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The Glymphatic System: A Novel Component of Fundamental Neurobiology

Lauren M. Hablitz
Sep 15, 2021; 41:7698-7711
Review




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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Neuron-Glia Communications in the Central Nervous System

Tsuneya Ikezu
Oct 2, 2024; 44:e1170242024-e1170242024
Symposium




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Atp13a5 Marker Reveals Pericyte Specification in the Mouse Central Nervous System

Xinying Guo
Oct 23, 2024; 44:e0727242024-e0727242024
Cellular




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Identification and Characterization of a Sleep-Active Cell Group in the Rostral Medullary Brainstem

Christelle Anaclet
Dec 12, 2012; 32:17970-17976
BehavioralSystemsCognitive




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The Salience Network: A Neural System for Perceiving and Responding to Homeostatic Demands

William W. Seeley
Dec 11, 2019; 39:9878-9882
Progressions




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A Systematic Structure-Function Characterization of a Human Mutation in Neurexin-3{alpha} Reveals an Extracellular Modulatory Sequence That Stabilizes Neuroligin-1 Binding to Enhance the Postsynaptic Properties of Excitatory Synapses

α-Neurexins are essential and highly expressed presynaptic cell-adhesion molecules that are frequently linked to neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Despite their importance, how the elaborate extracellular sequences of α-neurexins contribute to synapse function is poorly understood. We recently characterized the presynaptic gain-of-function phenotype caused by a missense mutation in an evolutionarily conserved extracellular sequence of neurexin-3α (A687T) that we identified in a patient diagnosed with profound intellectual disability and epilepsy. The striking A687T gain-of-function mutation on neurexin-3α prompted us to systematically test using mutants whether the presynaptic gain-of-function phenotype is a consequence of the addition of side-chain bulk (i.e., A687V) or polar/hydrophilic properties (i.e., A687S). We used multidisciplinary approaches in mixed-sex primary hippocampal cultures to assess the impact of the neurexin-3αA687 residue on synapse morphology, function and ligand binding. Unexpectedly, neither A687V nor A687S recapitulated the neurexin-3α A687T phenotype. Instead, distinct from A687T, molecular replacement with A687S significantly enhanced postsynaptic properties exclusively at excitatory synapses and selectively increased binding to neuroligin-1 and neuroligin-3 without changing binding to neuroligin-2 or LRRTM2. Importantly, we provide the first experimental evidence supporting the notion that the position A687 of neurexin-3α and the N-terminal sequences of neuroligins may contribute to the stability of α-neurexin–neuroligin-1 trans-synaptic interactions and that these interactions may specifically regulate the postsynaptic strength of excitatory synapses.




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Atp13a5 Marker Reveals Pericyte Specification in the Mouse Central Nervous System

Perivascular mural cells including vascular smooth cells (VSMCs) and pericytes are integral components of the vascular system. In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes are also indispensable for the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood–spinal cord barrier, and blood–retinal barrier and play key roles in maintaining cerebrovascular and neuronal functions. However, the functional specifications of pericytes between CNS and peripheral organs have not been resolved at the genetic and molecular levels. Hence, the generation of reliable CNS pericyte-specific models and genetic tools remains very challenging. Here, we report a new CNS pericyte marker in mice. This putative cation-transporting ATPase 13A5 (Atp13a5) marker was identified through single-cell transcriptomics, based on its specificity to brain pericytes. We further generated a knock-in model with both tdTomato reporter and Cre recombinase. Using this model to trace the distribution of Atp13a5-positive pericytes in mice, we found that the tdTomato reporter reliably labels the CNS pericytes, including the ones in spinal cord and retina but not peripheral organs. Interestingly, brain pericytes are likely shaped by the developing neural environment, as Atp13a5-positive pericytes start to appear around murine embryonic day 15 (E15) and expand along the cerebrovasculature. Thus, Atp13a5 is a specific marker of CNS pericyte lineage, and this Atp13a5-based model is a reliable tool to explore the heterogeneity of pericytes and BBB functions in health and diseases.




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Launch of The State of Food and Agriculture 2017 – Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation

Since the 1990s, rural transformations have helped millions of people exit poverty while remaining in rural areas. This underscores an important fact: revitalising rural economies helps create jobs for rural [...]




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Webinar: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and Ecosystem Restoration

Rome - The experience of farmers who manage agricultural heritage can help achieve the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration's main goals: support and scale-up efforts [...]




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FAO - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme call for experts

Rome - The FAO - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme opens the process of establishing a new Scientific Advisory Groupfor the 2021-2022 term.  The Programme is seeking for [...]




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The Pre-Summit of the UN Food Systems Summit, 26-28 July 2021, Rome

Delivering the latest evidence-based and scientific approaches, launching new commitments for food systems transformation.




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Join us: International Conference on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems 2021

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), through the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Programme, is organizing the International Conference on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems 2021 [...]




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“Celebrating World Pulses Day: Pulses to empower youth in achieving sustainable agrifood systems”

The World Pulses Day Secretariat welcomes your participation in an open event to celebrate World Pulses Day 2022 Thursday, 10 February [...]




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Three sites in China designated FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

Three sites in China - an ancient tea-producing area, a nomadic livestock-rearing region and a rain-fed stone terrace farming system - were formally recognised  as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage [...]




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20 years of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

2022 marks the 20th anniversary of the FAO GIAHS Programme. FAO launched the GIAHS initiative at the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in 2002. Since its inception, [...]




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Transforming agrifood systems: from strategy to action

The Committee on Agriculture (COAG) is one of FAO’s Governing Bodies providing overall policy and regulatory guidance on issues relating to agriculture, livestock, food safety, nutrition, rural development and [...]




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Two new sites in Japan designated FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

Rome - Two new sites in Japan - an inland fisheries and associated paddy farming system centred on the country’s largest lake and a traditional fruit-growing area  believed to have been the [...]




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FAO in Review: Leveraging partner strengths to transform agrifood systems

Read the series on how FAO increased efficiency, effectiveness and transparency to better support its Members in the transformation of agrifood systems.




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FAO in Review: Transforming agrifood systems in the face of the climate crisis

Read the series on how FAO increased efficiency, effectiveness and transparency to better support its Members in the transformation of agrifood systems.




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FAO launches Global Information Exchange System under the 2009 Agreement on Port State Measures

Global exchange of information on compliance with national, regional, and international fisheries laws and regulations governing sustainable fishing is now possible with the launch of the Global [...]




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Traditional knowledge and innovation in Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems

In this workshop, we will explore the role of innovation in supporting traditional practices that conserve agricultural heritage systems.  

Traditional agricultural practices, often rooted in the local communities and the knowledge [...]




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Three new sites recognized as Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)

Indonesia and Sao Tome and Principe receive their first designations from FAO along with Austria’s second system




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Avian Warning System

The Siberian jay screeches at predators when they are near, but uses a different call for each deadly intruder




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Saving the Coral Reef Ecosystem with Crochet

Margaret Wertheim talks about how math and climate change inspired her to start the Hyperbolic Crochet Coral Reef project. Read more at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-to-crochet-a-coral-reef-69064479/




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World-First Stem Cell Treatment Reverses Diabetes for a Patient in China, Study Suggests

Scientists converted the patient’s own cells into blood sugar-regulating cell clusters before injecting them back into her abdomen—and one year later, she still doesn't need insulin injections




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Astronomers Uncover the Origin of Most of Earth's Meteorites, Shedding Light on Our Solar System's Past

Prior to the new research, scientists had traced the source of just 6 percent of the known meteorites that fell on our planet




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The World's Earliest Writing System May Have Been Influenced by Older Symbols Found on Stone 'Cylinder Seals'

Thousands of years ago, our ancestors used symbols to track the sale of textile and agricultural products. New research suggests that these markings informed the development of writing




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You can now flag issues in the Montreal Metro system by text

The Société de transport de Montréal (STM) has established a non-urgent text line for transit users to signal security issues in the Metro network.



  • News/Canada/Montreal

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Whole-Mount Immunofluorescent Labeling of the Mosquito Central Nervous System

Mosquito-borne disease is a major global public health issue. One path toward the development of evidence-based strategies to limit mosquito biting is the study of the mosquito nervous system—in particular, the sensory systems that drive biting behavior. The central nervous system of insects consists of the brain and the ventral nerve cord. Here, we describe a protocol for dissecting, immunofluorescent labeling, and imaging both of these structures in the mosquito. This protocol was optimized for Aedes aegypti and works well on Anopheles gambiae tissue. It has not been tested in other mosquito species, but we anticipate that it would work on a range of mosquitoes, and, if not, our protocol will provide a starting point from which to optimize. Notably, a limited number of antibodies cross-react with Ae. aegypti proteins. This protocol is intended for use with validated antibodies and can also be used to test new antibodies as they are generated. It has been successfully used to visualize protein tags, such as green fluorescent protein, that have been introduced into the mosquito to amplify or detect their presence.




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The N.W.T. justice system doesn't use Gladue reports. Some say that should change

As people across the country mourn the Honourable Justice Murray Sinclair, some in the Northwest Territories justice system are reflecting on his contributions to the country — one of those being Gladue principles. 



  • News/Canada/North

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Same Game, Better Ice Rinks with Sport Systems Unlimited and SolidWorks Software

Maker of NHL Hockey Boards Uses SolidWorks and Robotics to Speed Production by More than 60 Percent




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SolidWorks brings design flexibility, streamlined product development, and system stability to ATW automotive division

Leading assembly automation and testing company to standardize on SolidWorks Office Professional, securely manage design data with PDMWorks




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CORSA Performance chooses SolidWorks and COSMOS software to design high-end exhaust systems that make sports cars purr

3D mechanical design and analysis capabilities help Ohio company speed products to market, recouping thousands in potentially lost revenue per day




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Assystem U.K.'s airplane engine test rig designed in SolidWorks helps manufacturers reduce civil aircraft noise

U.K. firm designs smaller scale, more affordable custom test rigs for companies like Rolls Royce to help meet new regulations




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Wittur Turkey standardizes on SolidWorks software, brings elevator systems to market 40 percent faster

Manufacturing leader quantifies savings in multiple phases of development process




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Triumph Aerospace Systems-Seattle uses COSMOS analysis software to put winning doses of precision in design proposals

Stress, fluid flow, and motion analysis lend credence to company's designs for Boeing, Airbus, and other major aerospace companies




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BÖWE BELL + HOWELL accelerates new automated mail sorting system design with SOLIDWORKS software

Long-established firm designs new processing systems four times faster, and with 70 percent less rework than with its previous software




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SOLIDWORKS supports Math2Go program to teach students STEM principles and pique engineering interest

Students in grades 3-12 gain hands-on 3D CAD experience designing scale-model remote-controlled cars




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SOLIDWORKS Corporation announces 1,000 additional software grants for 'STEM' teachers

3D CAD software goes to instructors promoting science, technology, engineering, and math




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BorgWarner Thermal Systems uses SOLIDWORKS software to cool world's hardest-working engines

3D CAD software helps design engineers serve biggest names in the auto and trucking industries




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Tractair accelerates brake system development with SOLIDWORKS

3D CAD software lets U.K. firm compete with engineering departments 50 times its size to develop air brake systems for John Deere, Massey Ferguson, and Case




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World's only solar-powered compaction system designed in SOLIDWORKS

Able to compact gallons of trash with a single gulp, BigBelly Solar trash compactor cuts public garbage collection emissions by up to 80 percent




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Greentec fuels energy-efficient home systems designed with SOLIDWORKS

3D CAD software enables U.K. company to design integrated heating and cooling systems that cut homeowner costs and reduce carbon emissions by 80 percent




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'Snakehead' camera system, designed in SOLIDWORKS, soars in new Bond film

New aerial periscope system puts movie goers in the action




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MTS Systems uses SOLIDWORKS to accelerate custom configuration of testing equipment




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Medical instrument maker uses SOLIDWORKS, COSMOSFloWorks to refine first automated glucose measurement system

New product for intensive care units automates costly and time-consuming nursing work




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Kiva Systems uses SOLIDWORKS software to revolutionize the warehouse with robots

New model for distribution centers lets machines do the heavy lifting




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Domespace Chooses SOLIDWORKS Software As Foundation of New Online System for Designing Eco-Friendly Homes

SOLIDWORKS CAD and Simulation are Key Links in Goal to Cut Up to 90 percent from Design and Construction Time




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Pak/Teem Relies on SOLIDWORKS Software to Improve Performance of Air Systems Solutions

3DVision Helps Leading Ventilation Manufacturer Visualize Air Flow, Saving Time and Money




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Dismantling Systemic Racism in Schools: 8 Big Ideas

Get an overview of this fall’s Big Ideas special report, which is dedicated to addressing anti-Black systemic racism in schools.