ess Biofuels: alternative feedstocks and conversion processes for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels / edited by Ashok Pandey, Christian Larroche, Claude-Gilles Dussap, Edgard Gnansounou, Samir Kumar Khanal, Steve Ricke By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 06:24:06 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Applications in Design and Simulation of Sustainable Chemical Processes / Alexandre C. Dimian, Costin Sorin Bildea and Anton A. Kiss By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 06:24:06 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Understanding Process Equipment for Operators and Engineers / Norman Lieberman By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 06:24:06 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Green Sustainable Processes for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide As Green Solvent / edited by Abdullah M. Asiri, Dr. Inamuddin, Arun M. Isloor By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 2 Feb 2020 06:24:06 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Non-conventional unit operations: solving practical issues / Alessandro Di Pretoro, Flavio Manenti By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 16 Feb 2020 06:19:41 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Digitization in controlling: forecasting processes through automation / Andre Große Kamphake By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 16 Feb 2020 06:19:41 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Explosives detection: sensors, electronic systems and data processing / edited by Lorenzo Capineri and Eyüp Kuntay Turmuş By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 1 Mar 2020 06:22:22 EST Online Resource Full Article
ess Life cycle assessment in the chemical product chain: challenges, methodological approaches and applications / Simone Maranghi, Carlo Brondi, editors By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 15 Mar 2020 06:23:26 EDT Online Resource Full Article
ess Visualizing taste: how business changed the look of what you eat / Ai Hisano By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 29 Mar 2020 06:19:37 EDT Dewey Library - TP370.9.C64 H57 2019 Full Article
ess Polylactic acid: a practical guide for the processing, manufacturing, and applications of PLA / Lee Tin Sin, Bee Soo Tueen By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 19 Apr 2020 06:48:14 EDT Online Resource Full Article
ess Runner and gating design handbook: tools for successful injection molding / John P. Beaumont By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 19 Apr 2020 06:48:14 EDT Online Resource Full Article
ess Introduction to sol-gel processing / Alain C. Pierre By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 06:32:35 EDT Online Resource Full Article
ess Bio-resource utilization and bioprocess / Sadhan Kumar Ghosh, Ramakrishna Sen, H.N. Chanakya, Agamuthu Pariatamby, editors By library.mit.edu Published On :: Sun, 26 Apr 2020 06:32:35 EDT Online Resource Full Article
ess Becoming Christian : essays on 1 Peter and the making of Christian identity / David G. Horrell By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Horrell, David G., author Full Article
ess The practice of hope : ideology and intention in First Thessalonians / Néstor O. Míguez ; translated by Aquíles Martínez By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Míguez, Néstor Oscar Full Article
ess The sacred in fantastic fandom : essays on the intersection of religion and pop culture / edited by Carole M. Cusack, John W. Morehead and Venetia Laura Delano Robertson By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Full Article
ess The ritualized revelation of the messianic age : washings and meals in Galatians and 1 Corinthians / Stephen Richard Turley By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Turley, Stephen Richard, author Full Article
ess The earliest perceptions of Jesus in context : essays in honour of John Nolland on his 70th birthday / edited by Aaron W. White, Craig A. Evans and David Wenham By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Full Article
ess The faithfulness of the risen Christ : pistis and the exalted Lord in the Pauline letters / David J. Downs, Benjamin J. Lappenga By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Downs, David J., 1977- author Full Article
ess The making of Christianity : conflicts, contacts, and constructions : essays in honor of Bengt Holmberg / edited by Magnus Zetterholm and Samuel Byrskog By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Full Article
ess Marriage, same-sex marriage and the Anglican church of Australia : essays from the doctrine commission / The Anglican Church of Australia By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Anglican Church of Australia, author Full Article
ess The garb of being : embodiment and the pursuit of holiness in late ancient Christianity / Georgia Frank, Susan R Holman, and Andrew S. Jacobs, editors By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Full Article
ess Thomas Thornton Reed, Anglican Archbishop of Adelaide : essays and reminiscences / compiled by Airlie Black By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Full Article
ess Essential essays for the study of the military in first-century Palestine : soldiers and the New Testament context / edited by Christopher B. Zeichman By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Full Article
ess Fortress introduction to the Gospels / Mark Allan Powell By prospero.murdoch.edu.au Published On :: Powell, Mark Allan, 1953- author Full Article
ess Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Perspectives By www.wiley.com Published On :: 2020-04-06T04:00:00Z Demystifies the genetic, biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress tolerance in plantsHeat stress—when high temperatures cause irreversible damage to plant function or development—severely impairs the growth and yield of agriculturally important crops. As the global population mounts and temperatures continue to rise, it is crucial to understand the biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms of thermotolerance Read More... Full Article
ess SO2F2-Mediated one-pot cascade process for transformation of aldehydes (RCHO) to cyanamides (RNHCN) By feeds.rsc.org Published On :: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,17288-17292DOI: 10.1039/D0RA02631J, Paper Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.Yiyong Zhao, Junjie Wei, Shuting Ge, Guofu Zhang, Chengrong DingOur gram-scale process uses abundant and inexpensive aldehydes, a clean nitrogen source, requires no additional carbon atoms, is transition-metal free, and features easy work-up and excellent functional group compatibility.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
ess Boosting performances of triboelectric nanogenerators by optimizing dielectric properties and thickness of electrification layer By feeds.rsc.org Published On :: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,17752-17759DOI: 10.1039/D0RA02181D, Paper Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.Xiaofang Kang, Chongxiang Pan, Yanghui Chen, Xiong PuEnhanced output performances of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) are achieved by optimizing the high-dielectric-constant filler content in the electrification layer and decreasing its thickness.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
ess A novel series of phenolic temozolomide (TMZ) esters with 4 to 5-fold increased potency, compared to TMZ, against glioma cells irrespective of MGMT expression By feeds.rsc.org Published On :: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,17561-17570DOI: 10.1039/D0RA02686G, Paper Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.Leroy Shervington, Oliver Ingham, Amal ShervingtonThe standard of care treatment for patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is temozolomide (TMZ).The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
ess A chitosan-based edible film with clove essential oil and nisin for improving the quality and shelf life of pork patties in cold storage By feeds.rsc.org Published On :: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,17777-17786DOI: 10.1039/D0RA02986F, Paper Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.Karthikeyan Venkatachalam, Somwang LekjingThis study assessed chitosan (CS)-based edible films with clove essential oil (CO) and nisin (NI) singly or in combination, for improving quality and shelf life of pork patties stored in cold conditions.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
ess Lithium metal deposition/dissolution under uniaxial pressure with high-rigidity layered polyethylene separator By feeds.rsc.org Published On :: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,17805-17815DOI: 10.1039/D0RA02788J, Paper Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.Shogo Kanamori, Mitsuhiro Matsumoto, Sou Taminato, Daisuke Mori, Yasuo Takeda, Hoe Jin Hah, Takashi Takeuchi, Nobuyuki ImanishiThe use of a high rigidity separator and application of an appropriate amount of pressure are effective approaches to control lithium metal growth and improve its cycle performance.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
ess Anatomy of an HTML5 WordPress theme By nicolasgallagher.com Published On :: Fri, 14 Aug 2009 17:00:00 -0700 This site has been written in HTML5 and used to use WordPress to manage the content. I’ll explain why I used HTML5, describe the structure of the theme templates, and show some of the ways I tried to tame WordPress’s tendency to add mess to the source code. As this is my personal site I wanted to experiment with using HTML5, CSS3, and WAI-ARIA. All these documents are currently working drafts and subject to change. However, the web documents and applications of the future are going to be written in HTML5 and I wanted to see the benefits of using it to markup static documents. Using CSS 2.1, let alone the CSS3 selectors and properties that some browser vendors have implemented, has many advantages for controlling the presentation of semantically coded documents. For this reason I am not going to avoid using basic CSS 2.1 selectors just to faithfully reproducing this site’s design in IE6. However, I have tried to accommodate IE 7 and IE 8 users by using an HTML5 enabling script so that the new HTML5 elements can be styled in those browsers if users have Javascript enabled. HTML5 templates I started with a static prototype of this site developed on my local server. WordPress makes it very easy to create your own templates and, therefore, it is no problem to use HTML5. This theme only has 3 main templates: index, single, and archive. There are of course templates for 404s, attachments, comments, etc., but I won’t discuss them as they are all based on the 3 main templates. All the templates include ARIA roles as an accessibility aide. The single.php template has this rough structure: <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title></title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="default.css"> </head> <body> <header role="banner"></header> <nav role="navigation"></nav> <article role="main"> <header> <time datetime="YYYY-MM-DD"></time> <h1></h1> </header> <footer></footer> </article> <nav></nav> <aside role="complementary"></aside> <footer role="contentinfo"> <small></small> </footer> </body> </html> The first line of the document is the HTML5 DOCTYPE. The new <article> element contains the content of each post. The same structure is used for the index.php template except that there are several articles displayed on each page and the ARIA role value of main is not used. In contrast, the archive.php template houses all the article excerpts in a <section> element with the ARIA role of main because the list of archived posts is itself the main content of the document. A clean theme WordPress tends to add classes, elements, and other bits of code in certain places. I haven’t used any of the WordPress functions that add class names to the body and to elements wrapping a post and also wanted to avoid cluttering the source code with any other unnecessary markup. This required a bit of fiddling around with the theme’s functions.php file. I’m not a PHP developer so this might not be pretty! Removing actions from wp_head() WordPress has a hook called wp_head that sits in the header.php of most themes. To avoid it inserting unwanted code into the <head> of the document I used the remove_action function to disable the functions that were responsible. The following code was added to the functions.php file of my theme: // Remove links to the extra feeds (e.g. category feeds) remove_action( 'wp_head', 'feed_links_extra', 3 ); // Remove links to the general feeds (e.g. posts and comments) remove_action( 'wp_head', 'feed_links', 2 ); // Remove link to the RSD service endpoint, EditURI link remove_action( 'wp_head', 'rsd_link' ); // Remove link to the Windows Live Writer manifest file remove_action( 'wp_head', 'wlwmanifest_link' ); // Remove index link remove_action( 'wp_head', 'index_rel_link' ); // Remove prev link remove_action( 'wp_head', 'parent_post_rel_link', 10, 0 ); // Remove start link remove_action( 'wp_head', 'start_post_rel_link', 10, 0 ); // Display relational links for adjacent posts remove_action( 'wp_head', 'adjacent_posts_rel_link', 10, 0 ); // Remove XHTML generator showing WP version remove_action( 'wp_head', 'wp_generator' ); Source: WPEngineer.com: Cleanup WordPress Header Removing an empty <span> If you want to create excerpts you can either write them into the excerpt box or use the <--more--> quicktag in the WordPress editor. I just wanted the first paragraph of my posts to be used as the excerpt and so using the in-editor tag was the most practical approach I was aware of. However, when you do this WordPress will insert an empty <span> in the post’s content. This element has an id so that the area following the excerpt can be targeted by “more” or “continue reading” links. I removed both the empty <span> and the jump link by adding the following code to the functions.php file of the theme: // removes empty span function remove_empty_read_more_span($content) { return eregi_replace("(<p><span id="more-[0-9]{1,}"></span></p>)", "", $content); } add_filter('the_content', 'remove_empty_read_more_span'); Source: Ganda Manurung: Remove Empty Span Tag On WordPress // removes url hash to avoid the jump link function remove_more_jump_link($link) { $offset = strpos($link, '#more-'); if ($offset) { $end = strpos($link, '"',$offset); } if ($end) { $link = substr_replace($link, '', $offset, $end-$offset); } return $link; } add_filter('the_content_more_link', 'remove_more_jump_link'); Source: WordPress Codex: Customizing the Read More Displaying images in the excerpt For posts that display nothing but a photograph (yes, they will be shit but I’m hoping it gets me using my camera a bit more often) I wanted the image to show up in the archives. Equally, if the first paragraph of a post contained a link I wanted that to be preserved. The default the_excerpt() template tag doesn’t allow for this so it needed some modifying. I added a new function, which is just a modified version of the core excerpt function, to the functions.php file and then made sure that the template tag executed this function rather than the one contained in the core WordPress files. function improved_trim_excerpt($text) { if ( '' == $text ) { $text = get_the_content(''); $text = strip_shortcodes( $text ); $text = apply_filters('the_content', $text); $text = str_replace(']]>', ']]&gt;', $text); $text = strip_tags($text, '<p><img><a>'); $excerpt_length = apply_filters('excerpt_length', 55); $words = explode(' ', $text, $excerpt_length + 1); if (count($words) > $excerpt_length) { array_pop($words); array_push($words, '[...]'); $text = implode(' ', $words); $text = force_balance_tags($text); } } return $text; } remove_filter('get_the_excerpt', 'wp_trim_excerpt'); add_filter('get_the_excerpt', 'improved_trim_excerpt'); Source: Aaron Russell: Improving WordPress’ the_excerpt() template tag Conditional next/prev links I prefer not to have empty elements in the markup and so I needed a way to conditionally insert the “Older entries”, “Newer Entries”, etc., links into templates. The solution I’m using here, which isn’t perfect, is to add this to functions.php: function show_posts_nav() { global $wp_query; return ($wp_query->max_num_pages > 1); } Source: Eric Martin: Conditional navigation links in WordPress And then to wrap the navigation markup in the templates with the following: <?php if (show_posts_nav()) : ?> <nav> <ul> <li><?php next_posts_link('« Older Entries') ?></li> <li><?php previous_posts_link('Newer Entries »') ?></li> </ul> </nav> <?php endif; ?> Summary It’s fairly easy to create a simple site with HTML5 and to use WordPress to deliver it. At the moment there are issues with Internet Explorer because you cannot style HTML5 elements unless you use Javascript. However, HTML5 redefines the meaning of certain elements (such as <dl>, which has become a more versatile “description list”) and allows block elements to be wrapped in a link. Therefore, there is still benefit in using the HTML5 DOCTYPE even if you do not make use of the new elements. Further reading HTML5 working draft HTML5 differences from HTML4 Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0 Full Article
ess Using HTML5 elements in WordPress post content By nicolasgallagher.com Published On :: Wed, 24 Feb 2010 16:00:00 -0800 Here are two ways to include HTML5 elements in your WordPress post content without WordPress’ wpautop function wrapping them in p tags or littering your code with line breaks. HTML5 has several new elements that you may want to use in your post content to markup document sections, headers, footers, pullquotes, figures, or groups of headings. One way to safely include these elements in your posts is simple; the other way is a bit more complicated. Both ways rely on hand-coding the HTML5 markup in the WordPress editor’s HTML view. If you are adding HTML5 elements to your post content then you should use an HTML5 doctype. Disable wpautop for your theme This is the simple way. Disable the wpautop function so that WordPress makes no attempt to correct your markup and leaves you to hand-code every line of your posts. If you want total control over every line of your HTML then this is the option for you. To disable wpautop entirely add these lines to your theme’s functions.php: remove_filter('the_excerpt', 'wpautop'); remove_filter('the_content', 'wpautop'); However, wpautop is generally quite useful if most of your posts are simple text content and you only occasionally want to include HTML5 elements. Therefore, modifying wpautop to recognise HTML5 elements might be more practical. Modify wpautop to recognise HTML5 elements WordPress’ wpautop is part of the core functions and can be found in this file within your WordPress installation: wp-includes/formatting.php. It controls how and where paragraphs and line breaks are inserted in excerpts and post content. In order to create a modified version of WordPress’ core wpautop function I started off by duplicating it in my theme’s functions.php file. What I’ve experimented with is disabling wpautop and adding a modified copy of it – which includes HTML5 elements in its arrayss – to my theme’s functions.php file. Add the following to your theme’s functions.php file and you’ll be able to use section, article, aside, header, footer, hgroup, figure, details, figcaption, and summary in your post content. (Probably best to try this in a testing environment first!) /* ----------------------------- MODIFIED WPAUTOP - Allow HTML5 block elements in wordpress posts ----------------------------- */ function html5autop($pee, $br = 1) { if ( trim($pee) === '' ) return ''; $pee = $pee . " "; // just to make things a little easier, pad the end $pee = preg_replace('|<br />s*<br />|', " ", $pee); // Space things out a little // *insertion* of section|article|aside|header|footer|hgroup|figure|details|figcaption|summary $allblocks = '(?:table|thead|tfoot|caption|col|colgroup|tbody|tr|td|th|div|dl|dd|dt|ul|ol|li|pre|select|form|map|area|blockquote|address|math|style|input|p|h[1-6]|hr|fieldset|legend|section|article|aside|header|footer|hgroup|figure|details|figcaption|summary)'; $pee = preg_replace('!(<' . $allblocks . '[^>]*>)!', " $1", $pee); $pee = preg_replace('!(</' . $allblocks . '>)!', "$1 ", $pee); $pee = str_replace(array(" ", " "), " ", $pee); // cross-platform newlines if ( strpos($pee, '<object') !== false ) { $pee = preg_replace('|s*<param([^>]*)>s*|', "<param$1>", $pee); // no pee inside object/embed $pee = preg_replace('|s*</embed>s*|', '</embed>', $pee); } $pee = preg_replace("/ +/", " ", $pee); // take care of duplicates // make paragraphs, including one at the end $pees = preg_split('/ s* /', $pee, -1, PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY); $pee = ''; foreach ( $pees as $tinkle ) $pee .= '<p>' . trim($tinkle, " ") . "</p> "; $pee = preg_replace('|<p>s*</p>|', '', $pee); // under certain strange conditions it could create a P of entirely whitespace // *insertion* of section|article|aside $pee = preg_replace('!<p>([^<]+)</(div|address|form|section|article|aside)>!', "<p>$1</p></$2>", $pee); $pee = preg_replace('!<p>s*(</?' . $allblocks . '[^>]*>)s*</p>!', "$1", $pee); // don't pee all over a tag $pee = preg_replace("|<p>(<li.+?)</p>|", "$1", $pee); // problem with nested lists $pee = preg_replace('|<p><blockquote([^>]*)>|i', "<blockquote$1><p>", $pee); $pee = str_replace('</blockquote></p>', '</p></blockquote>', $pee); $pee = preg_replace('!<p>s*(</?' . $allblocks . '[^>]*>)!', "$1", $pee); $pee = preg_replace('!(</?' . $allblocks . '[^>]*>)s*</p>!', "$1", $pee); if ($br) { $pee = preg_replace_callback('/<(script|style).*?</\1>/s', create_function('$matches', 'return str_replace(" ", "<WPPreserveNewline />", $matches[0]);'), $pee); $pee = preg_replace('|(?<!<br />)s* |', "<br /> ", $pee); // optionally make line breaks $pee = str_replace('<WPPreserveNewline />', " ", $pee); } $pee = preg_replace('!(</?' . $allblocks . '[^>]*>)s*<br />!', "$1", $pee); // *insertion* of img|figcaption|summary $pee = preg_replace('!<br />(s*</?(?:p|li|div|dl|dd|dt|th|pre|td|ul|ol|img|figcaption|summary)[^>]*>)!', '$1', $pee); if (strpos($pee, '<pre') !== false) $pee = preg_replace_callback('!(<pre[^>]*>)(.*?)</pre>!is', 'clean_pre', $pee ); $pee = preg_replace( "| </p>$|", '</p>', $pee ); return $pee; } // remove the original wpautop function remove_filter('the_excerpt', 'wpautop'); remove_filter('the_content', 'wpautop'); // add our new html5autop function add_filter('the_excerpt', 'html5autop'); add_filter('the_content', 'html5autop'); The results are not absolutely perfect but then neither is the original wpautop function. Certain ways of formatting the code will result in unwanted trailing </p> tags or a missing opening <p> tags. For example, to insert a figure with caption into a post you should avoid adding the figcaption on a new line because an image or link appearing before the figcaption will end up with a trailing </p>. <!-- this turns out ok --> <figure> <a href="#"><img src="image.jpg" alt="" /></a><figcaption>A figure caption for your reading pleasure</figcaption> </figure> <!-- this turns out not so ok --> <figure> <a href="#"><img src="image.jpg" alt="" /></a> <figcaption>A figure caption for your reading pleasure</figcaption> </figure> Another example would be when beginning the contents of an aside with a paragraph. You’ll have to leave a blank line between the opening aside tag and the first paragraph. <aside> This content could be a pullquote or information that is tangentially related to the surrounding content. But to get it wrapped in a paragraph you have to leave those blank lines either side of it before the tags. </aside> Room for improvement Obviously there are still a few issues with this because if you format your post content in certain ways then you can end up with invalid HTML, even if it doesn’t actually affect the rendering of the page. But it seems to be pretty close! Leave a comment or email me if you are using this function and find there that are instances where it breaks down. I ran numerous tests and formatting variations to try and iron out as many problems as possible but it’s unlikely that I tried or spotted everything. Hopefully someone with more PHP and WordPress experience will be able to improve upon what I’ve been experimenting with, or find a simpler and more elegant solution that retains the useful wpautop functionality while allowing for the use of HTML5 elements in posts. Please share anything you find! Full Article
ess Custom Tweet Button for WordPress By nicolasgallagher.com Published On :: Thu, 16 Sep 2010 17:00:00 -0700 How to create a custom Tweet Button for WordPress using the bit.ly and Twitter APIs. The HTML and CSS is completely customisable and there is no need for JavaScript. PHP is used to automatically shorten and cache the URL of a post, fetch and cache the number of retweets, and populate the query string parameters in the link to Twitter. The custom Tweet Button at the bottom of this post was created using this method. All the files are available on Github and released under MIT license. The PHP code was heavily influenced by the BackType Tweetcount plugin. How to use You’ll need your own bit.ly account and to be comfortable editing your theme’s functions.php, style.css, and template files. Be sure to make backups before you start making changes. Step 1: Download the Custom Tweet Button for WordPress files from Github. Step 2: Include the custom-tweet-button.php file in your theme’s functions.php file. Step 3: Replace the bit.ly username, bit.ly API key, and Twitter username placeholders in the tweet_button function with your own. Your bit.ly credentials can be found on the “settings” page of your account. Step 4: Add the custom Tweet Button CSS to your theme’s style.css file. Add the tweet.png image in your theme’s image folder. Make sure the image is correctly referenced in the CSS file. Step 5: Call the function tweet_button in your template files (e.g. single.php) at the position(s) in the HTML you’d like the Tweet Button to appear: if (function_exists('tweet_button')) { tweet_button(get_permalink()); } Why make your own Tweet Button? Making your own custom Tweet Button for WordPress has several additional advantages over using Twitter’s own offerings. Full control over the HTML and CSS. Having full control over the HTML and CSS means that you can choose how to present your Tweet Button. I decided to reproduce the horizontal and vertical styles of Twitter’s own button. But any appearance is possible. All click, traffic, and referrer data is stored in your bit.ly account. The URL for any published post is automatically shortened using the bit.ly service. The short URL is then passed to Twitter to ensure you can monitor the click and traffic data in your bit.ly account. The permalink is passed to Twitter in the counturl query string parameter to ensure that it counts the URL that your short URL resolves to. No need for JavaScript or embedded iframes. The Tweet Button works without JavaScript. You have full control over any custom JavaScript enhancements you may wish to include. If you’d prefer Twitter’s share page to open in a pop-up window you can write your own JavaScript handler. Faster page load. No external JavaScript or image files are loaded; both the short URL and retweet counts are cached. Use the short URL and retweet count for other purposes. The short URLs and retweet counts are stored as post meta-data. This makes it easy to display this data anywhere else in a post. The retweet count data could be used for conditional template logic. For example, you could order posts based on the number of retweets, apply custom styles to your most retweeted posts, or display your most tweeted posts in a widget. Easy to add Google Analytics campaign and event tracking. The Tweet Button is simple HTML and you have control over all the information that is sent to Twitter. Therefore, it is possible to use Google Analytics to help answer questions like: are people sharing your posts from the homepage or the post itself? If the Tweet Button is displayed above and below your posts, which gets the most clicks? How long do people take to click the Tweet Button? How many people are visiting my site thanks to links posted on Twitter using the Tweet Button? Approximate the number of retweets for old posts. Before the release of the official Tweet Button, Twitter did not collect data on the number of times a URL was tweeted. This means your older posts may display far fewer retweets than actually occurred. However, there is a workaround. Use a service like Topsy, Backtype, or Tweetmeme to get the number of times your old post was retweeted. The difference between this and the number from Twitter’s APIs is the approximate number of retweets Twitter missed. To correct the retweet count for old posts add the number of missed retweets to a Custom Field called retweet_count_start. How the custom Tweet Button works Once a post is published its permalink URL is shortened using the bit.ly API. The returned URL is permanently cached in the bitly_short_url Custom Field. The short URL is now part of the post’s general meta-data and can be used in contexts other than the Tweet Button. The Twitter API is used to get the number of retweets for the post’s permalink URL. This number, along with the time at which it was requested, is cached in the retweet_cache Custom Field. When the cache interval has passed, an API call is made and the returned number of retweets is checked against the value stored in retweet_cache. If the returned number is greater, the value of retweet_cache is updated. The content of the tweet is automatically created by setting several properties for the http://twitter.com/share URL. The post title makes up the message; the short URL is passed to Twitter as the URL to be displayed in the tweet; the permalink URL is passed to Twitter as the URL to be counted; and your username is declared. $twitter_params = '?text=' . urlencode($title) . '&url=' . urlencode($short_url) . '&counturl=' .urlencode($url). '&via=' . $twitter_via; The default HTML output is very simple and can be fully customised. To display the count number vertically, add the class vcount. <div class="twitter-share vcount> <a class="twitter-button" rel="external nofollow" title="Share this on Twitter" href="http://twitter.com/share?query-string-params" target="_blank">Tweet</a> <a class="twitter-count" href="http://twitter.com/search?q=url>259</a> </div> Further enhancements Please apply any improvements or enhancements for the script against the source repository. Full Article
ess Better float containment in IE using CSS expressions By nicolasgallagher.com Published On :: Mon, 25 Apr 2011 17:00:00 -0700 Research into improving the cross-browser consistency of both the “clearfix” and “overflow:hidden” methods of containing floats. The aim is to work around several bugs in IE6 and IE7. This article introduces a new hack (with caveats) that can benefit the “clearfix” methods and the new block formatting context (NBFC) methods (e.g. using overflow:hidden) of containing floats. It’s one outcome of a collaboration between Nicolas Gallagher (that’s me) and Jonathan Neal. If you are not familiar with the history and underlying principles behind methods of containing floats, I recommend that you have a read of Easy clearing (2004), Everything you know about clearfix is wrong (2010), and Clearfix reloaded and overflow:hidden demystified (2010). Consistent float containment methods The code is show below and documented in this GitHub gist. Found an improvement or flaw? Please fork the gist or leave a comment. Micro clearfix hack: Firefox 3.5+, Safari 4+, Chrome, Opera 9+, IE 6+ .cf { /* for IE 6/7 */ *zoom: expression(this.runtimeStyle.zoom="1", this.appendChild(document.createElement("br")).style.cssText="clear:both;font:0/0 serif"); /* non-JS fallback */ *zoom: 1; } .cf:before, .cf:after { content: ""; display: table; } .cf:after { clear: both; } Overflow hack (NBFC): Firefox 2+, Safari 2+, Chrome, Opera 9+, IE 6+ .nbfc { overflow: hidden; /* for IE 6/7 */ *zoom: expression(this.runtimeStyle.zoom="1", this.appendChild(document.createElement("br")).style.cssText="clear:both;font:0/0 serif"); /* non-JS fallback */ *zoom: 1; } The GitHub gist also contains another variant of the clearfix method for modern browsers (based on Thierry Koblentz’s work). It provides greater visual consistency (avoiding edge-case bugs) for even older versions of Firefox. The only difference from existing float-containment methods is the inclusion of a CSS expression that inserts a clearing line-break in IE 6 and IE 7. Jonathan and I found that it helps to resolve some of the visual rendering differences that exist between these browsers and more modern ones. First I’ll explain what some of those differences are and when they occur. Containing floats in IE 6/7 In IE 6 and IE 7, the most common and robust method of containing floats within an element is to give it “layout” (find out more: On having Layout). Triggering “layout” on an element in IE 6/7 creates a new block formatting context (NBFC). However, certain IE bugs mean that previous float containment methods don’t result in cross-browser consistency. Specifically, this is what to expect in IE 6/7 when creating a NBFC: The top- and bottom-margins of non-floated child elements are contained within the ancestor element that has been given “layout”. (Also expected in other browsers when creating a NBFC) The bottom-margins of any right-floated descendants are contained within the ancestor. (Also expected in other browsers when creating a NBFC) The bottom-margins of any left-floated children are not contained within the ancestor. The margin has no effect on the height of the ancestor and is truncated, having no affect outside of the ancestor either. (IE 6/7 bug) In IE 6, if the right edge of the margin-box of a left-floated child is within 2px of the left edge of the content-box of its NBFC ancestor, the float’s bottom margin reappears and is contained within the parent. (IE 6 bug) Unwanted white-space can appear at the bottom of a float-container. (IE 6/7 bug) There is a lack of consistency between IE 6/7 and other browsers, and between IE 6 and IE 7. Thanks to Matthew Lein for his comment that directed me to this IE 6/7 behaviour. It was also recently mentioned by “Suzy” in a comment on Perishable Press. IE 6/7’s truncation of the bottom-margin of left-floats is not exposed in many of the test-cases used to demonstrate CSS float containment techniques. Using an IE-only CSS expression helps to correct this bug. The CSS expression Including the much maligned <br style="clear:both"> at the bottom of the float-container, as well as creating a NBFC, resolved all these inconsistencies in IE 6/7. Doing so prevents those browsers from collapsing (or truncating) top- and bottom-margins of descendant elements. Jonathan suggested inserting the clearing line-break in IE 6/7 only, using CSS expressions applied to fictional CSS properties. The CSS expression is the result of many iterations, tests, and suggestions. It runs only once, the first time an element receives the associated classname. *zoom: expression(this.runtimeStyle.zoom="1", this.appendChild(document.createElement("br")).style.cssText="clear:both;font:0/0 serif"); It is applied to zoom, which is already being used to help contain floats in IE 6/7, and the use of the runtimeStyle object ensures that the expression is replaced once it has been run. The addition of font:0/0 serif prevents the occasional appearance of white-space at the bottom of a float-container. And the * hack ensures that only IE 6 and IE 7 parse the rule. It’s worth noting that IE 6 and IE 7 parse almost any string used as CSS property. An earlier iteration used the entirely fictitious properties “-ms-inject” or “-ie-x” property to exploit this IE behaviour. *-ie-x: expression(this.x||(this.innerHTML+='<br style="clear:both;font:0/0">',this.x=1)); However, this expression is evaluated over and over again. Using runtimeStyle instead avoids this. Sergey Chikuyonok also pointed out that using innerHTML destroys existing HTML elements that may event handlers attached to them. By using document.createElement and appendChild you can insert the new element without removing all the events attached to other descendant elements. Containing floats in more modern browsers There are two popular methods to contain floats in modern browsers. Creating a new block formatting context (as is done in IE 6/7 when hasLayout is triggered) or using a variant of the “clearfix” hack. Creating a NBFC results in an element containing any floated children, and will prevent top- and bottom-margin collapse of non-floated children. When combined with the enhanced IE 6/7 containment method, it results in consistent cross-browser float containment. The other method, known as “clearfix”, traditionally used a single :after pseudo-element to clear floats in a similar fashion to a structural, clearing HTML line-break. However, to prevent the top-margins of non-floats from collapsing into the margins of their float-containing ancestor, you also need to use the :before pseudo-element. This is the approach taken in Thierry Koblentz’s “clearfix reloaded”. In contemporary browsers, the micro clearfix hack is also suitable. The method presented in this article should help improve the results of cross-browser float containment, whether you predominantly use “clearfix” or the NBFC method. The specific limitations of both the “clearfix” and various NBFC methods (as outlined in Thierry’s articles) remain. Problems Using a CSS expression to change the DOM in IE 6/7 creates problems of its own. Obviously, the DOM in IE 6/7 is now different to the DOM in other browsers. This affects any JavaScript DOM manipulation that may depend on :last-child or appending new children. This is still an experimental work-in-progress that is primarily research-driven rather than seeking to become a practical snippet of production code. Any feedback, further testing, and further experimentation from others would be much appreciated. Thanks to these people for contributing improvements: Jonathan Neal, Mathias Bynens, Sergey Chikuyonok, and Thierry Koblentz. Full Article
ess Custom CSS preprocessing By nicolasgallagher.com Published On :: Wed, 12 Mar 2014 17:00:00 -0700 Did you know that you can build your own CSS preprocessor with Node.js libraries? They can be used alongside established preprocessors like Sass, and are useful for defining tasks beyond preprocessing. Libraries like Rework and PostCSS let you create and assemble an arbitrary collection of plugins that can inspect or manipulate CSS. At the time of writing, Twitter uses Rework to perform various tasks against our CSS source code for twitter.com. Creating a CSS preprocessor with Rework At its core, Rework is a module that accepts a string of CSS, produces a CSS abstract syntax tree (AST), and provides an API for manipulating that AST. Plugins are functions that have access to the AST and a Rework instance. Rework lets you chain together different plugins and generate a string of new CSS when you’re done. The source string is passed into the rework function and each plugin is applied with .use(fn). The plugins transform the data in the AST, and .toString() generates the new string of CSS. Below is an example of a custom preprocessor script using Rework and Autoprefixer. It’s a simplified version of the transformation step we use for twitter.com’s CSS. var autoprefixer = require('autoprefixer'); var calc = require('rework-calc'); var rework = require('rework'); var vars = require('rework-vars')(); var css = fs.readFileSync('./css/main.css', 'utf-8'); css = rework(css) .use(vars) .use(calc) .toString(); css = autoprefixer().process(css); fs.writeFileSync('./build/bundle.css', css) The script runs rework-vars, rework-calc, and then passes the CSS to Autoprefixer (which uses PostCSS internally) to handle the addition of any necessary vendor prefixes. rework-vars provides a limited subset of the features described in the W3C-style CSS custom property spec. It’s not a polyfill! Variables can be declared as custom CSS properties on the :root element, prefixed with --. Variables are referenced with the var() function, taking the name of a variable as the first argument and an optional fallback as the second. For example, this source: :root { --width-button: 200px; } .button { width: var(--width-button); } yields: .button { width: 200px; } There are many different Rework plugins that you can use to create a custom preprocessor. A more complete list is available on npm. In order to limit the chances of long-term divergence between our source code and native CSS, I’ve chosen to stick fairly closely to features that are aligned with future additions to native CSS. Creating your own Rework plugin Rework plugins are functions that inspect or mutate the AST they are provided. Below is a plugin that rewrites the value of any font-family property to sans-serif. module.exports = function plugin(ast, reworkInstance) { ast.rules.forEach(function (rule) { if (rule.type != 'rule') return; rule.declarations.forEach(function (declaration, index) { if (declaration.property == 'font-family') { declaration.value = 'sans-serif'; } }); }); }; Rework uses css-parse to create the AST. Unfortunately, both projects are currently lacking comprehensive documentation of the AST, but it’s not difficult to piece it together yourself. Beyond preprocessing Since Rework and PostCSS expose an AST and provide a plugin API, they can be used for other CSS tasks, not just preprocessing. At Twitter, our CSS build pipeline allows you to perform custom tasks at 2 stages of the process: on individual files and on generated bundles. We use Rework at both stages. Individual files are tested with rework-suit-conformance to ensure that the SUIT-style CSS for a component is properly scoped. /** @define MyComponent */ :root { --property-MyComponent: value; } .MyComponent {} Bundles are preprocessed as previously described, and also tested with rework-ie-limits to ensure that the number of selectors doesn’t exceed IE 8/9’s limit of 4095 selectors per style sheet. Other tasks you can perform include generating RTL style sheets (e.g., css-flip) and extracting detailed information about the perceived health of your CSS (e.g., the number of different colours used, duplicate selectors, etc.). Hopefully this has given you a small glimpse into some of the benefits and flexibility of using these tools to work with CSS. Full Article
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