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NAVAC Comes to Aid of Couple Facing Health Challenges

Miracle Mechanical has successfully transformed the lives of families facing financial and health-related challenges with no-cost HVAC and plumbing services.




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Episode 388: Bob Kepford on Decoupled Content Management Systems

Bob Kepford discusses Decoupled CMS. Many CMS practitioners are adopting a decoupled approach to improve scale, allow for more specialized roles, and to separate data collection from delivery. Host Jeff Doolittle spoke with Kepford about what makes a Decoupled CMS different.





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Retired couple escape death as Russian rocket hits their home in Kherson

Retired couple escape death as Russian rocket hits their home in Kherson




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Aerospace Quick Disconnects and Couplings Market Global Outlook and Forecast 2023–2035

Aerospace Quick Disconnects And Couplings Market Global Outlook And Forecast 2023–2035

sharma saloni...




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‘Bigger Than Us’: Couple remembers son by helping others

Bonnie and Michael Quinn started Rockin’ 4 Heroes four years ago, to honor the men and women who helped their son, Michael Patrick Joseph “P.J.” Quinn, in his fight with cancer…



  • News & Opinion/Currents Feature

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Cinema Chat: 'Trap' hits the multiplex, 'Kneecap' and 'Coup!' open at the Michigan Theater

After a month-long vacation, Russ Collins made his return to the WEMU studio for Cinema Chat! Along with a few travel stories, Russ shared what's coming to the silver screen in the coming days with WEMU's David Fair.




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Canadian couple rolls the dice on expensive yacht

It originated in Tibet. Then made its way onto a yacht. Then took over Canada. How the classic board game of Yahtzee came to be.



  • Radio/Under the Influence

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Aussie ‘speed golf’ couple

SPEED golf is a sport where you run between holes, trying to finish as quickly as possible yet shoot a low score. Wahroonga couple Roddy Main and Carole Whitehouse competed in the World Championships.




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Asking Eric: Engaged in their 70s, couple hates being called “cute”

Dear Eric: I am newly in love and engaged. My fiancé and I are both in our early 70s. Quite a few of my friends (not my close friends but others) have responded to the news with: how cute! Somehow the fact that we have fallen in love and plan to marry is "cute."




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Me and Bae - Iconic Couples on the BET Awards Red Carpet



Look back at celebrity couples who have walked the BET Awards red carpet, including Will and Jada Pinkett Smith, Alicia Keys and Swizz Beatz, Dwyane Wade and Gabrielle Union, and more.




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Black Couple Gets $75K But Under One Cringeworthy Condition



They can’t criticize the cops who arrested them.




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The Surprising Benefits of Online Games for Couples

The gaming world is more broad and diverse today than it has ever been before. Games nowadays can be played on all sorts of devices, online and offline, alone or with large groups of people, on a tabletop or... Tagged as:




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Failed Furniture Hunt Inspires Couple’s Fabulous Entryway Console Hack

We’ve all been there – the frustration of searching high and low for that elusive piece of furniture to turn our home decorating vision into reality. For Sabrina, her search was for the ideal console table. “Unfortunately, I could not find the perfect console, so my husband had to believe in it again and build one himself!” she shared on her Instagram post. After realizing that the perfect entryway console was nowhere to be found, the couple decided to take […]

The post Failed Furniture Hunt Inspires Couple’s Fabulous Entryway Console Hack appeared first on IKEA Hackers.




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Independent Thinking: Myanmar, the coup two years on

Independent Thinking: Myanmar, the coup two years on Audio NCapeling 2 February 2023

Episode 13 of our weekly podcast focuses on the ongoing crisis in Myanmar, marking the two-year anniversary of the coup there by the Tatmadaw armed forces.

In February 2021 the Tatmadaw overthrew the democratically-elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar and, since then, the country has descended into a brutal and complex civil war.

Our panel analyses the state of the country and its people two years on. Can Myanmar hold together, can democracy ever be restored? And is the world ignoring a major humanitarian crisis in the making?

With Bronwen Maddox to discuss the issues are two journalists who have both covered Myanmar extensively. Sebastian Strangio is an author and the Southeast Asia editor at The Diplomat, and Ali Fowle is a freelance journalist with Al Jazeera and the BBC.

Joining them in the studio from Chatham House are Ben Bland, director of our Asia-Pacific programme, and Rashmin Sagoo, director of our International Law programme.

About Independent Thinking

A weekly podcast hosted by Chatham House director Bronwen Maddox, in conversation with leading policymakers, journalists, and Chatham House experts providing insight on the latest international issues.




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Coupled intra- and interdomain dynamics support domain cross-talk in Pin1 [Signal Transduction]

The functional mechanisms of multidomain proteins often exploit interdomain interactions, or “cross-talk.” An example is human Pin1, an essential mitotic regulator consisting of a Trp–Trp (WW) domain flexibly tethered to a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) domain, resulting in interdomain interactions important for Pin1 function. Substrate binding to the WW domain alters its transient contacts with the PPIase domain via means that are only partially understood. Accordingly, we have investigated Pin1 interdomain interactions using NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The PREs show that apo-Pin1 samples interdomain contacts beyond the range suggested by previous structural studies. They further show that substrate binding to the WW domain simultaneously alters interdomain separation and the internal conformation of the WW domain. A 4.5-μs all-atom MD simulation of apo-Pin1 suggests that the fluctuations of interdomain distances are correlated with fluctuations of WW domain interresidue contacts involved in substrate binding. Thus, the interdomain/WW domain conformations sampled by apo-Pin1 may already include a range of conformations appropriate for binding Pin1's numerous substrates. The proposed coupling between intra-/interdomain conformational fluctuations is a consequence of the dynamic modular architecture of Pin1. Such modular architecture is common among cell-cycle proteins; thus, the WW–PPIase domain cross-talk mechanisms of Pin1 may be relevant for their mechanisms as well.




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Why the Mali Coup Should Matter to the UK

20 August 2020

Dr Alex Vines OBE

Managing Director, Ethics, Risk & Resilience; Director, Africa Programme
This coup was not unexpected as it followed months of mass protests against alleged corruption, a worsening economy and disputed elections.

2020-08-20-Mali-Coup-Military

Press conference in Kati after the military arrested Malian president Ibrahim Boubacar Keita and he officially resigned. Photo by ANNIE RISEMBERG / AFP via Getty Images.

The coup in Mali is not a putsch by disgruntled soldiers in a distant land. It is an extended European neighbourhood and matters to Britain. The UK already has three Chinook helicopters deployed in country and 250 British troops are scheduled to take up UN peacekeeping duties in December in what could be the ministry of defence’s most dangerous deployment since Afghanistan.

This coup was not unexpected as it followed months of mass protests against alleged corruption, a worsening economy, disputed legislative election results and deteriorating security in this West African country. Mali’s military is struggling to stop the insurgents, some of them now also affiliated with the ISIL (ISIS) armed group, despite UN, EU, French and regional military support.

The departure of Mali's President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was met with jubilation by anti-government demonstrators in Bamako and the leaders of the military coup say they would enact a political transition and stage elections within a 'reasonable time'.

Coups, followed by transitional arrangements and then new elections, are not rare in this region and have happened before in Mali when Keita’s predecessor Amadou Toumani Toure was overthrown by the military in 2012. The current cycle of insecurity followed despite a significant military intervention by France to restore elected government and stop the spread of Islamic extremist insurgency.

This is a reminder of how fragile the Sahel regon is and the importance of seeking stability and state building in a region of spreading Islamic extremist insurgency and rapidly-eroding state legitimacy.

The regional bloc ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) has denounced the coup and ordered the closing of regional borders with Mali as well as the suspension of all financial flows between Mali and its 15 members states. What follows now will be negotiations over the transitional arrangements and the timetable for new elections.

This will not be straightforward. Although the opposition was united in their demand for Keita's resignation there is little consensus on what to do next, while the UN Security Council and ECOWAS are divided on how to respond beyond initial condemnation.

It is urgent that three UK cabinet ministers, led by the first secretary of state Dominic Raab, who are currently reviewing the UK’s Sahel strategy complete this and decide upon its future direction.

The UK government needs crystal clarity on its Mali objectives as the clock ticks down to the deployment of British troops there. Increasingly this UN duty looks to become more peacemaking than peacekeeping.

This article was originally published in The Telegraph.




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The role of uncoupling protein 2 in macrophages and its impact on obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance [Immunology]

The development of a chronic, low-grade inflammation originating from adipose tissue in obese subjects is widely recognized to induce insulin resistance, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. The adipose tissue microenvironment drives specific metabolic reprogramming of adipose tissue macrophages, contributing to the induction of tissue inflammation. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial anion carrier, is thought to separately modulate inflammatory and metabolic processes in macrophages and is up-regulated in macrophages in the context of obesity and diabetes. Here, we investigate the role of UCP2 in macrophage activation in the context of obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Using a myeloid-specific knockout of UCP2 (Ucp2ΔLysM), we found that UCP2 deficiency significantly increases glycolysis and oxidative respiration, both unstimulated and after inflammatory conditions. Strikingly, fatty acid loading abolished the metabolic differences between Ucp2ΔLysM macrophages and their floxed controls. Furthermore, Ucp2ΔLysM macrophages show attenuated pro-inflammatory responses toward Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 stimulation. To test the relevance of macrophage-specific Ucp2 deletion in vivo, Ucp2ΔLysM and Ucp2fl/fl mice were rendered obese and insulin resistant through high-fat feeding. Although no differences in adipose tissue inflammation or insulin resistance was found between the two genotypes, adipose tissue macrophages isolated from diet-induced obese Ucp2ΔLysM mice showed decreased TNFα secretion after ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation compared with their Ucp2fl/fl littermates. Together, these results demonstrate that although UCP2 regulates both metabolism and the inflammatory response of macrophages, its activity is not crucial in shaping macrophage activation in the adipose tissue during obesity-induced insulin resistance.




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Distant coupling between RNA editing and alternative splicing of the osmosensitive cation channel Tmem63b [Cell Biology]

Post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNAs expand the diversity of proteomes in higher eukaryotes. In the brain, these modifications diversify the functional output of many critical neuronal signal molecules. In this study, we identified a brain-specific A-to-I RNA editing that changed glutamine to arginine (Q/R) at exon 20 and an alternative splicing of exon 4 in Tmem63b, which encodes a ubiquitously expressed osmosensitive cation channel. The channel isoforms lacking exon 4 occurred in ∼80% of Tmem63b mRNAs in the brain but were not detected in other tissues, suggesting a brain-specific splicing. We found that the Q/R editing was catalyzed by Adar2 (Adarb1) and required an editing site complementary sequence located in the proximal 5' end of intron 20. Moreover, the Q/R editing was almost exclusively identified in the splicing isoform lacking exon 4, indicating a coupling between the editing and the splicing. Elimination of the Q/R editing in brain-specific Adar2 knockout mice did not affect the splicing efficiency of exon 4. Furthermore, transfection with the splicing isoform containing exon 4 suppressed the Q/R editing in primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Thus, our study revealed a coupling between an RNA editing and a distant alternative splicing in the Tmem63b pre-mRNA, in which the splicing plays a dominant role. Finally, physiological analysis showed that the splicing and the editing coordinately regulate Ca2+ permeability and osmosensitivity of channel proteins, which may contribute to their functions in the brain.




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Retinoids in the visual cycle: Role of the retinal G protein-coupled receptor [Thematic Reviews]

Driven by the energy of a photon, the visual pigments in rod and cone photoreceptor cells isomerize 11-cis-retinal to the all-trans configuration. This photochemical reaction initiates the signal transduction pathway that eventually leads to the transmission of a visual signal to the brain and leaves the opsins insensitive to further light stimulation. For the eye to restore light sensitivity, opsins require recharging with 11-cis-retinal. This trans–cis back conversion is achieved through a series of enzymatic reactions composing the retinoid (visual) cycle. Although it is evident that the classical retinoid cycle is critical for vision, the existence of an adjunct pathway for 11-cis-retinal regeneration has been debated for many years. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)–retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) has been identified previously as a mammalian retinaldehyde photoisomerase homologous to retinochrome found in invertebrates. Using pharmacological, genetic, and biochemical approaches, researchers have now established the physiological relevance of the RGR in 11-cis-retinal regeneration. The photoisomerase activity of RGR in the RPE and Müller glia explains how the eye can remain responsive in daylight. In this review, we will focus on retinoid metabolism in the eye and visual chromophore regeneration mediated by RGR.  




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Brown adipose tissue lipoprotein and glucose disposal is not determined by thermogenesis in uncoupling protein 1-deficient mice [Research Articles]

Adaptive thermogenesis is highly dependent on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a protein expressed by thermogenic adipocytes present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Thermogenic capacity of human and mouse BAT can be measured by positron emission tomography-computed tomography quantifying the uptake of 18F-fluodeoxyglucose or lipid tracers. BAT activation is typically studied in response to cold exposure or treatment with β-3-adrenergic receptor agonists such as CL316,243 (CL). Currently, it is unknown whether cold-stimulated uptake of glucose or lipid tracers is a good surrogate marker of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis. In metabolic studies using radiolabeled tracers, we found that glucose uptake is increased in mildly cold-activated BAT of Ucp1–/– versus WT mice kept at subthermoneutral temperature. Conversely, lower glucose disposal was detected after full thermogenic activation achieved by sustained cold exposure or CL treatment. In contrast, uptake of lipoprotein-derived fatty acids into chronically activated thermogenic adipose tissues was substantially increased in UCP1-deficient mice. This effect is linked to higher sympathetic tone in adipose tissues of Ucp1–/– mice, as indicated by elevated levels of thermogenic genes in BAT and WAT. Thus, glucose and lipoprotein handling does not necessarily reflect UCP1-dependent thermogenic activity, but especially lipid uptake rather mirrors sympathetic activation of adipose tissues.




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Mycobacteria excise DNA damage in 12- or 13-nucleotide-long oligomers by prokaryotic-type dual incisions and performs transcription-coupled repair [Genomics and Proteomics]

In nucleotide excision repair, bulky DNA lesions such as UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are removed from the genome by concerted dual incisions bracketing the lesion, followed by gap filling and ligation. So far, two dual-incision patterns have been discovered: the prokaryotic type, which removes the damage in 11–13-nucleotide-long oligomers, and the eukaryotic type, which removes the damage in 24–32-nucleotide-long oligomers. However, a recent study reported that the UvrC protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis removes damage in a manner analogous to yeast and humans in a 25-mer oligonucleotide arising from incisions at 15 nt from the 3´ end and 9 nt from the 5´ end flanking the damage. To test this model, we used the in vivo excision assay and the excision repair sequencing genome-wide repair mapping method developed in our laboratory to determine the repair pattern and genome-wide repair map of Mycobacterium smegmatis. We find that M. smegmatis, which possesses homologs of the Escherichia coli uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes, removes cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from the genome in a manner identical to the prokaryotic pattern by incising 7 nt 5´ and 3 or 4 nt 3´ to the photoproduct, and performs transcription-coupled repair in a manner similar to E. coli.




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How to Close the 'Orgasm Gap' for Heterosexual Couples

Researchers once faced death threats for asking women what gives them pleasure. Now they’re helping individuals and couples figure it out themselves.




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Baptist couple ask court to ban book from son's school




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Coupling of Slow Oscillations in the Prefrontal and Motor Cortex Predicts Onset of Spindle Trains and Persistent Memory Reactivations

Sleep is known to drive the consolidation of motor memories. During nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the close temporal proximity between slow oscillations (SOs) and spindles ("nesting" of SO-spindles) is known to be essential for consolidation, likely because it is closely associated with the reactivation of awake task activity. Interestingly, recent work has found that spindles can occur in temporal clusters or "trains." However, it remains unclear how spindle trains are related to the nesting phenomenon. Here, we hypothesized that spindle trains are more likely when SOs co-occur in the prefrontal and motor cortex. We conducted simultaneous neural recordings in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and primary motor cortex (M1) of male rats training on the reach-to-grasp motor task. We found that intracortically recorded M1 spindles are organized into distinct temporal clusters. Notably, the occurrence of temporally precise SOs between mPFC and M1 was a strong predictor of spindle trains. Moreover, reactivation of awake task patterns is much more persistent during spindle trains in comparison with that during isolated spindles. Together, our work suggests that the precise coupling of SOs across mPFC and M1 may be a potential driver of spindle trains and persistent reactivation of motor memory during NREM sleep.




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Neurophysiology of Effortful Listening: Decoupling Motivational Modulation from Task Demands

In demanding listening situations, a listener's motivational state may affect their cognitive investment. Here, we aim to delineate how domain-specific sensory processing, domain-general neural alpha power, and pupil size as a proxy for cognitive investment encode influences of motivational state under demanding listening. Participants (male and female) performed an auditory gap-detection task while the pupil size and the magnetoencephalogram were simultaneously recorded. Task demand and a listener's motivational state were orthogonally manipulated through changes in gap duration and monetary-reward prospect, respectively. Whereas task difficulty impaired performance, reward prospect enhanced it. The pupil size reliably indicated the modulatory impact of an individual's motivational state. At the neural level, the motivational state did not affect auditory sensory processing directly but impacted attentional postprocessing of an auditory event as reflected in the late evoked-response field and alpha-power change. Both pregap pupil dilation and higher parietal alpha power predicted better performance at the single-trial level. The current data support a framework wherein the motivational state acts as an attentional top–down neural means of postprocessing the auditory input in challenging listening situations.




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When White Supremacists Staged the Only Successful Coup in U.S. History

The 1898 Wilmington massacre left dozens of Black North Carolinians dead. Conspirators also forced the city's multiracial government to resign at gunpoint




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Couple on wheels joins OM Sweden

OM Sweden's newest team members - a van and a trailer - bring new opportunities for sharing and recruiting.




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Penn State Health military couple highlight veterans' unique care needs

Veterans face unique health challenges, and Penn State Health is committed to providing care respecting their experiences. Veterans/employees Mark and Julie Chesney advocate for awareness of those health needs.




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Couple Breaks Up After Girlfriend Denies Eating Leftovers At A Friend's BBQ Party

A woman was left shocked when she was offered food at a BBQ only after there were some leftovers.




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Governor Carney’s Statement on Senate Confirmations of Josette Manning, Steven Yeatman, Robert Coupe

DOVER, Del. – Governor John Carney on Wednesday issued the following statement on the Senate’s vote to confirm the Governor’s nominations of Josette Manning to serve as Cabinet Secretary of the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services; Steven Yeatman to serve as Cabinet Secretary of the Delaware Department of Children, Youth, and Their Families; and Robert […]



  • Delaware Health and Social Services
  • Department of Safety and Homeland Security
  • Department of Services for Children
  • Youth and their Families
  • Governor John Carney
  • News
  • Office of the Governor
  • Delaware
  • Governor Carney

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Bridgeville Couple Charged with Animal Cruelty

DOVER, DEL. (August 20, 2024) – The Division of Public Health (DPH) Office of Animal Welfare’s (OAW) Delaware Animal Services (DAS) announces the arrest of a man and woman after 20 dogs were rescued from a home in Bridgeville. Ray Anderson, age 42, and Melissa Layton, age 40, of Bridgeville were arraigned Aug. 15. DAS […]



  • Delaware Health and Social Services
  • Division of Public Health
  • animal cruelty
  • DE Division of Public Health
  • Delaware Animal Services
  • Delaware Division of Public Health
  • Office of Animal Welfare

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Cops Raid Bengaluru Couple After Users Spot Ganja Plant In Garden Post

A Bengaluru couple found themselves in legal trouble after they posted videos of their balcony garden on Facebook. The posts included images of plants later identified as ganja.




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Sense line and decoupling capacitors

Hello,

A mybe silly question came to my mind: When routing sense lines, is it better to hav them as close as possible to DUT or afer the decoupling capacitors ?

Force in red, sense in purple.

Best way is 1 or 2 ?

Thanks in advance and Merry Christmas to everybody !







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Elderly couple sues over property condition




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Desperate couple gets lifeline against Standard Bank




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Could Putin Be Vulnerable to a Coup?

Could Putin be vulnerable to a coup or uprising? All of the grievances that traditionally motivate a coup against a dictator are in place.




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Facelift for mansion owned by ‘Wonga coup’ plotter Thatcher and Gupta state capture fugitives

A British business person is keeping the skeleton of the dilapidated R20 million Upper Constantia house, but has to replace the roof and the interior




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Sex Lives Best When Couples Share Child Care Duties, Survey Shows

Title: Sex Lives Best When Couples Share Child Care Duties, Survey Shows
Category: Health News
Created: 8/23/2015 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/24/2015 12:00:00 AM




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Couples At Risk During 'Divorce Season'

Title: Couples At Risk During 'Divorce Season'
Category: Health News
Created: 8/21/2016 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/22/2016 12:00:00 AM




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The True Cost of EpiPen Coupons

Title: The True Cost of EpiPen Coupons
Category: Health News
Created: 8/26/2016 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/26/2016 12:00:00 AM




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Neighborhood May Affect a Couple's Odds of Conceiving

Title: Neighborhood May Affect a Couple's Odds of Conceiving
Category: Health News
Created: 8/3/2022 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/3/2022 12:00:00 AM




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Vaginal or C-Section, Method of Childbirth Won't Affect a Couple's Sex Life Later

Title: Vaginal or C-Section, Method of Childbirth Won't Affect a Couple's Sex Life Later
Category: Health News
Created: 8/24/2022 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 8/25/2022 12:00:00 AM




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Functional Characterization of Reduced Folate Carrier and Protein-Coupled Folate Transporter for Antifolates Accumulation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells [Articles]

Antifolates are important for chemotherapy in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They mainly rely on reduced folate carrier (RFC) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) to enter cells. PCFT is supposed to be the dominant transporter of the two in tumors, as it operates optimally at acidic pH and has limited transport activity at physiological pH, whereas RFC operates optimally at neutral pH. In this study, we found RFC showed a slightly pH-dependent uptake of antifolates, with similar affinity values at pH 7.4 and 6.5. PCFT showed a highly pH-dependent uptake of antifolates, with an optimum pH of 6.0 for pemetrexed and 5.5 for methotrexate. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) value of PCFT for pemetrexed at pH 7.4 was more than 10 times higher than that at pH 6.5. Interestingly, we found that antifolate accumulations mediated by PCFT at acidic pH were significantly affected by the efflux transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The highest pemetrexed concentration was observed at pH 7.0–7.4 after a 60-minute accumulation in PCFT-expressing cells, which was further evidenced by the cytotoxicity of pemetrexed, with the IC50 value of pemetrexed at pH 7.4 being one-third of that at pH 6.5. In addition, the in vivo study indicated that increasing PCFT and RFC expression significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of pemetrexed despite the high expression of BCRP. These results suggest that both RFC and PCFT are important for antifolates accumulation in NSCLC, although there is an acidic microenvironment and high BCRP expression in tumors.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

Evaluating the role of reduced folate carrier (RFC) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) on antifolates accumulation in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is necessary for new drug designs. By using cell models, we found both RFC and PCFT were important for antifolates accumulation in NSCLC. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) significantly affected PCFT-mediated antifolates accumulation at acidic pH but not RFC-mediated pemetrexed accumulation at physiological pH. High expression of PCFT or RFC enhanced the cytotoxicity and antitumor effect of pemetrexed.




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International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CXV: The Class F of G Protein-Coupled Receptors [75th Anniversary Celebration Collection Special Section]

The class F of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) consists of 10 Frizzleds (FZD1–10) and Smoothened (SMO). FZDs bind and are activated by secreted lipoglycoproteins of the Wingless/Int-1 (WNT) family, and SMO is indirectly activated by the Hedgehog (Hh) family of morphogens acting on the transmembrane protein Patched. The advance of our understanding of FZDs and SMO as dynamic transmembrane receptors and molecular machines, which emerged during the past 14 years since the first-class F GPCR IUPHAR nomenclature report, justifies an update. This article focuses on the advances in molecular pharmacology and structural biology providing new mechanistic insight into ligand recognition, receptor activation mechanisms, signal initiation, and signal specification. Furthermore, class F GPCRs continue to develop as drug targets, and novel technologies and tools such as genetically encoded biosensors and CRISP/Cas9 edited cell systems have contributed to refined functional analysis of these receptors. Also, advances in crystal structure analysis and cryogenic electron microscopy contribute to the rapid development of our knowledge about structure-function relationships, providing a great starting point for drug development. Despite the progress, questions and challenges remain to fully understand the complexity of the WNT/FZD and Hh/SMO signaling systems.

Significance Statement

The recent years of research have brought about substantial functional and structural insight into mechanisms of activation of Frizzleds and Smoothened. While the advance furthers our mechanistic understanding of ligand recognition, receptor activation, signal specification, and initiation, broader opportunities emerge that allow targeting class F GPCRs for therapy and regenerative medicine employing both biologics and small molecule compounds.




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Donald Trump and Elon Musk: Could U.S. election's odd couple unleash a small-government revolution?

The appointment of a political outsider like Musk could help Trump cut regulations and rein in government bureaucracy, even if the moves are unpopular




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Neil Simon’s vintage comedy ‘The Odd Couple’ returns to Bengaluru’s theatre

Ajai Kesavan’s The Odd Couple attempts to bring laughter and nostalgia to Bengaluru with a fresh take on Neil Simon’s beloved comedy about unlikely roommates