Yu Liu, Shuhua Qi, Fridtjof Thomas, Brittany L. Correia, Angela P. Taylor, Roy V. Sillitoe, and Detlef H. Heck

Respiration is controlled by central pattern generating circuits in the brain stem, whose activity can be modulated by inputs from other brain areas to adapt respiration to autonomic and behavioral demands. The cerebellum is known to be part of the neuronal circuitry activated during respiratory challenges, such as hunger for air, but has not been found to be involved in the control of spontaneous, unobstructed breathing (eupnea). Here we applied a measure of intrinsic rhythmicity, the CV2, which evaluates the similarity of subsequent intervals and is thus sensitive to changes in rhythmicity at the temporal resolution of individual respiratory intervals. The variability of intrinsic respiratory rhythmicity was reduced in a mouse model of cerebellar ataxia compared to their healthy littermates. Irrespective of that difference, the average respiratory rate and the average coefficient of variation (CV) were comparable between healthy and ataxic mice. We argue that these findings are consistent with a proposed role of the cerebellum in modulating the duration of individual respiratory intervals, which could serve the purpose of coordinating respiration with other rhythmic orofacial movements, such as fluid licking and swallowing.

Sleep and breathing disorders are highly prevalent, representing a growing subspecialty of respiratory medicine. The term sleep disordered breathing (SDB) encompasses a range of conditions characterised by abnormal breathing during sleep, from chronic or habitual snoring, to frank obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) or, in some cases, central sleep apnoea (CSA) and hypoventilation syndromes. OSA is the commonest form of SDB, leading to many potential consequences and adverse clinical outcomes, including excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired daytime function, metabolic dysfunction, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality [1]. The estimated reported prevalence of moderate-to-severe SDB (≥15 events·h^–1) was 23.4% in women and 49.7% in men, and the prevalence of symptomatic OSA was 9% and 13%, respectively [2]. However, in some populations, the prevalence of OSA is substantially higher, such as in patients been evaluated for bariatric surgery (estimated range 70–80%), in patients who have had a transient ischaemic attack or stroke (estimated range 60–70%) and in patients with cardiometabolic disease [3–6]. Limited data have been reported on CSA and non-obstructive sleep-related hypoventilation, which have received considerable interest in the sleep field within the past 10 years. Even if their prevalence was noted to be quite low relative to the prevalence of OSA [7], they are quite common in specific subpopulations [8–10].

When you consider a potential home to buy, beautiful and eye-catching decoration may make you forget what really matters. Here are 9 things you should ignore to focus on more important issues.

Buying a new house is a very big deal, and you want to make sure that your dream home doesn’t turn into a nightmare. It’s wise to check things out before you put in an offer.

If you’re excited and in good shape to buy a home, self-made millionaire Barbara Corcoran says these are the five steps for you to take.

Condo is currently the top trend among single-family home buyers as it is a good way to own a home without breaking budget, in addition to various utilities a condo could bring to its owner. For a first-time home buyer, here are 8 things to consider before purchasing a condo if you don't want to regret it later.

For those who have a limited budget, a bank loan is the perfect financial solution to buy a home. To choose the right bank, here are 5 things you should consider.

Buying a new home is not always easy, especially when you have kids to consider. Here are 5 tips to choose the most suitable home for your kids.

Your home’s value will not be added when you try to take care of your garden, gilded handles in bathroom or swimming pool. In fact, home buyers pay attention to more useful items.

For many people, home is the biggest investment. However, not many of them know about value of a home and things that can ruin it such as bad decorations, noisy neighbors or an unfortunately-placed sinkhole.

A new movie reimagines H.G. Wells's novel The Invisible Man. We still can't make people invisible, but it is possible to make tiny objects completely disappear

Westworld is soon to return with season three. Four episodes in to the impossibly glamorous, highly urbanised future, I can't wait to find out what's going on, writes Emily Wilson

Plus you'll know where everything's come from, so it'll be even more delicious.

If you think you’ve got something of value to share with the world – or maybe you just want a project to tackle to fill the hours – then we’ll take you through what you need to know.

Watford chairman Scott Duxbury has questioned whether the Premier League should return amid the coronavirus pandemic.

NASA’s InSight lander has been on the surface of Mars for over a year now – here are five of its strangest and most fascinating discoveries from the Red Planet

Startup Cerebras has built a wafer-size chip for AI, but it isn’t the only one possible

Leaders in Silicon Valley—both the real one and the fictional one on HBO—started this week by debating the responsibilities of tech companies

Chris has to resist the lure of the bratwurst to record a show. Anna Marie has to match 3. Alice has to deliver missiles…wait…she didn’t...

HONK! This week’s RPGCast has almost everyone playing a different game. HONK! We also discuss plenty of news and your feedback. HONK!

While Chris destroys Anna Marie's right joycon (press R to pay respects), the rest of the cast discusses their now playing, the news of the week, and there are still far too many games releasing every week. Please save us.

Zayn Malik and Virgil Abloh are among male celebrities decking out their ears, necks and wrists

There was a time when wearing a boyband-style dogtag was seen as the peak of male adornment, but now men are increasingly embracing jewellery, stacking rings and bracelets and adorning ears with multiple gems.

This week, the former One Direction singer Zayn Malik was announced as the face of the unisex jewellery label Martyre. Virgil Abloh, a weather vane for fashion’s direction of travel, this week launched more office supplies-inspired jewellery – paperclip bracelets, earrings and necklaces decorated with colourful diamonds – and was pictured wearing one of the collection’s bejewelled necklaces.

He’s played a revolutionary hero, a horny teen – now Gael García Bernal is a reptilian choreographer in Ema, and locked down in Mexico city. Just don’t ask him to move to LA when all this is over

At the start of the century, the director Alfonso Cuarón was casting Y Tu Mamá También, the bawdy but plangent road movie he had written with his brother Carlos about two oversexed Mexican teenagers, the wealthy Tenoch and his poorer, grungier friend Julio. “Alfonso called me very excitedly,” recalls Carlos Cuarón. “He said: ‘I know who’s going to play Julio! I’ve seen him in Alejandro’s movie.’” Alejandro González Iñárritu, that is, whose ferocious dog-fighting drama Amores Perros was about to be released. “I said: ‘No, no, I’ve found Julio; I saw the perfect actor in this short film, De Tripas, Corazón. He’s incredible: his eyes, the way he manages silence ...’”

Eventually, the brothers realised they were talking about the same person: Gael García Bernal, who was then just 21. The son of theatre actors, he had become a star in his early teens on the Mexican soap opera El Abuelo y Yo (Grandpa and I) before decamping to London to study at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama. Iñárritu plucked him out mid-term for Amores Perros and he stole that movie as the twitchy-hipped tearaway who was every bit as feral as his champion rottweiler. His mutable features could switch from cherubic to lupine to gravely smouldering; his nerve endings felt exposed like frayed electrical wires.

Trump administration whistleblower Rick Bright teared up while ripping the Trump's response to the coronavirus: "We could've done something and we didn't."

Video games can fill the productivity and social void in this unusual time

While Jackbox clearly owes a great deal of its current popularity to the shelter-in-place policies, they've also been honing their craft for years. It's worth looking at what makes them work.

Building muscle reduces the risk of cancer and stroke, boosts brainpower, burns through calories and more – it might even be better for you than cardio

Taking deep breaths and forcing a cough can help clear mucus, but these techniques are unlikely to prevent or treat coronavirus infections – here’s why

Stranger Things has grown to become one of the most...

The post Stranger Things Season 4 Will Be “A Lot Scarier,” Says Joe Keery appeared first on Man's World India.

Crowds are coming to see the light show as beaches begin to reopen after an almost month-long closure due to coronavirus

Mother nature has provided a radical gift to nighttime beach-goers in southern California, in the form of bioluminescent waves that crash and froth with an otherworldly light.

Related: California surf shimmers with bioluminescence – in pictures

On April 22, 1970, Americans pledged environmental action for the planet. Here’s what scientists and we, the global community, have done since

Bitcoin is about to undergo a scheduled technical adjustment as the number of new coins awarded the computer wizards who "mine" the cryptocurrency will be cut in half, but forecasting which way its price will move afterward is more complicated now.

Follow our live Covid-19 updates HERE Coronavirus: The symptoms

Follow our live coronavirus updates here

Police have launched an investigation after an officer was filmed threatening to "make something up" in order to arrest a man.

No date can yet be set for re-opening schools in England, the Education Secretary has said, following reports children could be back in the classroom in just three weeks.

Live coronavirus updates here

A Zoom blunder from Wales's health minister left fellow politicians with their heads in their hands as he was heard swearing about a colleague with his microphone still on.

Memorial services will be held in Australia and New Zealand this week to mark Anzac Day.

England's deputy chief medical officer has warned people off "injecting anything" into their bodies after Donald Trump commented on the potential of disinfectant being used to treat coronavirus.

Services around the world have been disrupted due to the coronavirus crisis

Boris Johnson has issued a reminder to the public that everyone must continue to respect lockdown measures if they want to see restrictions lifted sooner rather than later.

Twin sisters Nishita and Atisha Lulla talk about recording a previous single in Mumbai, the country-folk influence and more

The post Indo-American Sister Duo LULLANAS Drop Debut EP ‘Before Everything Got Real’ appeared first on My Site.

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Jan-Werner Müller

The post One Damn Thing After Another appeared first on The Nation.

Eric Alterman

The post The Press Is Amplifying a Dangerous Know-Nothing Ideology appeared first on The Nation.