Introduction Earlier this year, Luxembourg’s financial services regulator, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (the “CSSF”) announced a year-long transitional period, to take effect from the date of a no-deal Brexit...

Sell-side reluctance to accept delegation of reporting under the Securities Financing Transaction Regulation (“SFTR”) is causing a headache for buy-side firms.  If buy-side firms are unable to establish delegation arrangements they ...

Attempts at digital transformation, which have sometimes been slow in Tunisia, are now forced and obliged to succeed in order to guarantee continuity of work, economy and even life during the country's lockdown. The digital transformation is a stron...

Buyers of immovable property must think very carefully before paying deposits. If for some reason the sale is cancelled, the purchaser remains liable for transfer duty on the deposit that is forfeited to the seller (in terms of section 5(2)(a) of th...

After weeks of trying to flee the current coronavirus epicentre of the world, Ziyanda Stuurman is finally home.

In May 2017, David Webb, an activist investor and former director of the Hong Kong Exchange and Clearing Limited, issued a report titled "The Enigma Network: 50 stocks not to own". This report mapped out a complex web of cross-shareholdings between ...

Ciidamada PSF ayaa Bosaso ku qabtey gaari lagu soo raray waxyaabaha qaraxa dhaliya, iyo bobooyinka gacanta laga tuuro. Wararku waxay sheegayaan in ciidanka PSF ay muddo ku dabo jireen shabakad argagixiso ah oo doonaayey in ay qaraxyo ka fuliyaan gudaha Puntland. War ka soo baxay ciidanka amniga Puntland ee PSF ayaa sheegay Intii hawlgalku socday, […]

The post Ciidamada PSF oo fashiliyey weerar argagixiso gudaha Boosaaso appeared first on Horseed Media • Somali News.

The Property Sector needs to be aware of the Property Sector Transformation Charter Code (“the Property Charter”) as Section 20(1) of the Property Practitioners Bill (“the PPB”) states that: “The Property Sector Transfo...

In R (on the application of Diocese of Menevia and others) v Swansea City and County Council1 (“the Council”), the Administrative Court was required to consider whether a change in policy made by the Council in respect of school transpor...

R (on the application of Tesco Stores Limited) v Forest of Dean District Council and (1) JD Norman Lydney Limited (2) Asda Stores Limited (3) Windmill Limited (4) MMC Land & Regeneration Limited1 The Court of Appeal, upholding a decision of the ...

What is the Hansford Review and what is its purpose? Professor Peter Hansford was commissioned by the Board of Network Rail to chair an independent review of “contestability” in the UK Rail Market, with the intent of “encouraging t...

The Hong Kong Court has recently confirmed the Securities and Futures Commission (“SFC”)’s powers to seize, search and compel access to digital devices rejecting challenges to such powers based on privacy grounds. Data privacy is a...

Key points: • In a judgment supportive of the rescue culture in English insolvency, the court has reaffirmed its flexible approach to the application of insolvency provisions and willingness to look at the practical effect of transactions in re...

(MENAFN - Trend News Agency) BAKU, Azerbaijan, May 9 Trend: The May edition of the influential Russian magazine "Natsionalnaya Oborona" (National Defe... ......

Rovers boss Tony Mowbray admits he would like to be successful for the Owners, who have expressed their care and concern for club staff throughout the current crisis. The manager has remained in regular contact with the Owners since the season was suspended in mid-March due to the Coronavirus outbreak. He...

ALMATY: Two Nasa astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut on Friday made a safe return from the International Space Station to find the planet transformed by the coronavirus pandemic. Andrew Morgan, Jessica Meir and Oleg Skripochka touched down in central Kazakhstan … read more

The Serious Fraud Office (“SFO”) has quietly published a further chapter of its internal Operational Handbook containing guidance on how its staff should assess and evaluate the compliance programmes that they investigate (the “Gui...

The European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”) has issued a public statement, “Actions to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the EU financial markets” urging national competent authorities not to prioritise supervisor...

FILIPINOS are satisfied with President’s Rodrigo Duterte’s leadership in the country’s response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, according to a latest foreign online survey. Palace spokesman Harry Roque Jr. shared to the media results of the “Global Crisis Perceptions” index released by insights firms Blackbox Research and Toluna. The global poll from April […]

The petition demanded that the funds be directly transferred to Palestinian workers and needy families.

Investors and lawmakers in Hong Kong are urging regulators to seek compensation for people who lose money when listed companies collapse shortly after their initial public offerings.Under the current system, when banks sponsoring IPOs are found to have fallen short in their due diligence duties, the proceeds of any fine imposed by the watchdog goes to the government, not investors. Those fines amount to almost HK$1 billion (US$130 million) over the last 20 years, according to calculations by…

Former Manchester United and England defender Rio Ferdinand believes there is no viable resolution to the resumption of the 2019-20 season that will satisfy all 20 Premier League clubs. Top-flight clubs are understood to have been told that the use of eight to 10 neutral grounds is the only way...

The post ‘Premier League will not be able to satisfy every club’ appeared first on Cyprus Mail.

Salman Khan has undergone a shocking transformation during the coronavirus lockdown

Michael Bay clarified that it wasn’t his decision to lay off Megan Fox

With key financial reforms, Ho Chi Minh City has the potential to follow the model of Tokyo, Shanghai, Mumbai, and other cities which came to global financial prominence.

U.S. President Donald Trump is reportedly demanding US$1.3 billion a year to maintain American troops in Korea. That is a whopping 53.3 percent higher than the W1.4 trillion Korea had to pay last year. A senior U.S. official told the Chosun Ilbo on Thursday, "The U.S. faces many difficulties, includ...

From clean power to port infrastructure, the Asian Development Fund is transforming the Pacific.

  Sericulture farms in India’s northeastern state of Assam, are suddenly witnessing a rush of female workers.

Each year, the HARMAN team returns to the annual Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas to introduce best-in-class products and solutions that will transform key industries like automotive, audio and technology. Earlier this year at the Hard Rock Hotel &...

STAMFORD, CT – September 14, 2016 –HARMAN International Industries, Incorporated (NYSE:HAR), the premier connected technologies company for automotive, consumer and enterprise markets, announced it will showcase additional sensor functionality for the...

A lightweight liquid metal alloy that is less dense than water could be used to make exoskeletons and transformable flexible robots

Voice-enabled technology has rapidly evolved from a novel concept to one that now plays a central role in our day-to-day lives. According to a recent report from Google, 72% of people who own voice-activated speakers say their devices are used as a part...

Food tastes satisfying thanks to the amino acid glutamate, which stimulates the umami taste. Sam Wong explains how to boost it in your recipes

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Before the COVID-19 pandemic upended people's lives, Americans were already feeling more stressed than they did a generation ago. Now, new research finds that no group is feeling the impact of additional stress more than middle-aged people.

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ABSTRACT

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) promotes the spread of genes within bacterial communities. Among the HGT mechanisms, natural transformation stands out as being encoded by the bacterial core genome. Natural transformation is often viewed as a way to acquire new genes and to generate genetic mixing within bacterial populations. Another recently proposed function is the curing of bacterial genomes of their infectious parasitic mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Here, we propose that these seemingly opposing theoretical points of view can be unified. Although costly for bacterial cells, MGEs can carry functions that are at points in time beneficial to bacteria under stressful conditions (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes). Using computational modeling, we show that, in stochastic environments, an intermediate transformation rate maximizes bacterial fitness by allowing the reversible integration of MGEs carrying resistance genes, although these MGEs are costly for host cell replication. Based on this dual function (MGE acquisition and removal), transformation would be a key mechanism for stabilizing the bacterial genome in the long term, and this would explain its striking conservation.

IMPORTANCE Natural transformation is the acquisition, controlled by bacteria, of extracellular DNA and is one of the most common mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer, promoting the spread of resistance genes. However, its evolutionary function remains elusive, and two main roles have been proposed: (i) the new gene acquisition and genetic mixing within bacterial populations and (ii) the removal of infectious parasitic mobile genetic elements (MGEs). While the first one promotes genetic diversification, the other one promotes the removal of foreign DNA and thus genome stability, making these two functions apparently antagonistic. Using a computational model, we show that intermediate transformation rates, commonly observed in bacteria, allow the acquisition then removal of MGEs. The transient acquisition of costly MGEs with resistance genes maximizes bacterial fitness in environments with stochastic stress exposure. Thus, transformation would ensure both a strong dynamic of the bacterial genome in the short term and its long-term stabilization.

ABSTRACT

One of the primary functions of the mucosal barrier, found lining epithelial cells, is to serve as a first-line of defense against microbial pathogens. The major structural components of mucus are heavily glycosylated proteins called mucins. Mucins are key components of the innate immune system as they aid in the clearance of pathogens and can decrease pathogen virulence. It has also been recently reported that individual mucins and derived glycans can attenuate the virulence of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we show data indicating that mucins not only play a role in host defense but that they can also be subverted by P. aeruginosa to cause disease. We found that the mucin MUL-1 and mucin-derived monosaccharides N-acetyl-galactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine are required for P. aeruginosa killing of Caenorhabditis elegans. We also found that the defective adhesion of P. aeruginosa to human lung alveolar epithelial cells, deficient in the mucin MUC1, can be reversed by the addition of individual monosaccharides. The monosaccharides identified in this study are found in a wide range of organisms where they act as host factors required for bacterial pathogenesis. While mucins in C. elegans lack sialic acid caps, which makes their monosaccharides readily available, they are capped in other species. Pathogens such as P. aeruginosa that lack sialidases may rely on enzymes from other bacteria to utilize mucin-derived monosaccharides.

IMPORTANCE One of the first lines of defense present at mucosal epithelial tissues is mucus, which is a highly viscous material formed by mucin glycoproteins. Mucins serve various functions, but importantly they aid in the clearance of pathogens and debris from epithelial barriers and serve as innate immune factors. In this study, we describe a requirement of host monosaccharides, likely derived from host mucins, for the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to colonize the intestine and ultimately cause death in Caenorhabditis elegans. We also demonstrate that monosaccharides alter the ability of bacteria to bind to both Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells and human lung alveolar epithelial cells, suggesting that there are conserved mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions in a range of organisms. By gaining a better understanding of pathogen-mucin interactions, we can develop better approaches to protect against pathogen infection.

ABSTRACT

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression is an important susceptibility factor for HuNoV infection based on controlled human infection models and epidemiologic studies that show an association of secretor status with infection caused by several genotypes. The fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2) affects HBGA expression in intestinal epithelial cells; secretors express a functional FUT2 enzyme, while nonsecretors lack this enzyme and are highly resistant to infection and gastroenteritis caused by many HuNoV strains. These epidemiologic associations are confirmed by infections in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures. GII.4 HuNoV does not replicate in HIE cultures derived from nonsecretor individuals, while HIEs from secretors are permissive to infection. However, whether FUT2 expression alone is critical for infection remains unproven, since routinely used secretor-positive transformed cell lines are resistant to HuNoV replication. To evaluate the role of FUT2 in HuNoV replication, we used CRISPR or overexpression to genetically manipulate FUT2 gene function to produce isogenic HIE lines with or without FUT2 expression. We show that FUT2 expression alone affects both HuNoV binding to the HIE cell surface and susceptibility to HuNoV infection. These findings indicate that initial binding to a molecule(s) glycosylated by FUT2 is critical for HuNoV infection and that the HuNoV receptor is present in nonsecretor HIEs. In addition to HuNoV studies, these isogenic HIE lines will be useful tools to study other enteric microbes where infection and/or disease outcome is associated with secretor status.

IMPORTANCE Several studies have demonstrated that secretor status is associated with susceptibility to human norovirus (HuNoV) infection; however, previous reports found that FUT2 expression is not sufficient to allow infection with HuNoV in a variety of continuous laboratory cell lines. Which cellular factor(s) regulates susceptibility to HuNoV infection remains unknown. We used genetic manipulation of HIE cultures to show that secretor status determined by FUT2 gene expression is necessary and sufficient to support HuNoV replication based on analyses of isogenic lines that lack or express FUT2. Fucosylation of HBGAs is critical for initial binding and for modification of another putative receptor(s) in HIEs needed for virus uptake or uncoating and necessary for successful infection by GI.1 and several GII HuNoV strains.

ABSTRACT

Mobile elements—plasmids and phages—are important components of microbial function and evolution via traits that they encode and their capacity to shuttle genetic material between species. We here report the unusually rich array of mobile elements within the genome of Arsenophonus nasoniae, the son-killer symbiont of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. This microbe’s genome has the highest prophage complement reported to date, with over 50 genomic regions that represent either intact or degraded phage material. Moreover, the genome is predicted to include 17 extrachromosomal genetic elements, which carry many genes predicted to be important at the microbe-host interface, derived from a diverse assemblage of insect-associated gammaproteobacteria. In our system, this diversity was previously masked by repetitive mobile elements that broke the assembly derived from short reads. These findings suggest that other complex bacterial genomes will be revealed in the era of long-read sequencing.

IMPORTANCE The biology of many bacteria is critically dependent on genes carried on plasmid and phage mobile elements. These elements shuttle between microbial species, thus providing an important source of biological innovation across taxa. It has recently been recognized that mobile elements are also important in symbiotic bacteria, which form long-lasting interactions with their host. In this study, we report a bacterial symbiont genome that carries a highly complex array of these elements. Arsenophonus nasoniae is the son-killer microbe of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis and exists with the wasp throughout its life cycle. We completed its genome with the aid of recently developed long-read technology. This assembly contained over 50 chromosomal regions of phage origin and 17 extrachromosomal elements within the genome, encoding many important traits at the host-microbe interface. Thus, the biology of this symbiont is enabled by a complex array of mobile elements.

North Carolina has received national attention for its approach to health care payment and delivery reform. Importantly, payment reform alone is not enough to drive systematic changes in care delivery. We highlight the importance of progress in four complementary areas to achieve system-wide payment and care reform.

Salicinoids form a specific class of phenolic glycosides characteristic of the Salicaceae. Although salicinoids accumulate in large amounts and have been shown to be involved in plant defense, their biosynthesis is unclear. We identified two sulfated salicinoids, salicin-7-sulfate and salirepin-7-sulfate, in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Both compounds accumulated in high amounts in above-ground tissues including leaves, petioles, and stems, but were also found at lower concentrations in roots. A survey of salicin-7-sulfate and salirepin-7-sulfate in a subset of poplar (Populus sp.) and willow (Salix sp.) species revealed a broader distribution within the Salicaceae. To elucidate the formation of these compounds, we studied the sulfotransferase (SOT) gene family in P. trichocarpa (PtSOT). One of the identified genes, PtSOT1, was shown to encode an enzyme able to convert salicin and salirepin into salicin-7-sulfate and salirepin-7-sulfate, respectively. The expression of PtSOT1 in different organs of P. trichocarpa matched the accumulation of sulfated salicinoids in planta. Moreover, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of SOT1 in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased levels of sulfated salicinoids in comparison to wild-type plants, indicating that SOT1 is responsible for their formation in planta. The presence of a nonfunctional SOT1 allele in black poplar (Populus nigra) was shown to correlate with the absence of salicin-7-sulfate and salirepin-7-sulfate in this species. Food choice experiments with leaves from wild-type and SOT1 knockdown trees suggest that sulfated salicinoids do not affect the feeding preference of the generalist caterpillar Lymantria dispar. A potential role of the sulfated salicinoids in sulfur storage and homeostasis is discussed.

Endothelial activation and microvascular dysfunction are key pathogenic processes in severe malaria. We evaluated the early role of these processes in experimentally induced Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infection. Participants were enrolled in induced blood-stage malaria clinical trials. Plasma osteoprotegerin, angiopoietin-2, and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) levels were measured as biomarkers of endothelial activation. Microvascular function was assessed using peripheral arterial tonometry and near-infrared spectroscopy, and the endothelial glycocalyx was assessed by sublingual videomicroscopy and measurement of biomarkers of degradation. Forty-five healthy, malaria-naive participants were recruited from 5 studies. Osteoprotegerin and vWF levels increased in participants following inoculation with P. vivax (n = 16) or P. falciparum (n = 15), with the angiopoietin-2 level also increasing in participants following inoculation with P. falciparum. For both species, the most pronounced increase was seen in osteoprotegerin. This was particularly marked in participants inoculated with P. vivax, where the osteoprotegerin level correlated with the levels of parasitemia and the malaria clinical score. There were no changes in measures of endothelial glycocalyx or microvascular function. Plasma biomarkers of endothelial activation increased in early P. falciparum and P. vivax infection and preceded changes in the endothelial glycocalyx or microvascular function. The more pronounced increase in osteoprotegerin suggests that this biomarker may play a role in disease pathogenesis.