ag Maggie Beer's Golden Chicken Stock By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 01 Mar 2016 14:56:00 +1100 Try your hand at this delicious Golden Chicken Stock creation from Maggie Beer. Full Article ABC Local sydney Human Interest:All:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:NSW:Sydney 2000
ag Rich pork and eggplant lasagne By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 29 Mar 2016 13:04:00 +1100 This recipe features on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on 774 Drive with Raf Epstein, 3.30PM, courtesy of Justine Schofield. Justine's latest book is "Dinner With Justine". Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag Charred cabbage with olive and truffle tapenade By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Mon, 16 May 2016 12:44:00 +1000 Cabbage at its best. Full Article ABC Local brisbane Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:QLD:Brisbane 4000
ag Bigoli with duck Ragu By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 21 Jun 2016 12:26:00 +1000 This recipe features on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on 774 Drive with Raf Epstein, 3.30PM, courtesy of Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag Cracked pepper tagliatelle with wild boar By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 21 Jun 2016 14:10:00 +1000 This recipe features on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on 774 Drive with Raf Epstein, 3.30PM, courtesy of Daniel Lucas Tonin, Pasta Classica Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag Pumpkin lasagne By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 21 Jun 2016 14:41:00 +0800 1.2kg butternut pumpkin, peeled, cut into 2cm pieces 2 tablespoons olive oil 1 tablespoon chopped fresh sage, plus 12 whole leaves to serve 1/4 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg 350g ricotta 1 egg 1 cup grated parmesan, plus extra to serve 8 fresh lasagne sheets 100g unsalted butter 2 tablespoons chopped walnuts Full Article ABC Local wheatbelt Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:Main Australia:WA:Geraldton 6530
ag Left over lamb ragout with mushrooms and Spring market peas By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 13:46:00 +1000 Always something nice about discovering new dishes by utilising left overs from the night before . Seriously who doesn't love a bowl of pasta with a rich ragout of slow braised meat . Add a fresh twist with sweet seasonal peas from the markets . Full Article ABC Local northcoast Lifestyle and Leisure:Food and Cooking:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:Main Australia:NSW:Lismore 2480
ag Cres with passionfruit and cottage cheese By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Thu, 08 Sep 2016 07:15:00 +1000 Guaranteed to tempt fussy eaters, with lots of hidden nutrients. Full Article ABC Local northcoast Lifestyle and Leisure:Food and Cooking:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:Main Australia:NSW:Lismore 2480
ag Murwillmbah Asparagus with a Blood Orange Hollandaise sauce By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Thu, 15 Sep 2016 10:54:00 +1000 Spring has definitely in the air well and truly. Loving the produce, country aromas, and appearance as I cycle through the country side. I love asparagus... this local stuff growing by a great friend and awesome farmer. Side dishes are often overlooked but are a very important part to a great meal. Full Article ABC Local northcoast Lifestyle and Leisure:Food and Cooking:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:Main Australia:NSW:Lismore 2480
ag Asparagus with sea butter and rosemary By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 20 Sep 2016 12:10:00 +1000 This recipe features on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on 774 Drive with Raf Epstein, 3.30PM, shared by Dan Hunter, chef and owner of Otways' restaurant Brae. Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag BBQ Moreton Bay bugs with asparagus, butter, lemon and capers By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Mon, 10 Oct 2016 10:56:00 +1000 A simple summer seafood dish! Full Article ABC Local brisbane Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:QLD:Brisbane 4000
ag Chicken and Asparagus Risotto By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 22 Nov 2016 15:37:00 +1100 This recipe features on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on 774 Drive with Raf Epstein, 3.30PM Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag Loukanika Homemade Sausages with leek and fennel By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 10 Jan 2017 12:25:00 +1100 Kathy Tsaples, author of Sweet Greek Life, shared this recipe on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on ABC Radio Melbourne's Drive program at 3.30pm. Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag Loukanika Homemade Sausages with orange By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 10 Jan 2017 12:28:00 +1100 Kathy Tsaple, author of Sweet Greek Life, shared this recipe on Foodie Tuesday, a weekly segment on ABC Radio Melbourne's Drive program at 3.30pm. Full Article ABC Local melbourne Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:VIC:Melbourne 3000
ag Poached eggs with corn, cottage cheese and sweet potato fritters By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Fri, 10 Feb 2017 10:58:00 +1000 Summer entertaining; breakfast/lunch Full Article ABC Local widebay Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Australia:QLD:Bundaberg 4670
ag Parmesan and Herby Crumbed Pork Loin with raw cabbage salad and lemon By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Thu, 02 Mar 2017 07:55:00 +1100 4 x 150 x g of pork loin steaks as your butcher to cut 3 x cup (210 g) Panko Breadcrumbs (Japanese bread crumb) 1/2 cup (80g) Plain flour Chopped flat leaf parsley, thyme, rosemary 2 Eggs, lightly beaten 1/2cup (80g) finely grated Parmesan CABBAGE SLAW 500 grams of Cabbage finely shredded Squeezed of Lemon juice 1/4 cup (60 ml) quality cider vinegar add to taste. May need less. 2 Tablespoon of Macadamia Oil 1 Tablespoon chop parsley Aioli just a little bit to bind Sea salt and cracked pepper 100 ml Macadamia oil for cooking 4 juicy lemon wedges to squeeze over Pork Full Article ABC Local northcoast Lifestyle and Leisure:Food and Cooking:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:All Lifestyle and Leisure:Recipes:Main Australia:NSW:Lismore 2480
ag Latin American Responses to the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan Migration Crises By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Mon, 21 Oct 2019 12:56:39 -0400 Leading policymakers and key stakeholders from Latin America, as well as representatives of major international institutions, offer their views on the challenges ahead as Latin American governments seek to chart strategies for responding to large-scale forced migration flows, such as those from Venezuela and Nicaragua. Full Article
ag Respuestas latinoamericanas a las crisis migratorias venezolanas y nicaragüenses By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Fri, 01 Nov 2019 17:38:50 -0400 Responsables de políticos principales y partes interesadas de América Latina, así como representantes de instituciones internacionales claves, ofrecen sus puntos de vista sobre los desafíos futuros mientras gobiernos latinoamericanos buscan establecer las estrategias para responder a flujos migratorios forzados a gran escala, como los de Venezuela y Nicaragua. Full Article
ag La Bienvenida Se Agota para Colombianos en Ecuador Mientras Venezolanos Se Hacen Más Visibles By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Thu, 09 Jan 2020 10:42:56 -0500 Aunque colombianos encontraron un refugio cálido en Ecuador después de ser desplazados de su país por una guerra civil que duro décadas, la vida se ha vuelto más difícil para ellos en los últimos años, en parte como resultado del flujo de venezolanos que buscan seguridad. Este artículo se basa en encuestas de migrantes en Quito, comparando y contrastando las experiencias de colombianos y venezolanos, y evaluando sus percepciones de discriminación, victimización y esperanzas para el futuro. Full Article
ag An Uneven Welcome: Latin American and Caribbean Responses to Venezuelan and Nicaraguan Migration By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Mon, 03 Feb 2020 17:19:48 -0500 Large-scale displacement from Venezuela and Nicaragua is reshaping the migration landscape in much of Latin America and the Caribbean. This report, accompanied by the launch of a new Migration Portal offering research and analysis on the region, examines the immigration and integration policy responses of 11 countries, including pathways to legal status and measures to integrate newcomers into schools, health-care systems, and labor markets. Full Article
ag Bienvenidas asimétricas: Respuestas de América Latina y el Caribe a la migración venezolana y nicaragüense By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Mon, 10 Feb 2020 10:44:38 -0500 El gran desplazamiento forzado de personas en Venezuela y Nicaragua está transformando el panorama migratorio en gran parte de América Latina y el Caribe. Este informe examina las respuestas de las políticas de inmigración e integración de once países, incluyendo vías de regularización y medidas para integrar a los recién llegados en las escuelas y mercados laborales. Este informe acompaña el lanzamiento de un Portal Sobre Migración que ofrece investigación y análisis actualizados sobre tendencias y políticas de inmigración en la región. Full Article
ag Warne returns to big stage By www.abc.net.au Published On :: Tue, 08 Nov 2011 12:22:00 +1100 Champion leg spinner Shane Warne has signed on to play with Melbourne Stars in the inaugural Big Bash League Twenty20 tournament at the end of the year. Full Article
ag Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in the Elderly: Analysis From the DECLARE-TIMI 58 Study By care.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2020-01-20T12:00:30-08:00 OBJECTIVE Data regarding the effects of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in the elderly (age ≥65 years) and very elderly (age ≥75 years) are limited. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events (DECLARE)–TIMI 58 assessed cardiac and renal outcomes of dapagliflozin versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes. Efficacy and safety outcomes were studied within age subgroups for treatment effect and age-based treatment interaction. RESULTS Of the 17,160 patients, 9,253 were <65 years of age, 6,811 ≥65 to <75 years, and 1,096 ≥75 years. Dapagliflozin reduced the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure consistently, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.88 (95% CI 0.72, 1.07), 0.77 (0.63, 0.94), and 0.94 (0.65, 1.36) in age-groups <65, ≥65 to <75, and ≥75 years, respectively (interaction P value 0.5277). Overall, dapagliflozin did not significantly decrease the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events, with HR 0.93 (95% CI 0.81, 1.08), 0.97 (0.83, 1.13), and 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) in age-groups <65, ≥65 to <75, and ≥75 years, respectively (interaction P value 0.7352). The relative risk reduction for the secondary prespecified cardiorenal composite outcome ranged from 18% to 28% in the different age-groups with no heterogeneity. Major hypoglycemia was less frequent with dapagliflozin versus placebo, with HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.58, 1.64), 0.50 (0.29, 0.84), and 0.68 (0.29, 1.57) in age-groups <65, ≥65 to <75, and ≥75 years, respectively (interaction P value 0.2107). Safety outcomes, including fractures, volume depletion, cancer, urinary tract infections, and amputations were balanced with dapagliflozin versus placebo, and acute kidney injury was reduced, all regardless of age. Genital infections that were serious or led to discontinuation of the study drug and diabetic ketoacidosis were uncommon, yet more frequent with dapagliflozin versus placebo, without heterogeneity (interaction P values 0.1058 and 0.8433, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The overall efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin are consistent regardless of age. Full Article
ag Visit-to-Visit HbA1c Variability Is Associated With Cardiovascular Disease and Microvascular Complications in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes By care.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2020-01-20T12:00:30-08:00 OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between visit-to-visit HbA1c variability and cardiovascular events and microvascular complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed patients from Tayside and Fife in the Scottish Care Information–Diabetes Collaboration (SCI-DC) who were observable from the diagnosis of diabetes and had at least five HbA1c measurements before the outcomes were evaluated. We used the previously reported HbA1c variability score (HVS), calculated as the percentage of the number of changes in HbA1c >0.5% (5.5 mmol/mol) among all HbA1c measurements within an individual. The association between HVS and 10 outcomes was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS We included 13,111–19,883 patients in the analyses of each outcome. The patients with HVS >60% were associated with elevated risks of all outcomes compared with the lowest quintile (for example, HVS >80 to ≤100 vs. HVS ≥0 to ≤20, hazard ratio 2.38 [95% CI 1.61–3.53] for major adverse cardiovascular events, 2.4 [1.72–3.33] for all-cause mortality, 2.4 [1.13–5.11] for atherosclerotic cardiovascular death, 2.63 [1.81–3.84] for coronary artery disease, 2.04 [1.12–3.73] for ischemic stroke, 3.23 [1.76–5.93] for heart failure, 7.4 [3.84–14.27] for diabetic retinopathy, 3.07 [2.23–4.22] for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, 5.24 [2.61–10.49] for diabetic foot ulcer, and 3.49 [2.47–4.95] for new-onset chronic kidney disease). Four sensitivity analyses, including adjustment for time-weighted average HbA1c, confirmed the robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that higher HbA1c variability is associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and microvascular complications of diabetes independently of high HbA1c. Full Article
ag Inoreader mobile apps updated to support Automatic Night Mode, Microblogs, Sort by Magic and popularity indicators. By blog.inoreader.com Published On :: Thu, 20 Feb 2020 09:05:38 +0000 Hey, it’s been quite some time without updates on this front, but our latest updates to our Android and iOS… Full Article Uncategorized
ag Send Daily Email Digests to Friends, Colleagues or Even to Yourself By blog.inoreader.com Published On :: Tue, 25 Feb 2020 08:15:13 +0000 When we announced our v13 update, we mentioned a new feature called Email Digests that we’ll explain further in this… Full Article Uncategorized
ag Convert Almost Any Webpage Into RSS Feed With Inoreader’s Web Feeds By blog.inoreader.com Published On :: Wed, 08 Apr 2020 05:59:26 +0000 So, you wanted to follow this nice website for new content, but it doesn’t have an RSS feed yet? Don’t… Full Article Uncategorized
ag Effectively Serving Immigrant and Dual Language Learner Families through Home Visiting Programs By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Thu, 29 Aug 2019 12:01:27 -0400 Marking a policy brief's release, this webinar explores the promise of home visiting services that support new parents alongside their infants and toddlers, plus strategies for improving how these programs work with immigrant and linguistically diverse families. Full Article
ag Latin American Responses to the Venezuelan and Nicaraguan Migration Crises By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Thu, 31 Oct 2019 12:12:21 -0400 Leading policymakers and key stakeholders from Latin America, as well as representatives of major international institutions, offer their views on the challenges ahead as Latin American governments seek to chart strategies for responding to large-scale forced migration flows, such as those from Venezuela and Nicaragua. Spanish and English versions of the remarks are available. Full Article
ag Respuestas latinoamericanas a las crisis migratorias venezolanas y nicaragüenses By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Mon, 04 Nov 2019 08:58:25 -0500 Responsables de políticos principales y partes interesadas de América Latina, así como representantes de instituciones internacionales claves, ofrecen sus puntos de vista sobre los desafíos futuros mientras gobiernos latinoamericanos buscan establecer las estrategias para responder a flujos migratorios forzados a gran escala, como los de Venezuela y Nicaragua. Full Article
ag Employment Services for Refugees: Leveraging Mainstream U.S. Systems and Funding By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Mon, 27 Jan 2020 16:53:00 -0500 On this webinar, experts and state refugee resettlement program leaders discuss activities that can be key parts of a broader strategy for sustaining and improving employment services for refugees, including partnerships with experts in workforce development strategies, access to federal workforce development funding, and other policies and resources. Full Article
ag Migration & Coronavirus: A Complicated Nexus Between Migration Management and Public Health By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Tue, 24 Mar 2020 15:13:37 -0400 This webinar, organized by MPI and the Zolberg Institute on Migration and Mobility at The New School, discussed migration policy responses around the globe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and examined where migration management and enforcement tools may be useful and where they may be ill-suited to advancing public health goals. Full Article
ag Expert Podcast: Meeting Seasonal Labor Needs in the Age of COVID-19 By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Tue, 31 Mar 2020 09:35:25 -0400 Governments are facing urgent pandemic-related questions. One of the more pressing ones: Who is going to harvest crops in countries that rely heavily on seasonal foreign workers? In this podcast, MPI experts examine ways in which countries could address labor shortages in agriculture, including recruiting native-born workers and letting already present seasonal workers stay longer. Catch an interesting discussion as border closures have halted the movement of seasonal workers even as crops are approaching harvest in some places. Full Article
ag In the Age of Trump: Populist Backlash and Progressive Resistance Create Divergent State Immigrant Integration Contexts By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Wed, 17 Jan 2018 10:26:51 -0500 As long-simmering passions related to federal immigration policies have come to a full boil, less noted but no less important debates are taking place at state and local levels with regards to policies affecting immigrants and their children. As states are increasingly diverging in their responses, this report examines how some of the key policies and programs that support long-term integration success are faring in this volatile era. Full Article
ag Leveraging the Potential of Home Visiting Programs to Serve Immigrant and Dual Language Learner Families By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Thu, 22 Aug 2019 10:48:18 -0400 Home visiting programs for young families are growing in popularity across the United States, and have demonstrated their effectiveness in supporting maternal health and child well-being. At the same time, more infants and toddlers are growing up in immigrant families and households where a language other than English is spoken. Why then are these children under-represented in these programs? This brief explores common barriers, ways to address them, and why it is important to do so. Full Article
ag Health Insurance Coverage of Immigrants and Latinos in the Kansas City Metro Area By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Tue, 19 Nov 2019 10:26:37 -0500 Latinos and immigrants are at least twice as likely to lack health insurance coverage as the overall population in the Kansas City metropolitan area. This gap that has significant implications for the region, as Latinos and immigrants will form an ever-growing share of the area’s labor force and tax base amid anticipated declines in the native-born, non-Latino population. Full Article
ag Barriers to COVID-19 Testing and Treatment: Immigrants without Health Coverage in the United States By www.migrationpolicy.org Published On :: Tue, 05 May 2020 15:58:10 -0400 As millions of U.S. workers lose jobs and the health insurance associated with them, Medicaid and similar programs are increasingly important for people seeking COVID-19 testing and treatment. Yet many low-income uninsured noncitizens, including green-card holders, are excluded from such programs because of their immigration status, as this fact sheet explores. Full Article
ag The Digital Transformation Playbook: Rethink Your Business for the Digital Age By brandleadership.wordpress.com Published On :: Wed, 17 Feb 2016 16:24:52 +0000 Every business begun before the Internet now faces the same challenge: How to transform to compete in a digital economy? This is the leadership challenge examined by BRITE founder and Columbia Business School faculty member David Rogers in his newest book, The Digital Transformation Playbook (April 5, 2016; Columbia Business School Publishing). In the book, […] Full Article Uncategorized
ag Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Key to Diabetes Management and Prevention By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2010-12-01 Sara F. MorrisDec 1, 2010; 28:12-18Feature Articles Full Article
ag Diabetes Self-management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2016-04-01 Margaret A. PowersApr 1, 2016; 34:70-80Position Statements Full Article
ag Clarifying the Role of Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Management By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2003-01-01 John R. WhiteJan 1, 2003; 21:Feature Articles Full Article
ag Diabetes Management Issues for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2007-07-01 Kerri L. CavanaughJul 1, 2007; 25:90-97Feature Articles Full Article
ag Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2005-01-01 Andrew J.M. BoultonJan 1, 2005; 23:9-15Feature Articles Full Article
ag Engaging Patients in Education for Self-Management in an Accountable Care Environment By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2011-07-01 Christine A. BeebeJul 1, 2011; 29:123-126Practical Pointers Full Article
ag Hospital Management of Hyperglycemia By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2004-04-01 Kristen B. CampbellApr 1, 2004; 22:81-88Practical Pointers Full Article
ag Diabetes Self-Management in a Community Health Center: Improving Health Behaviors and Clinical Outcomes for Underserved Patients By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2008-01-01 Daren AndersonJan 1, 2008; 26:22-27Bridges to Excellence Full Article
ag Hypoglycemia in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Management By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2006-07-01 Vanessa J. BriscoeJul 1, 2006; 24:115-121Feature Articles Full Article
ag Perspectives in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2007-04-01 Jennifer M. PerkinsApr 1, 2007; 25:57-62Feature Articles Full Article
ag Empowerment and Self-Management of Diabetes By clinical.diabetesjournals.org Published On :: 2004-07-01 Martha M. FunnellJul 1, 2004; 22:123-127Feature Articles Full Article
ag The Language of Science and the Tower of Babel By decisions-and-info-gaps.blogspot.com Published On :: Mon, 31 Oct 2011 06:23:00 +0000 And God said: Behold one people with one language for them all ... and now nothing that they venture will be kept from them. ... [And] there God mixed up the language of all the land. (Genesis, 11:6-9)"Philosophy is written in this grand book the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and to read the alphabet in which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics." Galileo GalileiLanguage is power over the unknown. Mathematics is the language of science, and computation is the modern voice in which this language is spoken. Scientists and engineers explore the book of nature with computer simulations of swirling galaxies and colliding atoms, crashing cars and wind-swept buildings. The wonders of nature and the powers of technological innovation are displayed on computer screens, "continually open to our gaze." The language of science empowers us to dispel confusion and uncertainty, but only with great effort do we change the babble of sounds and symbols into useful, meaningful and reliable communication. How we do that depends on the type of uncertainty against which the language struggles.Mathematical equations encode our understanding of nature, and Galileo exhorts us to learn this code. One challenge here is that a single equation represents an infinity of situations. For instance, the equation describing a flowing liquid captures water gushing from a pipe, blood coursing in our veins, and a droplet splashing from a puddle. Gazing at the equation is not at all like gazing at the droplet. Understanding grows by exposure to pictures and examples. Computations provide numerical examples of equations that can be realized as pictures. Computations can simulate nature, allowing us to explore at our leisure.Two questions face the user of computations: Are we calculating the correct equations? Are we calculating the equations correctly? The first question expresses the scientist's ignorance - or at least uncertainty - about how the world works. The second question reflects the programmer's ignorance or uncertainty about the faithfulness of the computer program to the equations. Both questions deal with the fidelity between two entities. However, the entities involved are very different and the uncertainties are very different as well.The scientist's uncertainty is reduced by the ingenuity of the experimenter. Equations make predictions that can be tested by experiment. For instance, Galileo predicted that small and large balls will fall at the same rate, as he is reported to have tested from the tower of Pisa. Equations are rejected or modified when their predictions don't match the experimenter's observation. The scientist's uncertainty and ignorance are whittled away by testing equations against observation of the real world. Experiments may be extraordinarily subtle or difficult or costly because nature's unknown is so endlessly rich in possibilities. Nonetheless, observation of nature remorselessly cuts false equations from the body of scientific doctrine. God speaks through nature, as it were, and "the Eternal of Israel does not deceive or console." (1 Samuel, 15:29). When this observational cutting and chopping is (temporarily) halted, the remaining equations are said to be "validated" (but they remain on the chopping block for further testing).The programmer's life is, in one sense, more difficult than the experimenter's. Imagine a huge computer program containing millions of lines of code, the accumulated fruit of thousands of hours of effort by many people. How do we verify that this computation faithfully reflects the equations that have ostensibly been programmed? Of course they've been checked again and again for typos or logical faults or syntactic errors. Very clever methods are available for code verification. Nonetheless, programmers are only human, and some infidelity may slip through. What remorseless knife does the programmer have with which to verify that the equations are correctly calculated? Testing computation against observation does not allow us to distinguish between errors in the equations, errors in the program, and compensatory errors in both.The experimenter compares an equation's prediction against an observation of nature. Like the experimenter, the programmer compares the computation against something. However, for the programmer, the sharp knife of nature is not available. In special cases the programmer can compare against a known answer. More frequently the programmer must compare against other computations which have already been verified (by some earlier comparison). The verification of a computation - as distinct from the validation of an equation - can only use other high-level human-made results. The programmer's comparisons can only be traced back to other comparisons. It is true that the experimenter's tests are intermediated by human artifacts like calipers or cyclotrons. Nonetheless, bedrock for the experimenter is the "reality out there". The experimenter's tests can be traced back to observations of elementary real events. The programmer does not have that recourse. One might say that God speaks to the experimenter through nature, but the programmer has no such Voice upon which to rely.The tower built of old would have reached the heavens because of the power of language. That tower was never completed because God turned talk into babble and dispersed the people across the land. Scholars have argued whether the story prescribes a moral norm, or simply describes the way things are, but the power of language has never been disputed.The tower was never completed, just as science, it seems, has a long way to go. Genius, said Edison, is 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. A good part of the sweat comes from getting the language right, whether mathematical equations or computer programs.Part of the challenge is finding order in nature's bubbling variety. Each equation captures a glimpse of that order, adding one block to the structure of science. Furthermore, equations must be validated, which is only a stop-gap. All blocks crumble eventually, and all equations are fallible and likely to be falsified.Another challenge in science and engineering is grasping the myriad implications that are distilled into an equation. An equation compresses and summarizes, while computer simulations go the other way, restoring detail and specificity. The fidelity of a simulation to the equation is usually verified by comparing against other simulations. This is like the dictionary paradox: using words to define words.It is by inventing and exploiting symbols that humans have constructed an orderly world out of the confusing tumult of experience. With symbols, like with blocks in the tower, the sky is the limit. Full Article