Source: Infobae - El cambio climático es probablemente el mayor desafío ambiental y social que enfrenta la humanidad, y que fue generado por el ser humano. Es un problema global que se resuelve en forma global, en donde existen muchos matices que hacen difícil el consenso entre los países respecto a las decisiones que deben tomarse. Sin embargo, todos reconocen el siguiente principio como marco de discusión: principio de responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas. Este principio reconoce que todos los países tienen responsabilidad común de solucionar el problema, aunque no todos en el mismo nivel y grado, ya que históricamente los países desarrollados han contaminado más a efecto de construir sus economías que aquellos que están en vías de desarrollo. Y no todos los países tienen la misma capacidad y recursos para enfrentar la problemática.

The new school year is guaranteed to intensify the already contentious debate about ways to narrow the achievement gap between the nation's second largest ethnic group and its white counterparts. I'm referring to the performance of Hispanics, whose numbers have grown dramatically over the past four

While foreign language requirements have long been a core requirement for high school graduation--second language classes at an earlier age would improve overall fluency for most students.

Dozens of states offer the seal of biliteracy, but more than 80 percent of students who earn the honor are concentrated in just five states, a new report reveals.

Nearly 20 years after voting to restrict bilingual education in a state with more than 1 million schoolchildren who don't speak English as their first language, California voters appear poised to reverse that ban.

Californians are expected to reinstate bilingual education. The vote is likely to be a milestone in the rise of Latino voting power. Bad news for Donald Trump; worse news for the GOP.

The ballot measure essentially repeals Proposition 227, the 1998 law that made it tougher for districts to offer bilingual education.

In California, nearly 1 in every 4 children don't speak English fluently. On Election Day, the state's voters will decide whether to overturn a longstanding policy of teaching these children in English-only classrooms, or whether to embrace bilingual forms of teaching.

After nearly two decades of restrictions, educators say it will take time for schools to create new programs and hire bilingual teachers.

Teaching via combined languages is important, as multiple races and immigrants from different countries live in the United States.

The new law overturns a nearly 15-year-old law that had eliminated bilingual education in most of the state's public schools.

Dual-language-immersion students in Portland, Ore., outperformed their peers in English-reading skills by a full school year's worth of learning by the end of middle school.

More than 30 states and the District of Columbia have reported shortages of bilingual, dual-immersion, and English-as-a-second-language teachers, finds a new report by New America's Dual Language Learners National Work Group.

In 24 states and the District of Columbia, dual-language learners comprise more than 20 percent of children ages 8 and younger.

The extra work that many dual-language bilingual educators take on "too often goes unrecognized and is never remunerated," a new small-scale study concludes.

Former Vice President Joe Biden’s recent remarks on his willingness to work with segregationists resurrected his long-ago efforts to oppose school busing. Will it hurt his campaign?

It is not known whether birth at a pediatric cardiac specialty center or at a hospital with a higher neonatal level of care affects mortality for infants with ductal-dependent congenital heart disease.

For infants with ductal-dependent congenital heart disease, there is no difference in 90-day mortality for those born at specialty centers versus other centers in the state of Washington. (Read the full article)

There have been no previous large studies of congenital heart disease in very low birth weight infants.

This study characterized the frequency, mortality rate, and lesion distribution of serious congenital heart disease in very low birth weight infants by using a large international multicenter database. (Read the full article)

Autism has been associated with pregnancy and birth complications that may indicate a suboptimal prenatal environment. Although the interpregnancy interval (IPI) may affect the prenatal environment, the association between the IPI and risk for autism is not known.

Using full-sibling pairs from a large population, the authors examined the association between autism and IPIs. Second-born children conceived after an IPI of <12 months had more than threefold increased odds of autism relative to those with IPIs of ≥36 months. (Read the full article)

The associations between food insecurity and child well-being have been well studied on the basis of household levels of food insecurity, as reported by heads of households.

Household measures, however, may not capture gender biases in food insecurity and morbidity. This study assessed adolescents' own experience with food insecurity and how it was associated with morbidity and the effect of gender in this process. (Read the full article)

The use of steroids as a treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy results in a slower progression in weakness. Bisphosphonates often are used in conjunction with steroid therapy to enhance bone health.

The combination of steroids and bisphosphonates seems to be associated with significantly improved survival rates compared with treatment with steroids alone. (Read the full article)

Adults born at very low birth weight (VLBW) (<1.5 kg) have higher blood pressure and higher fasting insulin levels than their peers born at term. However, they show no signs of endothelial dysfunction in childhood and in adolescence.

Adults born at a VLBW showed no endothelial dysfunction compared with term adults. They had, however, a thicker intima-media layer in relation to lumen size. More rapid growth during their first weeks of life was associated with better endothelial function. (Read the full article)

The direct effects of prolactin on the nutritional and antimicrobial composition of breast milk have not been examined previously in women.

The study demonstrates that recombinant human prolactin increases milk volume, induces changes in milk composition consistent with those during normal lactogenesis, and increases antimicrobially active oligosaccharide concentrations. The data suggest that prolactin is an important mediator of normal lactogenesis. (Read the full article)

For mothers of children with chronic medical conditions or disabilities, such as epilepsy or cerebral palsy, a history of maternal unresolved grief regarding the child's diagnosis has been associated with insecure infant-mother attachment.

Unresolved grief related to a preterm birth is associated with the development of insecure infantmother attachment. Mothers with resolved grief after preterm birth are 2.9 times as likely to have securely attached infants, compared with mothers with unresolved grief. (Read the full article)

The efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid pulse combination therapy for refractory Kawasaki disease has been established. The Egami score can be used to predict which patients are likely to have refractory Kawasaki disease.

As a new strategy for primary treatment, intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid pulse combination therapy is safe and effective for patients predicted to have refractory Kawasaki disease based on the Egami score. (Read the full article)

Primary hypertension is a growing concern in adolescents due to its association with the obesity epidemic. Recent studies have examined underdetection and underdiagnosis of hypertension in adolescents but medical management of primary hypertension in adolescents is not well-described.

Our study describes patterns of antihypertensive prescribing for adolescents with primary hypertension including the use of monotherapy versus combination therapy by physicians of different specialties and factors associated with receipt of antihypertensive therapy over a multi-year period. (Read the full article)

Pediatric weight gain is a critical aspect of the obesity epidemic. Chronic stress produces physiologic perturbations capable of altering brain mechanisms related to eating as well as those implicated in self-regulatory behaviors.

We show that early childhood risk exposures are associated with weight gain in adolescence, independent of childhood BMI. We also find that deficiencies in self-regulatory processes help explain the link between chronic stress and adiposity. (Read the full article)

Two UK models predict the risk of mortality in very preterm Western infants (1) alive at onset of labor and (2) admitted for neonatal intensive care. Prognostic models need temporal and geographic validation to evaluate their performance.

The 2 models showed very good performance in a recent large cohort of very preterm infants born in another Western country. The accurate performance of both models suggests application in clinical practice (Read the full article)

Blood pressure and heart rate are altered by sleep state and postnatal age in healthy term and preterm infants. Preterm infants have altered blood pressure responses to head-up tilting during sleep.

Preterm birth has marked effects on the maturation of baroreflex sensitivity during sleep, which may contribute to the greater vulnerability of preterm infants to sudden infant death syndrome. (Read the full article)

Predischarge serum or transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TcB) measurements are recommended as appropriate screening options for identifying infants at risk for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NH). Visual inspection for jaundice is not reliable at identifying infants with NH in the community.

When compared with visual inspection alone, coordinated TcB screening for NH in acute-care and community settings is associated with significant improvements in laboratory utilization, patient care, convenience, and safety. (Read the full article)

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein with anti-infective activities being part of the innate defensive network. Bovine and human lactoferrin share high homology. Bovine lactoferrin can prevent late-onset sepsis in preterm very low birth weight neonates.

In preterm very low birth weight infants, bovine lactoferrin is able to prevent not only late-onset sepsis but also systemic fungal infections. This protection is achieved independently from their colonization status. (Read the full article)

Human rhinovirus infections are common in children. Although historically associated with upper respiratory tract illness, rhinoviruses are increasingly recognized for their role in the exacerbation of asthma. Their role in bronchiolitis and severe lung disease in premature infants is unclear.

The authors of this study prospectively explore the role of rhinoviruses in premature infants using molecular techniques and identify these agents as the most frequent cause of hospitalization in this population. (Read the full article)

Extreme preterm birth is associated with developmental shortcomings that may reduce exercise capacity and participation in physical activities in later life. The number of studies addressing these issues in adolescent populations is limited, test methods differ, and results are diverging.

Exercise capacity after preterm birth was in the same range as in term-born control subjects. Participation in physical activity was lower in preterm subjects compared with control subjects; however, the response to exercise in terms of increased aerobic capacity was similar. (Read the full article)

Asthma is a common obstructive pulmonary disease experienced during pregnancy. Clinical guidelines recommend women with asthma maintain asthma medication use during pregnancy. Epidemiologic studies suggest an association between several types of defects and asthma or asthma medication use during pregnancy.

Data from a large, population-based, multicenter, case-control study was used. This provides the opportunity to study specific birth defects with minimal heterogeneity in case groups, as well as control for a variety of potential confounders. (Read the full article)

The standard initial management for infants and children with acute pyelonephritis is intravenous antibiotic treatment.

Our results support the use of an oral cefixime treatment of initial episodes of acute pyelonephritis involving a gram-negative bacteria strain in children aged 1 month to 3 years who are without urological abnormalities and without clinical hemodynamic impairment. (Read the full article)

Pulmonary hypertension is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants and contributes to morbidity and mortality.

Pulmonary hypertension affects at least 1 in 6 extremely low birth weight infants and persists to discharge in most survivors. Routine screening of these infants with echocardiography at 4 weeks of age identifies only one-third of those affected. (Read the full article)

Prior to the Affordable Care Act of 2010, 34 states enacted laws extending eligibility for parents’ health insurance to adult children. Few studies have examined their impact; a single study found no change in insurance 1 year after enactment.

States that expanded parents’ insurance eligibility to young adults were associated with higher rates of insurance coverage, identification of a personal clinician, physical exams, and lower forgone care due to cost. The Affordable Care Act may similarly improve access to care. (Read the full article)

Although China has the largest birth population in the world and a number of multicenter studies of neonatal respiratory failure are reported, there is a paucity of data regarding outcome measurement of very premature neonates requiring respiratory care and surfactant therapy.

This study is the largest survey, to date, in a Chinese network of 55 NICUs that presents the incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates, with risk factors of neonatal respiratory failure, with special emphasis on surfactant-treated very immature infants. (Read the full article)

Parent-infant bed-sharing is a common behavior of breastfeeding mothers and various ethnic groups. Under certain circumstances, it is associated with an increased risk of sudden infant death. Blanket prohibitions against bed-sharing conflict with breastfeeding promotion and inhibit safe bed-sharing discussion.

Bed-sharing and sofa-sharing were almost mutually exclusive. Pakistani families avoided sofa-sharing and hazardous bed-sharing, and have a very low rate of sudden infant death syndrome. White British families were more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and sofa-share with their infants. (Read the full article)

The demographics of trials that use antenatal consent may not be representative of the populations that they are intended to study.

This study analyzes the difference in clinical outcomes between the enrolled and eligible but not enrolled populations of a trial that required antenatal consent. (Read the full article)

Very preterm children are at risk for developmental problems and, therefore, a systematic follow-up is important. However, the relevance of early follow-up of cognitive development has been questioned because of the divergent data on the prognostic value of early measures.

Good stability of cognitive development was found between the ages of 2 and 5 years. Well-conducted assessment of cognitive development in infancy is both reliable to anticipate later development and clinically valuable to identify those children who need developmental support. (Read the full article)

Few studies have examined the reliability of clinical findings in pediatric appendicitis. Clinical prediction rules are most useful if the included variables are reliable across practice settings and practitioners.

Among children who present with possible appendicitis, the interrater reliability varied considerably for patient history and physical examination variables. Those variables with the highest degree of reliability may be best suited for inclusion in appendicitis clinical prediction rules. (Read the full article)

Some studies reveal an association between exposure to alcohol consumption in movies and youth drinking, but the evidence is sparse.

Exposure to alcohol consumption in movies is associated with youth binge drinking, is little influenced by cultural differences between countries (Germany, Iceland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Scotland), and is specific to movie alcohol, not movie smoking, depictions. (Read the full article)

Preterm infants are at increased risk of behavioral problems, which has been associated with maternal distress. Paternal psychological well-being is less studied. Parents’ concerns may affect their perceptions or attitudes and have negative effects on the behavior of the child.

Parents report more behavior problems in VLBW children at age 3 if they themselves have had symptoms of depression, parenting stress, or weak sense of coherence. Also, the paternal psychological well-being contributes to the behavioral development of a preterm child. (Read the full article)

Transcutaneous bilirubinometry was originally developed as a potential replacement for invasive blood sampling, but its clinical application is still limited to a screening method for hyperbilirubinemia. Reasons for this limited clinical value may be diverse.

This study provides insight into the reasons for the limited clinical value of transcutaneous bilirubinometry. This aids to both better interpretation of the measured TcB value from a patient and to possible improvement of the clinical value of the technique. (Read the full article)

Insulin is commonly used to treat neonatal hyperglycemia, but there are few data to support its use. Tight glycemic control with insulin improves outcome in diabetic patients, but it is not known whether it is effective in hyperglycemic preterm infants.

Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm neonates decreases the rate of linear growth despite increased weight and occipitofrontal head circumference gain and increases the risk of hypoglycemia. Insulin may not be a safe and effective treatment in hyperglycemic preterm neonates. (Read the full article)

Some but not all randomized trials have shown effects of probiotics on incidence and duration of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections among children in developing countries. Calcium improves resistance to intestinal infections in adults, but efficacy in children is unknown.

Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 may prevent diarrhea, especially in children with lower nutritional status. Regular calcium milk, alone or with Lactobacillus casei CRL431, did not reduce diarrhea. None of the interventions affected respiratory tract infections in these Indonesian children. (Read the full article)

The presumed causes of neonatal deaths globally have remained unchanged over the past decade and include infections (~30%), prematurity (~30%), and asphyxia (~25%). Great uncertainty surrounds these estimates and, in addition, cases are likely misclassified as stillbirths.

These observational findings indicate that asphyxia accounts for a much higher percentage (60% of early deaths). Prematurity (18%), low birth weight (8%), and overt infection are much less common. The 5-minute Apgar score is an unreliable indicator of birth asphyxia. (Read the full article)

Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated associations between the white matter injury and cognitive impairment in very preterm born children. Longitudinal studies confirmed the relationships between cerebral MRI at term and neurodevelopmental outcomes at up to 2 years old.

White matter injury (but not gray matter injury) on term MRI predicted cognitive impairments of very preterm born infants at 9 years old. Qualitative assessment of white matter signal intensities showed limited predictive values of cognitive impairments. (Read the full article)