transition Haiti replaces PM, marking more turmoil in its democratic transition process By www.voanews.com Published On :: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 17:11:50 -0500 Port-au-Prince, Haiti — A transitional council created to reestablish democratic order in Haiti signed a degree Sunday firing the country's interim Prime Minister Garry Conille and replacing him with Alix Didier Fils-Aime, a businessman who was previously considered for the job. The decree, set to be published on Monday, was provided to The Associated Press by a government source. It marks even more turmoil in an already rocky democratic transition process for Haiti, which hasn't held democratic elections in years in large part due to the soaring levels of gang violence plaguing the Caribbean nation. Fils-Aime, is the former president of Haiti's Chamber of Commerce and Industry and in 2015 ran an unsuccessful campaign for Senate. The businessman studied at Boston University and was previously considered for the position as a private sector candidate for the post before Conille took the seat. Conille, a longtime civil servant who has worked with the United Nations, served as prime minister for only six months. The transitional council was established in April, tasked with choosing Haiti's next prime minister and Cabinet with the hope that it would help quell turmoil Haiti. But the council has been plagued with politics and infighting and has long been at odds with Conille. Organizations like the Organization of American States tried and failed last week to mediate disagreements in an attempt to save the fragile transition, according to reporting from The Miami Herald. The process suffered another blow in October when three members on the council faced corruption accusations, from anti-corruption investigators alleging that they demanded $750,000 in bribes from a government bank director to secure his job. The report was a significant blow to the nine-member council and is expected to further erode people's trust in it. Those same members accused of bribery, Smith Augustin, Emmanuel Vertilaire and Louis Gerald Gilles, were among those to sign the decree. Only one member, Edgard Leblanc Fils, did not sign the order. Full Article Americas
transition Unkept promise: Fossil fuel financing persists despite global pledge for energy transition By www.philstar.com Published On :: Wed, 13 Nov 2024 08:37:00 +0800 The promised global shift from fossil fuels remains unmet as fossil fuel continues to expand in Southeast Asia with the backing of international financiers, environmental groups said. Full Article
transition Transitioning to the Cross By feeds.gty.org Published On :: Fri, 06 Apr 2018 00:00:00 PST Full Article
transition Myanmar: Transition Within Transition By Published On :: Thu, 04 Feb 2016 19:51:00 GMT The elections are over and the transition towards a democratic government in Myanmar is currently underway. However, the sailing isn't smooth. Full Article
transition Haiti’s Transition of Power Predicted to Worsen Gang Violence By www.ipsnews.net Published On :: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 07:39:41 +0000 Gang violence has ravaged Haiti, causing thousands of civilian deaths, displacements, and violations of international humanitarian law. Turmoil is expected to escalate following the removal of Haitian Prime Minister Garry Conille from office on November 11. On November 10, the Haitian government announced plans to replace incumbent prime minister Conille, with entrepreneur and former senate […] Full Article Armed Conflicts Crime & Justice Economy & Trade Education Gender Violence Headlines Health Human Rights Latin America & the Caribbean Migration & Refugees TerraViva United Nations IPS UN Bureau IPS UN Bureau Report
transition COP29: Sungrow’s key role in driving clean energy transition in Azerbaijan and beyond By mg.co.za Published On :: Fri, 08 Nov 2024 19:48:41 +0000 Azerbaijan's commitment to diversifying its economy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions mirrors similar aspirations in Africa Full Article Partner Content Azerbaijan Climate Change COP29 PV Plant Sungrow Thompson Meng
transition Mexican Cooperative Promotes Energy Transition on Indigenous Lands By www.ipsnews.net Published On :: Tue, 05 Nov 2024 12:31:09 +0000 What started as a broad attempt to allow women to live a more dignified life, an indigenous women’s organization, Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchicauani, now aims to solve environmental and climate problems that others have created. Full Article Active Citizens Civil Society Climate Change Justice Cooperatives Development & Aid Economy & Trade Editors' Choice Energy Featured Food and Agriculture Green Economy Headlines Indigenous Rights Integration and Development Brazilian-style Latin America & the Caribbean Natural Resources Sustainable Development Goals TerraViva United Nations Water & Sanitation #IndigenousRights Climate Justice cooperatives IPS UN Bureau IPS UN Bureau Report Mexico Puebla
transition Supporting Azerbaijan’s Green Energy Transition By www.adb.org Published On :: 2024-11-11 With ADB’s support, Azerbaijan is investing heavily in renewable energy to encourage sustainable growth and diversify the country’s energy supply. Full Article
transition Dealing with Dollarization: What Options for the Transitional Economies of Southeast Asia? By www.adb.org Published On :: What should the transitional economies of Southeast Asia do, if anything, to address their multiple currency situations? Full Article Publications/Papers and Briefs
transition Energy Transition Project (formerly Smart Grid Project) By www.adb.org Published On :: 2025 The project will install a total of 15 megawatt hour battery energy storage system (BESS), which will enable the grid to increase the utilization of outputs from the solar photovoltaic power plant and provide grid services to Koror-Babeldaob grid to equip Palau Public Utilities Corporation (PPUC) with tools to optimize the use of renewable energy. Protection systems will also be upgraded to reduce the frequent blackouts of the grid system, especially with the expected increase of outputs from the solar photovoltaic power plant. Full Article
transition Assessing Patient Readiness for Hospital Discharge, Discharge Communication, and Transitional Care Management By www.jabfm.org Published On :: 2024-10-25T09:26:14-07:00 Background: Discharge communication between hospitalists and primary care clinicians is essential to improve care coordination, minimize adverse events, and decrease unplanned health services use. Health-related social needs are key drivers of health, and hospitalists and primary care clinicians value communicating social needs at discharge. Objective: To 1) characterize the current state of discharge communications between an academic medical center hospital and primary care clinicians at associated clinics; 2) seek feedback about the potential usefulness of discharge readiness information to primary care clinicians. Design: Exploratory, convergent mixed methods. Participants: Primary care clinicians from Family Medicine and General Internal Medicine of an academic medical center in the US Intermountain West. Approach: Literature-informed REDCap survey. Semistructured interview guide developed with key informants, grounded in current literature. Survey data were descriptively summarized; interview data were deductively and inductively coded, organized by topics. Results: Two key topics emerged: 1) discharge communication, with interrelated topics of transitional care management and follow-up appointment challenges, and recommendations for improving discharge communication; and 2) usefulness of the discharge readiness information, included interrelated topics related to lack of shared understanding about roles and responsibilities across settings and ethical concerns related to identifying problems that may not have solutions. Conclusions: While reiterating perennial discharge communication and transitional care management challenges, this study reveals new evidence about how these issues are interrelated with assessing and responding to patients’ lack of readiness for discharge and unmet social needs during care transitions. Primary care clinicians had mixed views on the usefulness of discharge readiness information. We offer recommendations for improving discharge communication and transitional care management (TCM) processes, which may be applicable in other care settings. Full Article
transition Green energy transition is ‘unstoppable’, says Ed Miliband By www.channel4.com Published On :: We spoke to energy secretary Ed Miliband and began by asking him what he thought of Donald Trump saying climate change is a hoax. Full Article
transition Best Practices for Successfully Transitioning a Patient Services Hub By feeds.feedblitz.com Published On :: Fri, 20 Sep 2024 10:30:00 +0000 Today’s guest post comes from Josh Marsh, Vice President and General Manager, Sonexus™ Access and Patient Support at Cardinal Health Josh discusses challenges manufacturers may face when outsourcing patient support programs. He outlines a process that smoothly transitions hubs and minimizes disruptions for patients and healthcare providers. To learn more, download the 3-step guide to patient hub transitions. Read on for Josh’s insights. Read more » Full Article Guest Post Sponsored Post
transition Who Supports Gender Quotas in Transitioning and Authoritarian States in the Middle East and North Africa? By www.belfercenter.org Published On :: Mar 12, 2024 Mar 12, 2024 What are the drivers of citizens’ support for electoral gender quotas in transitioning and authoritarian states? Despite extensive research examining public support for women in politics in democracies, we know little about how the public perceives them in less democratic settings. To address this shortcoming, we use original survey data from authoritarian Morocco and transitioning Tunisia – two Arab countries hailed for their progressive gender policies. We argue that in these countries where citizens lack political information, they instead rely on their assessment of the government’s performance to form attitudes toward gender quotas. Furthermore, electoral legitimacy plays an important role in shaping citizens’ support for quotas, which are closely linked to how elections and legislatures operate. The findings offer strong support for our theoretical expectations and uncover important gender differences. Full Article
transition Zambia UN carbon market focus on VCM transition By www.argusmedia.com Published On :: 08 Nov 2024 13:04 GMT Full Article Emissions CO2 Voluntary carbon offset Zambia Net zero Demand Supply Climate change
transition Cop: UN chief reiterates economic force of transition By www.argusmedia.com Published On :: 12 Nov 2024 11:27 GMT Full Article Crude oil Electricity Emissions Natural gas Global Politics Net zero Investment and Financing Climate change
transition Democratic Transitions and Conflict Zones: The Impact on Policy-Making in Africa By www.belfercenter.org Published On :: Mar 28, 2024 Mar 28, 2024 On March 26, the study group met for the first time to examine recent democratic progress and backsliding in African countries. The session focused on ongoing conflicts in different regions of Africa and examined their political underpinnings. Participants also discussed the role of third-party actors in supporting and facilitating conflict mediation and peacebuilding efforts in the continent. The study group counted with the presence of external expert guest Dr. Antje Herrberg, Chief of Staff of the European Union Capacity Building Mission in Niger (EUCAP Sahel Niger). Dr. Herrberg brings more than two decades of professional and personal experience in transition and conflict resolution, intractable conflict, and terrorism with a deep interest to alleviate the suffering of people. Furthermore, Florian Dirmayer, Master in Public Policy Candidate at Harvard Kennedy School, delivered a memo briefing on European Union Security Cooperation with Niger After the 2023 Military Coup. Full Article
transition It Doesn’t Make Sense: Why US Tariffs on Chinese Cleantech Risk the Green Transition By www.belfercenter.org Published On :: Jun 26, 2024 Jun 26, 2024 Global demand for renewable energy is surging so why make solar panels, wind turbines and EVs dearer for western consumers? Full Article
transition Sodium: An Alternative to the "White Gold" of the Energy Transition? By www.belfercenter.org Published On :: May 29, 2024 May 29, 2024 The energy transition is driving demand for critical minerals and metals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, and rare earth elements. Sodium-based batteries could provide a more secure, affordable alternative to lithium-ion batteries and highly concentrated lithium supply chains. Full Article
transition Event Debrief: Planning the Mid-Transition for Just and Sustainable Decarbonization By www.belfercenter.org Published On :: Jun 6, 2024 Jun 6, 2024 Emily Grubert, Associate Professor of Sustainable Energy Policy and of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences at the University of Notre Dame, discussed the dangers of an unplanned transition from a fossil-based energy system to a zero-carbon energy system during a talk at Harvard Kennedy School. Full Article
transition A Just Transition for Coal Regions: Learning from Two Coal Cities in Western China By www.belfercenter.org Published On :: Jun 14, 2024 Jun 14, 2024 China produces more than half of the world’s coal and employs more coal workers than any other country. China will need to develop alternative economic opportunities for workers displaced by the transition away from coal. This report examines the experiences of Tongchuan, Shaanxi, and Wuhai, Inner Mongolia in addressing unemployment problems and diversifying their economies, offering lessons for how other coal-producing cities and regions around the world can ensure a just transition for fossil fuel industry workers. Full Article
transition New AI Tool Could Ensure Smooth Job Transitions By www.medindia.net Published On :: COVID-19 has displaced labor in mass and made people face the challenge of moving between jobs to find new work. Problems in the transitions might occur Full Article
transition Twitter Is Officially X.com – Elon Musk Completes Transition By www.gizbot.com Published On :: Fri, 17 May 2024 18:37:04 +0530 Elon Musk's ambitious plans for Twitter, now known as X, are finally complete. As of today, visiting Twitter.com automatically redirects you to X.com. This marks the final step in transitioning the platform away from its legacy branding. A pop-up message on Full Article
transition Winter Skincare Essentials: How To Transition From Summer To Colder Weather For Radiant Radiant And Healthy Skin By Published On :: Sunday, November 10, 2024, 16:01 +0530 Prepare your skin for the colder months with these essential tips to transition your skincare routine from summer to winter. Full Article
transition The United States in the Indo-Pacific : Obama's legacy and the Trump transition [Electronic book] / ed. by Oliver Turner, Inderjeet Parmar. By encore.st-andrews.ac.uk Published On :: Manchester : Manchester University Press, [2020] Full Article
transition Narratives of qualitative PhD research : identities languages and cultures in transition [Electronic book] / edited by Laura Gurney, Yi Wang and Roger Barnard. By encore.st-andrews.ac.uk Published On :: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. Full Article
transition Health care in the information society. Vol. 2, From anarchy of transition to programme for reform [Electronic book] / David Ingram. By encore.st-andrews.ac.uk Published On :: Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, [2023] Full Article
transition Health care in the information society. Vol. 1, From adventure of ideas to anarchy of transition [Electronic book] / David Ingram. By encore.st-andrews.ac.uk Published On :: Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, [2023] Full Article
transition A green and just recovery from COVID-19? : government investment in the energy transition during the pandemic [Electronic book] / Kyla Tienhaara [and nine others]. By encore.st-andrews.ac.uk Published On :: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2023. Full Article
transition Reversible on–off switching of a single-chain magnet via single-crystal-to- single-crystal transition- and light-induced metal-to-metal electron transfer By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Inorg. Chem. Front., 2024, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/D4QI01691B, Research ArticleMeng-Jia Shang, Han-Han Lu, Qiang Liu, Ren-He Zhou, Hui-Ying Sun, Zhen Shao, Liang Zhao, Yin-Shan Meng, Tao LiuThe development of single-chain magnets with reversible and adjustable properties is of great significance for achieving high-density information storage and switching devices with multi-stimuli responsiveness whilst remains a challenging task....The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Disorder-to-order transition of long fibers contained in evaporating sessile drops By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3107-3117DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01735D, PaperS. Sannyamath, R. Vetter, H. Bonart, M. Hartmann, R. Ganguly, S. HardtWe demonstrate self-organization of hydrophilic fibers, contained in a sessile droplet in a disordered initial configurations, to transform into an order deposit. Findings suggest new avenues to decorate solid surfaces with filamental structures.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Form II to form I transition in solution-crystallized isotactic polybutene-1 By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3191-3202DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00152D, PaperPeng Fu, Jiaxin Huo, Jingqing Li, Claudio De Rosa, Shichun JiangDifferent polymer chains in a solution or melt have different conformations with corresponding entropy at each moment, which would be confined after crystallization.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Spatiotemporal Mapping of Nanotopography and Thickness Transitions of Ultrathin Foam Films By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/D4SM00048J, Tutorial ReviewChenxian Xu, Yiran Zhang, Vivek SharmaFreshly formed soap films, soap bubbles, or foam films display iridescent colors due to thin film interference that changes as squeeze flow drives drainage and a steady decrease in film...The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Pinning–depinning transition of droplets on inclined substrates with a three-dimensional topographical defect By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Soft Matter, 2024, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D4SM00081A, PaperNinad V. Mhatre, Satish KumarThe influence of defect geometry on the critical inclination angle required for droplet depinning on inclined substrates is studied.To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Avalanche properties at the yielding transition: from externally deformed glasses to active systems By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Soft Matter, 2024, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D3SM01354E, Paper Open Access   This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.Carlos Villarroel, Gustavo DüringWe investigated the yielding phenomenon under different scenarios of deformation in the quasistatic limit using numerical simulations of soft particles.To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Temperature dependence of micelle shape transitions in copolymer solutions: the role of inter-block incompatibility By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Soft Matter, 2024, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D4SM00331D, Paper Open Access   This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.M. J. Greenall, M. J. DerryThe incompatibility of the blocks in a copolymer strongly affects the temperature dependence of the micelle shape transitions in solution.To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Sequence-defined structural transitions by calcium-responsive proteins By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Polym. Chem., 2024, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/D4PY00907J, PaperMarina Chang, Winnie Huang, Gatha Shambharkar, Kenny Hernandez, Danielle Jamie MaiBiopolymer sequences dictate their functions, and protein-based polymers are a promising platform to establish sequence–function relationships for novel biopolymers. To efficiently explore vast sequence spaces of natural proteins, sequence repetition...The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Participation of transition metal atoms in noncovalent bonds By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2024, 26,27382-27394DOI: 10.1039/D4CP03716B, PaperSteve ScheinerAll metals of the d-block are capable of forming σ and π-hole bonds to a nucleophile. Some of these bonds are typical of noncovalent bonds, but others are strong enough to be characterized as a covalent coordinate bond.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Thermally activated structural phase transitions and processes in metal–organic frameworks By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Chem. Soc. Rev., 2024, 53,3606-3629DOI: 10.1039/D3CS01105D, Review Article Open Access   This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.Celia Castillo-Blas, Ashleigh M. Chester, David A. Keen, Thomas D. BennettThe structural knowledge of metal–organic frameworks is crucial for understanding and developing new efficient materials for industrial implementation.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition The mechanism of water oxidation using transition metal-based heterogeneous electrocatalysts By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Chem. Soc. Rev., 2024, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D3CS01031G, Review ArticleShujiao Yang, Xiaohan Liu, Sisi Li, Wenjie Yuan, Luna Yang, Ting Wang, Haoquan Zheng, Rui Cao, Wei ZhangThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) mechanisms using transition metal-based electrocatalysts are instrumental in providing novel insights into both natural and artificial energy conversion processes.To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Li2NbHO2: a new transition-metal oxyhydride with rock-salt-type structure By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Chem. Commun., 2024, Accepted ManuscriptDOI: 10.1039/D4CC05503A, CommunicationF Takeiri, Keiko KUSUMOTO, Kosuke Kawai, Hiroshi Yaguchi, Takashi Saito, Kazuhiro Mori, Saburo Hosokawa, Masashi Okubo, Genki KobayashiTransition-metal oxyhydrides are an emerging class of functional materials; however, the known compounds have mostly been limited to perovskite-type structures. Here, we successfully synthesized Li2NbHO2, the first example of a...The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Design strategy and molecular level understanding: hole transport materials with suitable transition dipole orientation for OLEDs By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Mol. Syst. Des. Eng., 2024, 9,1116-1129DOI: 10.1039/D3ME00127J, PaperKrishan Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Anirban Karmakar, Dipanshu Sharma, Feng-Rong Chen, Mangey Ram Nagar, Jwo-Huei Jou, Subrata Banik, Subrata GhoshA combined experimental and theoretical study on a group of phenothiazine-substituted pyridine is reported.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Effects of nucleating agents on the II–I transition of iPB-1 By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: CrystEngComm, 2024, 26,1940-1951DOI: 10.1039/D3CE01303K, PaperZhiqi Li, Jingqing Li, Shichun JiangFor iPB-1, II–I transition is of industrial importance; whereas, the traditional solid–solid II–I transition mechanism encountered challenges. It is form I formation in amorphous phase that triggers II-I transition with crystal reorganizations.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Fabrication of BiVO4 submicron rods photoanodes through phase transition assisted by Mo doping By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: CrystEngComm, 2024, 26,2078-2086DOI: 10.1039/D4CE00074A, PaperShuang Zhao, Haipeng Zhang, Zhaoqi Wang, Deifei Xiao, Xianbin Xu, Peng Wang, Zhaoke Zheng, Yuanyuan Liu, Ying Dai, Hefeng Cheng, Zeyan Wang, Baibiao HuangHerein, Mo doping has been found to effectively lower the phase transition temperature from tetragonal zircon BiVO4 to monoclinic scheelite BiVO4. Our research introduces a novel method for the production of submicron rods BiVO4 photoanodes.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition Acoustic shock wave-induced phase transition in indium selenide: tuning band gap energy for solar cell applications By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: CrystEngComm, 2024, Advance ArticleDOI: 10.1039/D4CE00012A, PaperS. Oviya, F. Irine Maria Bincy, S. Arumugam, K. Kamala Bharathi, Raju Suresh Kumar, P. Kannappan, Ikhyun Kim, S. A. Martin Britto DhasAcoustic shock wave loading experiment on indium selenide.To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition US willing to work with India on investment platform to deliver lower cost capital for energy transitionition By www.thehindubusinessline.com Published On :: Mon, 17 Jul 2023 11:16:59 +0530 Following PM Narendra Modi’s recent visit, US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen says that her country and India are among the closest partners in the world Full Article Economy
transition Convergence and job replacement is the key to energy transition By www.thehindubusinessline.com Published On :: Sun, 01 Oct 2023 16:25:19 +0530 The switch to renewable energy requires technology upgradation, funding and a collective push from public and private stakeholders Full Article Clean Tech
transition With energy transition, turbulence and disruption are imminent By www.thehindubusinessline.com Published On :: Sun, 26 Nov 2023 15:50:41 +0530 Proactive shifts are to be expected as we push towards net zero goals Full Article Clean Tech
transition Recent advances in spirocyclization of maleimides via transition-metal catalyzed C–H activation By pubs.rsc.org Published On :: Org. Biomol. Chem., 2024, 22,2916-2947DOI: 10.1039/D3OB01904G, Review ArticleSwadhin Swaraj Acharya, Sagarika Patra, Rojalini Maharana, Manaswini Dash, Liza Mama Barad, Bibhuti Bhusan ParidaIn recent years, the maleimide scaffold has received a great deal of attention in C–H activation.The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry Full Article
transition De l'iqta' étatique à l'iqta' militaire : transition économique et changements sociaux à Baghdad, 247-447 de l'Hégire/861-1055 ap. J. / Habib Ben Abdallah. By encore.st-andrews.ac.uk Published On :: Uppsala : [Université d'Uppsala], 1986. Full Article