This paper examines the use of two forms of non-standard work contracts in Russia with data from an enterprise survey for the years 2009 to 2011. Non-standard work contracts are less costly and more flexible for employers. Internal adjustment in form of wage cuts or unpaid leave is not covered by the Labour Code and earlier practices to impose such measures are less tolerated.

The ECB, the Bank of Japan and five other central banks in Europe have applied negative interest rates on commercial banks’ reserves. This additional monetary policy stimulus, following large asset purchases by central banks in some of these areas, should boost the economy and thus raise inflation closer to target.

Across the OECD, GDP per capita is converging. In contrast, regional disparities – or differences in GDP per capita across jurisdictions – are rising, mainly as a result of widening productivity differences. Fiscal decentralisation could help reduce them again. According to new OECD research, assigning more ownsource revenue to sub-national governments dampens regional GDP disparities and underpins regional convergence.

This book examines regional innovation in central and southern Denmark, looking at its role in the economy, its governance and policy context and regional strategies for innovation driven growth.

This book deals with two issues. The first concerns the various measurement of fiscal decentralization in general and their usefulness for policy analysis. The second and more specific issue concerns the taxonomy of intergovernmental grants and the limits of the current classifications.

Governments are major issuers of debt instruments in the global financial market. This volume provides quantitative information on central government debt instruments for the 34 OECD countries.

Fiscal rules that constrain sub-central government (SCG) budgeting are very common across the OECD, but there are substantial cross-country differences in their implementation and impact. This paper presents the 2011 update of the fiscal rules database established in 2005.

Colombia has engaged in a sustained process of fiscal decentralisation over the past decades. Evidence is presented that the current framework is conducive to fiscal sustainability, especially after the reforms in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Across the OECD, GDP per capita is converging. In contrast, regional disparities – or differences in GDP per capita across jurisdictions – are rising, mainly as a result of widening productivity differences. Fiscal decentralisation could help reduce them again. According to new OECD research, assigning more ownsource revenue to sub-national governments dampens regional GDP disparities and underpins regional convergence.

The growth pattern of OECD countries and their sub-national entities is puzzling. Between-country differences in GDP per capita are declining, yet the differences across jurisdictions within those countries tend to rise.

Fiscal decentralisation can lead to a more efficient provision of local public goods and services and promote a better match between policies and citizens’ preferences.

This paper investigates the relationship between fiscal decentralisation and economy-wide disposable income inequality.

On January 26th and 27th the Ministry of Regional Development of Ukraine and the OECD organised a seminar in Kiyv focusing on recent decentralisation and territorial reforms in Ukraine and in OECD countries.

This seminar was held in Mykolaiv on 5 March, 2017. Ukrainian sub-national officials, policy makers and other stakeholders shared their experience in decentralisation reform and its impact with respect to administrative capacity, investment capacity and service delivery capacity, particularly at the local level.

In 1998 Indonesia embarked on an ambitious course of decentralisation. Over a period of a few years, facilitated by financial transfers from the central government, responsibility for many public services and administrative tasks were devolved to local authorities.

This seminar series is part of the OECD project, Supporting Decentralisation in Ukraine. The 2nd seminar on Strengthening the Subnational Partnership, took place in Mykolaiv ON 15 March 2017.

Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Iron Ore & Concentrates in Brazil decreased to 105 USD Million in April from 1390.27 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Iron Ore & Concentra in Brazil averaged 624.63 USD Million from 1970 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4469.09 USD Million in August of 2011 and a record low of 11.79 USD Million in January of 1970. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Primary Prds - Iron Ore & Conce.

Loans To Private Sector in Central African Republic increased to 120.10 XOF Billion in July from 112.50 XOF Billion in June of 2014. Loans To Private Sector in Central African Republic averaged 84.86 XOF Billion from 2005 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 142.20 XOF Billion in January of 2013 and a record low of 49.30 XOF Billion in May of 2005. Loans To Private Sector in Central African Republic is reported by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO). This page provides - Central African Republic Loans To Private Sector - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Debt in Lithuania decreased to 15792.20 EUR Million in March from 16011.90 EUR Million in February of 2020. Government Debt in Lithuania averaged 9851.10 EUR Million from 2003 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17304 EUR Million in January of 2020 and a record low of 3249.10 EUR Million in February of 2004. This page provides the latest reported value for - Lithuania Central Government Debt - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Turkey recorded a Government Budget deficit equal to 2.90 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2019. Government Budget in Turkey averaged -4.71 percent of GDP from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of -0.60 percent of GDP in 2006 and a record low of -33 percent of GDP in 2001. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments made by government (purchases and transfer payments). A budget deficit occurs when an government spends more money than it takes in. The opposite of a budget deficit is a budget surplus. This page provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Government Budget - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Imports of Intra EU - Zinc & Related Articles in the United Kingdom increased to 12.12 GBP Million in February from 2.48 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Zinc & Related Articles in the United Kingdom averaged 6.09 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 26.15 GBP Million in November of 2006 and a record low of 1.06 GBP Million in February of 2003. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Zinc & Related Articles.

Imports Intra Eu - Woven Fabrics,Tuft Textile, Lace & Tapestries in the United Kingdom decreased to 9.01 GBP Million in February from 9.84 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Woven Fabrics,Tuft Textile, Lac in the United Kingdom averaged 11.25 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17.98 GBP Million in November of 2001 and a record low of 4.86 GBP Million in August of 2009. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Woven Fabrics,tuft Textile,.

Imports Intra Eu - Works Of Art, Collectors' Pieces & Antiques in the United Kingdom decreased to 17.75 GBP Million in February from 23.37 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Works Of Art, Collectors' Piece in the United Kingdom averaged 20.84 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 157.67 GBP Million in November of 2015 and a record low of 0.82 GBP Million in August of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Works of Art, Collectors P.

Imports Intra Eu - Wool, Fine & Coarse Animal Hair in the United Kingdom decreased to 9.41 GBP Million in February from 11.27 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Wool, Fine & Coarse Animal Hair in the United Kingdom averaged 13.21 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 31.23 GBP Million in March of 2019 and a record low of 5.76 GBP Million in December of 2008. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Wool, Fine & Coarse Animal.

Imports of Intra EU - Wood & Related Articles in the United Kingdom decreased to 216.74 GBP Million in February from 225.26 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Wood & Related Articles in the United Kingdom averaged 166.66 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 324.82 GBP Million in October of 2018 and a record low of 73.88 GBP Million in December of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Wood & Related Articles.

Imports of Intra EU - Wickerwork & Basketwork in the United Kingdom increased to 0.86 GBP Million in February from 0.67 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Wickerwork & Basketwork in the United Kingdom averaged 0.42 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2.44 GBP Million in March of 2018 and a record low of 0.09 GBP Million in December of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Wickerwork & Basketwork.

Imports Intra Eu - Wadding, Felt & Nonwovens, Special Yarns in the United Kingdom decreased to 26.18 GBP Million in February from 29.89 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Wadding, Felt & Nonwovens, Spec in the United Kingdom averaged 24.94 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 39.93 GBP Million in May of 2011 and a record low of 8.20 GBP Million in March of 2015. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Wadding, Felt & Nonwovens,.

Imports Intra Eu - Vehicles Not Railway & Tram Accessories in the United Kingdom increased to 4015.90 GBP Million in February from 3364.44 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Vehicles Not Railway & Tram Acc in the United Kingdom averaged 2585.07 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5317.31 GBP Million in March of 2019 and a record low of 912.87 GBP Million in August of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Vehicles Not Railway & Tram.

Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable Plaiting Materials & Veg. Prds. Nie in the United Kingdom increased to 2.83 GBP Million in February from 2.07 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable Plaiting Materials & in the United Kingdom averaged 0.40 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3.05 GBP Million in June of 2019 and a record low of 0 GBP Million in December of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Vegetable Plaiting Material.

Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts, Plant Parts Prepared in the United Kingdom decreased to 192.86 GBP Million in February from 212.25 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts, Plant P in the United Kingdom averaged 123.78 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 254.15 GBP Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 57.46 GBP Million in September of 1997. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Vegetable, Fruit, Nuts, Pla.

Imports Intra Eu - Umbrellas, Sticks, Whips & Riding-Crops in the United Kingdom decreased to 0.62 GBP Million in February from 0.70 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Umbrellas, Sticks, Whips & Ridi in the United Kingdom averaged 0.61 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2.37 GBP Million in February of 2015 and a record low of 0.06 GBP Million in December of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Umbrellas, Sticks, Whips &.

Imports Intra Eu - Toys, Games, Sports Eqp. & Parts & Acces. in the United Kingdom decreased to 79.88 GBP Million in February from 88.48 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Toys, Games, Sports Eqp. & Part in the United Kingdom averaged 66.44 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 202.74 GBP Million in November of 2018 and a record low of 16.99 GBP Million in January of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Toys, Games, Sports Eqp. &.

Imports of Intra EU - Tools & Cutlery of Base Met in the United Kingdom increased to 56.24 GBP Million in February from 54 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Tools & Cutlery of Base Met in the United Kingdom averaged 44.59 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 98.61 GBP Million in August of 2017 and a record low of 20.28 GBP Million in December of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Tools & Cutlery of Base Met.

Imports Intra Eu - Tobacco & Manufactured Tobacco Substitutes in the United Kingdom decreased to 29.90 GBP Million in February from 43.46 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Tobacco & Manufactured Tobacco in the United Kingdom averaged 29.27 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 168.67 GBP Million in June of 2010 and a record low of 7.42 GBP Million in April of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Tobacco & Manufactured Toba.

Imports of Intra EU - Tin & Related Articles in the United Kingdom decreased to 1.98 GBP Million in February from 2.54 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Tin & Related Articles in the United Kingdom averaged 1.89 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9.74 GBP Million in October of 2012 and a record low of 0.38 GBP Million in March of 2003. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Tin & Related Articles.

Imports Intra Eu - Tanning, Dyeing Extracts, Other Colouring in the United Kingdom decreased to 109.07 GBP Million in February from 113.38 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Tanning, Dyeing Extracts, Other in the United Kingdom averaged 88.19 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 170.34 GBP Million in March of 2019 and a record low of 42.81 GBP Million in December of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Tanning, Dyeing Extracts, O.

Imports of Intra EU - Sugars & Sugar Confectionery in the United Kingdom increased to 49.44 GBP Million in February from 45.77 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Sugars & Sugar Confectionery in the United Kingdom averaged 42.21 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 86.25 GBP Million in January of 2019 and a record low of 13.49 GBP Million in January of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Sugars & Sugar Confectionery.

Imports Intra Eu - Stone, Plaster, Cement, Mica & Similar Matl. in the United Kingdom decreased to 67.84 GBP Million in February from 77.62 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Stone, Plaster, Cement, Mica & in the United Kingdom averaged 46.42 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 102.34 GBP Million in February of 2019 and a record low of 16.22 GBP Million in August of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Stone, Plaster, Cement, Mic.

Imports Intra Eu - Soaps, Organic Agents, Lubricants, Waxes in the United Kingdom decreased to 119.70 GBP Million in February from 135.12 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Soaps, Organic Agents, Lubrican in the United Kingdom averaged 79.98 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 162.57 GBP Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 28.96 GBP Million in December of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Soaps, Organic Agents, Lubr.

Imports of Intra EU - Silk in the United Kingdom increased to 2.01 GBP Million in February from 0.83 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Silk in the United Kingdom averaged 1.66 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9.61 GBP Million in April of 1997 and a record low of 0.51 GBP Million in December of 2019. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Silk.

Imports Intra Eu - Ships, Boats & Floating Structures in the United Kingdom decreased to 7.71 GBP Million in February from 7.85 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Ships, Boats & Floating Structu in the United Kingdom averaged 22.16 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 466.94 GBP Million in April of 2010 and a record low of 0.91 GBP Million in August of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Ships, Boats & Floating Str.

Imports of Intra EU - Salt, Sulphur, Earths & Sto in the United Kingdom decreased to 39.33 GBP Million in February from 41.42 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Salt, Sulphur, Earths & Sto in the United Kingdom averaged 26.80 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 55.45 GBP Million in November of 2018 and a record low of 10.87 GBP Million in May of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Salt, Sulphur, Earths & Sto.

Imports of Intra EU - Rubber & Related Articles in the United Kingdom increased to 175.39 GBP Million in February from 164.42 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Rubber & Related Articles in the United Kingdom averaged 139.41 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 241.38 GBP Million in March of 2017 and a record low of 62.74 GBP Million in December of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Rubber & Related Articles.

Imports Intra Eu - Residues & Waste From Prepared Food Inds. in the United Kingdom decreased to 112.62 GBP Million in February from 124.91 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Residues & Waste From Prepared in the United Kingdom averaged 615 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 85253.80 GBP Million in March of 2015 and a record low of 20.61 GBP Million in May of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Residues & Waste from Prepa.

Imports Intra Eu - Railway & Tram Tracks, Signals, Fixings, Etc. in the United Kingdom increased to 65.45 GBP Million in February from 52.78 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Railway & Tram Tracks, Signals, in the United Kingdom averaged 31.44 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 188.95 GBP Million in September of 2016 and a record low of 2.13 GBP Million in October of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Railway & Tram Tracks, Sign.

Imports Intra Eu - Pulp Of Wood, Fibrous Matl. & Waste & Scrap in the United Kingdom decreased to 16 GBP Million in February from 22.11 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Pulp Of Wood, Fibrous Matl. & W in the United Kingdom averaged 21.09 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 45.80 GBP Million in November of 2017 and a record low of 11.72 GBP Million in August of 2003. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Pulp of Wood, Fibrous Matl.

Imports of Intra EU - Products of Animal Origin N in the United Kingdom decreased to 4.99 GBP Million in February from 5.45 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Products of Animal Origin N in the United Kingdom averaged 4.55 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 11.86 GBP Million in May of 2018 and a record low of 2.04 GBP Million in September of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Products of Animal Origin N.

Imports of Intra EU - Plastics & Plastic Products in the United Kingdom increased to 731.35 GBP Million in February from 729.28 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Plastics & Plastic Products in the United Kingdom averaged 598.86 GBP Million from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1056.94 GBP Million in March of 2019 and a record low of 268.64 GBP Million in December of 2001. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Plastics & Plastic Products.

Imports Intra Eu - Photographic Or Cinematographic Products in the United Kingdom decreased to 11.92 GBP Million in February from 17.59 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Photographic Or Cinematographic in the United Kingdom averaged 28.92 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 59.57 GBP Million in June of 2001 and a record low of 11.92 GBP Million in February of 2020. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Photographic Or Cinematogra.

Imports of Intra EU - Pharmaceutical Products in the United Kingdom decreased to 1002.66 GBP Million in February from 1303.57 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Pharmaceutical Products in the United Kingdom averaged 746.54 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2706.48 GBP Million in March of 2019 and a record low of 119.69 GBP Million in April of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Pharmaceutical Products.