sep 2014 11:58:06 EDT Costco Wholesale Corporation, one of the nation’s largest retailers, has agreed to cut its emissions of ozone-depleting and greenhouse gases from leaking refrigeration equipment at more than half of its stores nationwide. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions U.S. Settlement with Michigan Utility to Reduce Emissions at Its Coal-Fired Power Plants, Fund Projects to Benefit Environment and Communities By www.justice.gov Published On :: Tue, 16 Sep 2014 13:03:59 EDT In a settlement with the United States, Consumers Energy, a subsidiary of CMS Energy Corporation, has agreed to install pollution control technology, continue operating existing pollution controls and comply with emission rates to reduce harmful air pollution from the company’s five coal-fired power plants. Full Article OPA Press Releases
emissions Achieving atmospheric verification of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions By feeds.nature.com Published On :: 2020-04-30 Full Article
emissions Achieving atmospheric verification of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions By feeds.nature.com Published On :: 2020-04-30 Full Article
emissions High rate of durable remissions post autologous stem cell transplantation for core-binding factor acute myeloid leukaemia in second complete remission By feeds.nature.com Published On :: 2020-05-06 Full Article
emissions HPCA Hosts COP25 Side Event Focused on Reducing GHG Emissions through Carbon Pricing By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: Dec 10, 2019 Dec 10, 2019As negotiators from around the world arrived in Madrid for the second week of the 25th UN Climate Change Conference (COP-25), the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements hosted an official COP side event on Dec. 9 focusing on the potential for reducing greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions through the use of carbon pricing. Full Article
emissions HPCA Hosts COP25 Side Event Focused on Reducing GHG Emissions through Carbon Pricing By feedproxy.google.com Published On :: Dec 10, 2019 Dec 10, 2019As negotiators from around the world arrived in Madrid for the second week of the 25th UN Climate Change Conference (COP-25), the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements hosted an official COP side event on Dec. 9 focusing on the potential for reducing greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions through the use of carbon pricing. Full Article
emissions Comparisons of simple and complex methods for quantifying exposure to individual point source air pollution emissions By feeds.nature.com Published On :: 2020-03-17 Full Article
emissions Blue skies, reduced emissions only temporary, won't benefit environment in long run: Experts By economictimes.indiatimes.com Published On :: 2020-04-09T13:14:27+05:30 Environmentalists feel that carbon emissions may have reduced drastically but are likely to go back to the pre-corona levels in a few weeks' time, once the virus threat mitigates. Full Article
emissions Prices in Emissions Permit Markets By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Mon, 24 Nov 2008 20:18:00 -0500 ABSTRACT Of the many regulatory responses to climate change, cap-and-trade is the only one currently endorsed by large segments of the scientific, economic and political establishments. Under this type of system, regulators set the overall path of carbon dioxide (CO2) reductions, allocate or auction the appropriate number of emissions allowances to regulated entities and – through trading – allow the market to converge upon the least expensive set of abatement opportunities. As a result, the trading price of allowances is not set by the regulator as it would be under a tax system, but instead evolves over time to reflect the underlying supply and demand for allowances. In this paper, I develop a simple theory that relates the initial clearing price of CO2 allowances to the marginal cost premium of carbon-free technology, the maximum rate of energy capital replacement and the market interest rate. This theory suggests that the initial clearing price may be lower than the canonical range of CO2 prices found in static technology assessments. Consequently, these results have broad implications for the design of a comprehensive regulatory solution to the climate problem, providing, for example, some intuition about the proper value of a possible CO2 price trigger in a future cap-and-trade system. Downloads Download Authors Bryan K. Mignone Full Article
emissions Technological Scarcity, Compliance Flexibility and the Optimal Time Path of Emissions Abatement By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Tue, 25 Nov 2008 00:00:00 -0500 ABSTRACT The overall economic efficiency of a quantity-based approach to greenhouse gas mitigation depends strongly on the extent to which such a program provides opportunities for compliance flexibility, particularly with regard to the timing of emissions abatement. Here I consider a program in which annual targets are determined by choosing the optimal time path of reductions consistent with an exogenously prescribed cumulative reduction target and fixed technology set. I then show that if the availability of low-carbon technology is initially more constrained than anticipated, the optimal reduction path shifts abatement toward later compliance periods. For this reason, a rigid policy in which fixed annual targets are strictly enforced in every year yields a cumulative environmental outcome identical to the optimal policy but an economic outcome worse than the optimal policy. On the other hand, a policy that aligns actual prices (or equivalently, costs) with expected prices by simply imposing an explicit price ceiling (often referred to as a "safety valve") yields the opposite result. Comparison among these multiple scenarios implies that there are significant gains to realizing the optimal path but that further refinement of the actual regulatory instrument will be necessary to achieve that goal in a real cap-and-trade system. Downloads Download Authors Bryan K. Mignone Full Article
emissions Why I like the Volkswagen emissions settlement By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 29 Jun 2016 12:45:00 -0400 When the Volkswagen emissions control scandal broke into the headlines in September, I wrote here how I felt like my lifelong love affair with VW had been violated. As an environmentalist, owning a Jetta that zipped along for 42 miles on a gallon of diesel was the best of both worlds. And it was a lie. My wife, Holly Flood, said she felt like she’d been “duped,” and since then she’s vowed never to buy another VW. I’m not so sure. But I was pleased this week to see the agreed terms for the nearly half million of us who own the smaller diesel engine cars in the U.S. This was the largest car settlement in U.S. history. What I like is the combination of individual and collective compensation for this crime. Making it right with the customers On the individual side, if this deal is approved by the judge in early October, my family will get our 2009 Jetta TDI sedan fixed for free (if the Environmental Protection Agency approves the fix), and we’ll get a check for $5,100. Holly says that’s perfect timing for a down payment on a new car (which will not be a VW). I’m pushing for a plug-in electric hybrid, which we can charge with renewable energy we get off the grid from our local provider, People’s Power & Light. In our case, for every electron we use, they pay to have one electron put in from wind power somewhere right here in New England. Hopefully we’ll have variable pricing of electricity by then, allowing us to charge the car when the juice is cheapest, like when the wind blows at night but few people are using much electricity. The unknown for us is whether the VW fix will noticeably harm the performance of the car. I’m guessing it will, perhaps in its remarkable torque, in its gas mileage, or both. But at this point the car has tons of my wife’s commuting miles on it, so we’re hanging on to it as the in-town backup car. Under the settlement we could get an extra $7k and give up the car entirely. That may be tempting, as it’s at that point where it’s getting substantially more expensive to maintain, and the Kelley Blue Book value is around $6k. They apparently aren’t lowballing us. Making it right with the public The collective part of this agreement is actually more interesting. VW agreed to pay $4.7 billion into environmental programs, which in my estimation will eliminate more harm than they created. One estimate guessed that scores of premature deaths occurred in the U.S. from VW’s “defeat devices” that shut off emissions controls when they were not being tested. Most of the deaths were probably in California, where there were many more sales of diesels than elsewhere in the country. (Of course in Europe the concentration of diesels is much greater and the Guardian put the number of deaths at thousands in the U.K. alone.) One part of this fund will go to replace diesel buses with electric ones. This will measurably improve air quality in inner cities, the precise places where extra sooty VWs were causing ill health and premature deaths with their NOx emissions. Another part will go to install electric vehicle charging stations in California. This helps overcome the “chicken and egg” problem of people not being willing to switch to electric vehicles for fear of running out of juice. The settlement says that “Volkswagen must spend $2 billion to promote non-polluting cars (“zero emissions vehicles” or “ZEV”), over and above any amount Volkswagen previously planned to spend on such technology.” That counterfactual will probably be impossible to prove, but the idea here is fairness. A case of how America deals with environmentally criminal corporations Sociologically, this is a fascinating case, because it reveals how our society resolves scandals that killed people through knowing contamination of the environment. As Deputy U.S. Attorney General Sally Yates harshly put it, "By duping regulators, Volkswagen turned nearly half a million American drivers into unwitting accomplices in an unprecedented assault on our environment." There are individuals inside this company who deserve criminal prosecution, but apparently most of the thousands of other employees did not know what was going on. The corporate response has been interesting, and seems to vary sharply from how most U.S. auto firms have dealt with similar lawsuits and scandals in the past. VW did not drag out the battle, but set aside $16 billion immediately as a loss, and then settled rather generously with us. (This spring they had already given us a $500 gift card and $500 in repairs in what was essentially hush money.) VW’s response to this crisis was creative, forward-looking, and ultimately pro-social. Just a week or so ago they announced that their new business model was to be in electrics: They announced they’d be rolling out 31 electric vehicles in the coming years. This is a remarkable turn for a company that pushed diesels for decades as the solution to climate change. This is what it looks like when a massive corporation whose reputation was built on trust and belief in the integrity of a brand seeks to battle its way back into a changing market. Spending billions on charging stations and replacing diesel buses may make immediate sense—can we say if this is helping avoid premature deaths or it is merely crass self-interest? Does it matter? Of course it does. But my first impression of what VW did this week was of a fair deal that was not just lining my pocket. It was helping us get off fossil fuels as a society and benefiting human health and the environment in a substantial way. And by rebuilding a major employer in Germany, the U.S., and around the world into one that might be a part of the solution to climate change, this is a significant and fairly brilliant business move to position the company for the next half century. Or am I merely a sucker for my old flame? Authors Timmons Roberts Full Article
emissions Controlling carbon emissions from U.S. power plants: How a tradable performance standard compares to a carbon tax By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Mon, 03 Aug 2015 04:00:00 +0000 Different pollution control policies, even if they achieve the same emissions goal, could have importantly different effects on the composition of the energy sector and economic outcomes. In this paper, we use the G-Cubed1 model of the global economy to compare two basic policy approaches for controlling carbon emissions from power plants: (1) a tradable… Full Article
emissions Finnish passenger ferry retrofits rotary sail to reduce emissions By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Thu, 12 Apr 2018 06:58:52 -0400 The Viking Grace was already low emission. Now it's going further. Full Article Transportation
emissions UK carbon emissions down 38% since 1990 By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Tue, 05 Feb 2019 06:42:09 -0500 Even if you factor in offshoring of jobs and industry, emissions are way, way down. Full Article Energy
emissions All of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions in one awesome interactive pie chart By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Wed, 08 Jul 2015 15:30:01 -0400 A visual breakdown of emissions by country and industry. Full Article Science
emissions Gas station benzene emissions 10 times as bad as previously thought By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Wed, 07 Nov 2018 14:25:40 -0500 Another very good reason to get fossil fuel powered cars out of our cities. Full Article Transportation
emissions GM Volt Versus Toyota Prius: Which Design Type Will Be More Effective At Reducing Stack & Tailpipe Emissions, And Energy Consumption? By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Sat, 28 Feb 2009 14:05:34 -0500 This is one of those comparison posts that that could draw many angry comments: like Could Hype Sell An Inferior Hybrid? - Ford Fusion versus Toyota Camry did. Please carefully read the caveats. Full Article Transportation
emissions EPA proposes new rules to cut methane emissions By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Tue, 18 Aug 2015 14:55:07 -0400 The proposed rules are expected to cut U.S. methane emission by 20 to 30 percent. Full Article Energy
emissions Finland to cut CO2 emissions 80% by 2050, legally binding By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Mon, 09 Jun 2014 09:39:16 -0400 There's finally momentum on the international stage. And this is one of the most ambitious announcements yet. Full Article Business
emissions It's time for an upfront carbon emissions tax on building By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Tue, 23 Apr 2019 10:28:29 -0400 These sliver towers are incredibly inefficient and even have fake mechanical spaces to make them even taller. We all pay the price in carbon. Full Article Design
emissions Emissions From Hydropower in Brazil Grossly Underestimated By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Tue, 29 May 2012 15:19:00 -0400 Emissions from tropical hydropower dams in Brazil are up to four times higher than often assumed, new research shows. Full Article Energy
emissions As emissions spike, VW announces an end to oil-powered cars By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Fri, 07 Dec 2018 06:02:58 -0500 The timeline needs some work. But this is a start... Full Article Transportation
emissions Oil company claims "net zero' emissions goal By www.treehugger.com Published On :: Tue, 19 Mar 2019 06:56:46 -0400 And yet it still plans to sell more oil... Full Article Business