A broken social elevator? Key findings for Japan

This country note for Japan provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

Japan’s agriculture sector has traditionally been characterised by small-scale rice production, but has recently begun to respond to new market opportunities for higher value food products across a rapidly growing East Asia. Today, rice represents less than 20% of the value of agriculture production, and larger, more productive, and more profitable farm businesses now account for more than half of total agriculture output.

International efforts to improve transparency via automatic exchange of information on financial accounts are improving tax compliance and delivering concrete results for governments worldwide, according to new data released today by the OECD.

Cross-border capital flows are an integral component of international finance, but require a balanced framework for removing unnecessary barriers to the movement of capital while providing governments flexibility to cope with instances of economic or financial instability, OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurria said today.

Japan must step up enforcement of its foreign bribery laws and strengthen the capacities of its law enforcement agencies to proactively detect, investigate and prosecute the foreign bribery offence, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.

Japan's tax-to-GDP ratio was 30.6% in 2016* (latest available data), below the OECD average (34.2%) by 3.6 percentage points, and above the LAC and Africa (21)* averages (22.8% and 18.2%, respectively).

Government at a Glance provides a dashboard of key indicators to help you analyse international comparisons of public sector performance.

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Japan increased by 0.7 percentage points from 30.7% in 2016 to 31.4% in 2017 (latest year available). The corresponding figures for the OECD average were a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 34.4% to 34.2% over the same period.

Private Debt To GDP in Luxembourg decreased to 485.07 percent in 2018 from 488.87 percent in 2017. Private Debt To GDP in Luxembourg averaged 351.89 percent from 1999 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 488.87 percent in 2017 and a record low of 165.68 percent in 2000. Private sector debt to GDP measures the indebtedness of both sectors, non-financial corporations and households and non-profit institutions serving households, as a percentage of GDP. This page provides - Luxembourg Private Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Luxembourg recorded a government budget surplus of 1600 EUR Million in 2018. Government Budget Value in Luxembourg averaged 587.22 EUR Million from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1600 EUR Million in 2018 and a record low of -358.40 EUR Million in 2004. The government budget balance is the difference between government revenues and expenses. The budget is balanced when outlays equal to receipts, the country reports budget surplus when revenues are higher than expenses and deficit when expenses exceed the revenues. This page provides - Luxembourg Government Budget Value - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Revenues in Luxembourg increased to 26788.30 EUR Million in 2018 from 24525.60 EUR Million in 2017. Government Revenues in Luxembourg averaged 15166.20 EUR Million from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 26788.30 EUR Million in 2018 and a record low of 6838.20 EUR Million in 1995. Government Revenues refer to all receipts the government gets, including taxes, custom duties, revenue from state-owned enterprises, capital revenues and foreign aid. Government Revenues are part of government budget balance calculation. This page provides - Luxembourg Government Revenues- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Sales Tax Rate in Luxembourg stands at 17 percent. Sales Tax Rate in Luxembourg averaged 15.57 percent from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17 percent in 2015 and a record low of 15 percent in 2001. In Luxembourg, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Luxembourg. This page provides - Luxembourg Sales Tax Rate | VAT - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Luxembourg recorded 3871 Coronavirus Cases since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Luxembourg reported 100 Coronavirus Deaths. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Coronavirus Cases.

Luxembourg recorded 100 Coronavirus Deaths since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Luxembourg reported 3871 Coronavirus Cases. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Coronavirus Deaths.

Luxembourg recorded 3526 Coronavirus Recovered since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Luxembourg reported 100 Coronavirus Deaths. This page includes a chart with historical data for Luxembourg Coronavirus Recovered.

Exports of Original Equipment Components CMLV in South Africa increased to 1.57 ZAR Million in March from 1.49 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Original Equipment Components CMLV in South Africa averaged 6.41 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 21.42 ZAR Million in December of 2017 and a record low of 0.11 ZAR Million in January of 2017. South Africa accounts for Exports of Original Equipment Components using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Original Equipment Components CMLV.

Exports of Plastics & Rubber CMLV in South Africa increased to 4849.04 ZAR Million in March from 3122.78 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Plastics & Rubber CMLV in South Africa averaged 9476.78 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 20766.44 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 855.76 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Plastics & Rubber using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Plastics & Rubber CMLV.

Exports of Precious Metals CMLV in South Africa increased to 69543.06 ZAR Million in March from 44403.13 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Precious Metals CMLV in South Africa averaged 95330.43 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 217821.31 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 9160.76 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Precious Metals using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Precious Metals CMLV.

Exports of Precision Instruments CMLV in South Africa increased to 2113.53 ZAR Million in March from 1463.71 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Precision Instruments CMLV in South Africa averaged 3315.45 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7384.28 ZAR Million in December of 2016 and a record low of 317.66 ZAR Million in January of 2017. South Africa accounts for Exports of Precision Instruments using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Precision Instruments CMLV.

Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs Beverages & Tobacco in South Africa increased to 3490.92 ZAR Million in March from 2608.19 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs Beverages & Tobacco in South Africa averaged 2920.53 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4194.88 ZAR Million in October of 2018 and a record low of 1704.27 ZAR Million in January of 2015. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs Beverages & Tobacco.

Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs CMLV in South Africa increased to 8211.67 ZAR Million in March from 4721.24 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs CMLV in South Africa averaged 17455.80 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 39028.74 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 1704.27 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Prepared Foodstuffs CMLV.

Exports of Pulp of Wood CMLV in South Africa increased to 5319.37 ZAR Million in March from 3850.41 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Pulp of Wood CMLV in South Africa averaged 8821.04 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 20105.60 ZAR Million in December of 2016 and a record low of 846.05 ZAR Million in January of 2019. South Africa accounts for Exports of Pulp of Wood using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Pulp of Wood CMLV.

Exports: Special Classification Provisions Spare Parts in South Africa decreased to 0.07 ZAR Million in March from 1.38 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports: Special Classification Provisions Spare P in South Africa averaged 1.09 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 16.61 ZAR Million in December of 2017 and a record low of 0 ZAR Million in April of 2019. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Special Classification Provisions Spar.

Exports of Textiles & Textiles Articles CMLV in South Africa increased to 3169.32 ZAR Million in March from 1966.43 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Textiles & Textiles Articles CMLV in South Africa averaged 4956.25 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 11826.86 ZAR Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 459.98 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Textiles & Textiles Articles using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Textiles & Textiles Articles CMLV.

Exports of Transport Equipment CMLV in South Africa increased to 35409.53 ZAR Million in March from 20677.28 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Transport Equipment CMLV in South Africa averaged 63664.11 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 162755.07 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 4834.33 ZAR Million in January of 2018. South Africa accounts for Exports of Transport Equipment using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Transport Equipment CMLV.

Exports of Vegetable Products in South Africa increased to 5893.59 ZAR Million in March from 5286.37 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Vegetable Products in South Africa averaged 4470.80 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 8298.46 ZAR Million in July of 2018 and a record low of 1800.62 ZAR Million in November of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Vegetable Products.

Exports of Vegetable Products CMLV in South Africa increased to 15936.77 ZAR Million in March from 10050.24 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Vegetable Products CMLV in South Africa averaged 27846.27 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 61042.39 ZAR Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 2816.78 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Vegetable Products using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Vegetable Products CMLV.

Exports of Wood & Articles of Wood CMLV in South Africa increased to 1402.32 ZAR Million in March from 837.81 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Wood & Articles of Wood CMLV in South Africa averaged 2649.17 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5907.25 ZAR Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 231.93 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Wood & Articles of Wood using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Wood & Articles of Wood CMLV.

Exports of Works of Art CMLV in South Africa increased to 305.30 ZAR Million in March from 222.42 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Exports of Works of Art CMLV in South Africa averaged 530.99 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1438.03 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 31.20 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Exports of Works of Art using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Works of Art CMLV.

Trade Balance - Cumulative in South Africa increased to 12127.31 ZAR Million in March from -2986.13 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Trade Balance - Cumulative in South Africa averaged -64972.52 ZAR Million from 2013 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 12127.31 ZAR Million in March of 2020 and a record low of -198550.91 ZAR Million in December of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Trade Balance - Cumulative.

Imports of Works of Art CMLV in South Africa increased to 104.18 ZAR Million in March from 74.06 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Works of Art CMLV in South Africa averaged 329.92 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 778.54 ZAR Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 17.44 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Works of Art using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Works of Art CMLV.

Imports of Wood & Articles of Wood CMLV in South Africa increased to 999.30 ZAR Million in March from 703.80 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Wood & Articles of Wood CMLV in South Africa averaged 2129.15 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4000.33 ZAR Million in December of 2015 and a record low of 351.24 ZAR Million in January of 2018. South Africa accounts for Imports of Wood & Articles of Wood using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Wood & Articles of Wood CMLV.

Imports of Vegetable Products CMLV in South Africa increased to 6219.48 ZAR Million in March from 3456.92 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Vegetable Products CMLV in South Africa averaged 13082.20 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 32299.66 ZAR Million in December of 2016 and a record low of 1300.71 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Vegetable Products using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Vegetable Products CMLV.

Imports of Vegetable Products in South Africa increased to 2765.60 ZAR Million in March from 1876.72 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Vegetable Products in South Africa averaged 2048.16 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3662.67 ZAR Million in September of 2019 and a record low of 1203.22 ZAR Million in December of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Vegetable Products.

Imports of Transport Equipment CMLV in South Africa increased to 24309.21 ZAR Million in March from 16473.39 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Transport Equipment CMLV in South Africa averaged 57885.49 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 115212.22 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 7714.29 ZAR Million in January of 2017. South Africa accounts for Imports of Transport Equipment using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Transport Equipment CMLV.

Imports of Textiles & Textiles Articles CMLV in South Africa increased to 10172.91 ZAR Million in March from 7691.05 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Textiles & Textiles Articles CMLV in South Africa averaged 19938.12 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 40660.12 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 2792.79 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Textiles & Textiles Articles using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Textiles & Textiles Articles CMLV.

Imports: Special Classification Provisions Spare Parts in South Africa increased to 9741.91 ZAR Million in March from 9091.26 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports: Special Classification Provisions Spare P in South Africa averaged 7610.38 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 11547.82 ZAR Million in July of 2019 and a record low of 2876.49 ZAR Million in December of 2016. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Special Classification Provisions Spar.

Imports of Pulp of Wood CMLV in South Africa increased to 8239.12 ZAR Million in March from 6044.13 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Pulp of Wood CMLV in South Africa averaged 11411.21 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 36339.27 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 1271.84 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Pulp of Wood using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Pulp of Wood CMLV.

Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs CMLV in South Africa increased to 7844.80 ZAR Million in March from 5232.91 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs CMLV in South Africa averaged 15470.38 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 33740.12 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 2037.38 ZAR Million in January of 2016. South Africa accounts for Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs CMLV.

Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs Beverages & Tobacco in South Africa increased to 2612.43 ZAR Million in March from 2292.20 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs Beverages & Tobacco in South Africa averaged 2502.29 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3674.84 ZAR Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 1707.09 ZAR Million in June of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Prepared Foodstuffs Beverages & Tobacco.

Imports of Precision Instruments CMLV in South Africa increased to 8010.69 ZAR Million in March from 5243.68 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Precision Instruments CMLV in South Africa averaged 16140.72 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 34031.98 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 1968.03 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Precision Instruments using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Precision Instruments CMLV.

Imports of Precious Metals CMLV in South Africa increased to 2501.15 ZAR Million in March from 2002.85 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Precious Metals CMLV in South Africa averaged 4601.83 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 13119.26 ZAR Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 347.46 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Precious Metals using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Precious Metals CMLV.

Imports of Plastics & Rubber CMLV in South Africa increased to 11709.39 ZAR Million in March from 8023.93 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Plastics & Rubber CMLV in South Africa averaged 25745.93 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 53991.18 ZAR Million in December of 2018 and a record low of 3897.43 ZAR Million in January of 2016. South Africa accounts for Imports of Plastics & Rubber using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Plastics & Rubber CMLV.

Imports of Original Equipment Components CMLV in South Africa increased to 28077.08 ZAR Million in March from 18339.06 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Original Equipment Components CMLV in South Africa averaged 49374.62 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 107374.04 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 6128.64 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Original Equipment Components using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Original Equipment Components CMLV.

Imports - Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles (Cmlv) in South Africa increased to 3985.70 ZAR Million in March from 3017.60 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports - Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles (Cml in South Africa averaged 9980.07 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 21209.71 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 1338.01 ZAR Million in January of 2015. South Africa accounts for Imports of Miscellaneous Manufactured Articl using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles (c.

Imports of Mineral Products CMLV in South Africa increased to 53666.82 ZAR Million in March from 34905.91 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Mineral Products CMLV in South Africa averaged 106161.67 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 256321.57 ZAR Million in December of 2014 and a record low of 10855.29 ZAR Million in January of 2016. South Africa accounts for Imports of Mineral Products using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Mineral Products.

Imports - Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (Cmlv) in South Africa increased to 58464.29 ZAR Million in March from 40305.11 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports - Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (Cmlv) in South Africa averaged 139524.15 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 281087.47 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 20988.93 ZAR Million in January of 2017. South Africa accounts for Imports of Machinery & Mechanical Appliances using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (cml.

Imports of Live Animals & Animal Products in South Africa increased to 1223.24 ZAR Million in March from 1216.78 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Live Animals & Animal Products in South Africa averaged 1164.15 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1527.79 ZAR Million in August of 2018 and a record low of 733.71 ZAR Million in December of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Live Animals & Animal Products.

Imports of Leather Products CMLV in South Africa increased to 779.36 ZAR Million in March from 620.88 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Leather Products CMLV in South Africa averaged 2027.98 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4195.12 ZAR Million in December of 2015 and a record low of 327.48 ZAR Million in January of 2018. South Africa accounts for Imports of Leather Products using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Leather Products CMLV.