Batra, Kanika, 1972-

Shevtsov, Katya, author

Cox, Emma, author

Reid, Trish, 1962-

McConachie, Bruce A

Home-Cook, George, 1975- author

Pascoe, Robin, author

Wood, Katrina, author

Bogart, Anne, 1951- author

Goebbels, Heiner, author

Krishnan, Sarasa, author

Duetting as a collective behavior Logue, David M.; Krupp, Daniel B. Mated birds of many species vocalize together, producing duets. Duetting behavior occurs at two levels of organization: the individual level and the pair level. Individuals initiate vocalizations, answer their mates’ vocalizations, and control the structure and timing of their own vocalizations. Pairs produce duets that vary with respect to duration, temporal coordination, and phrase-type combinations, among other properties. To make sense of this hierarchical structure, organize duetting research, and identify new avenues of investigation, we advocate a “collective behavior” approach to the study of duets. We critically review key terminology in the duetting literature in light of this approach, and elucidate six insights that emerge from the collective behavior approach: (1) Individual-level behaviors describe pair-level behaviors, but the opposite is not true; (2) The level of organization informs how we test for the rules that govern behavior; (3) Functional hypotheses about duetting must distinguish individual from group characters; (4) Stimulus-response, cybernetics, and entrainment offer alternative hypotheses for the cognitive control of duetting behavior; (5) Avian duetting has the potential to be a model system for the ontogeny of vocal interaction; and (6) The collective behavior approach suggests new avenues of research. Ultimately, we argue that nearly every aspect of duetting research stands to benefit from adopting a collective behavior approach. This approach also has applications to other forms of interactive vocal communication in birds and primates, including humans. Sherpa Romeo green journal. Open access article. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) applies.

I use VS Code almost exclusively now. It’s the best editor for Angular and TypeScript and that’s where I spend most of my time these days. It’s also a pretty good all-around editor, so even when I’m not working in TypeScript I still use it. I recently found the need to edit a WordPress theme […]

Central bank oversight aims to boost confidence in financial network with 86m depositors

The growth slowdown has been dramatic, while politics takes an aggressively illiberal turn

Growth forecasts cut as outbreak hits pharmaceutical, electronics and car supply chains

Suspension of visas for short-term visitors extends to country’s overseas citizens

Coronavirus adds to concerns over slowing growth and stressed financial system

Restrictions applied to most of the country after one-day voluntary curfew

Slow response could turn coronavirus outbreak into humanitarian crisis

Work to reduce bad corporate loans at risk of setback as fears grow for consumers

Central bank governor calls for ‘war effort’ as coronavirus shuts down country

Migrant workers head home in battle to survive after losing jobs 

Outbreak prompts overseas investors to sell $16bn of stocks and bonds in March

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Network to provide 80,000 mobile beds after national lockdown shuts passenger services   

Industry groups warn strict conditions have discouraged many companies from resuming operations

Digital lenders have helped small businesses access funding, but a liquidity crunch looms

Lockdown and restrictions on migrant workforce leave crops unpicked as demand collapses

My session driver of choice for CodeIgniter is database. A while ago, I noticed millions of rows in the corresponding database table. That means that garbage collector was not working. I checked config.php for sess_regenerate_destroy, but it was already set to false. It was really weird because the problem seemed to have come out of nowhere – not much ago things were working just fine.

After a short investigation, I found out this was and still is a common problem for those who had upgraded their CodeIgniter version from 2.x to 3.x. Turns out, the later possesses heavy changes for Sessions library. And most importantly – fundamental changes in dealing with garbage: CodeIgniter 3.x relies on PHP's native grabage collector. So, in order to get things working again, we need to configure PHP properly.

The Solution

Today there are three PHP-native settings for dealing with session garbage collector. CodeIgniter's Session library has already taken care of one of them – gc_maxlifetime – so there's no need for an extra touch here. The problem lies within the rest: session.gc_probability and/or session.gc_divisor. These two determine when the garbage collector is running. Here's what php.net says:

session.gc_divisor coupled with session.gc_probability defines the probability that the gc (garbage collection) process is started on every session initialization. The probability is calculated by using gc_probability/gc_divisor, e.g. 1/100 means there is a 1% chance that the GC process starts on each request.

In my case, using ini_get() revealed the following values: 0 and 1000. The equation 0/1000=0 meant there was no chance the garbage collector would even run.

Finally, I solved the problem by using the values officially stated as default and by putting the following lines of PHP code into config/config.php file:

ini_set( 'session.gc_probability',	1 );
ini_set( 'session.gc_divisor',		100 );

Theoretically, this means that the garbage collector usually runs once every 100th request. It's more than enough, but it is up to you whether that causes too many unnecessary hits to database. An alternative solution for heavy-traffic websites could be having a 0% probability on the production site and a Cronjob-based script which removes database rows of the expired sessions.

Lately, I've been obsessed with optimizing performance through lazy-loading. Recently, I've written on how to lazy-load Google Maps and on how to lazy-load responsive Google Adsense. Now it's time for Disqus, a service for embedding comments on your website. It's a great service. It eliminates the headache of developing your own local commenting system, dealing with spam, etc. Recently, I've been working on implementing the widget in one of my projects.

I've written an article on that and got it published on CSS-Tricks.

Read the article

Try the Demo

You can also contribute, follow the project on GitHub.

Or the priority navigation pattern, or progressively collapsing navigation menu. We can name it in at least three ways..

There are multiple UX solutions for tabs and menus and each of them have their own advantages over another, you just need to pick the best for the case you are trying to solve. At design and development agency Kollegorna we were debating on the most appropriate UX technique for tabs for our client’s website…

I wrote an article, coded a demo and got it all published on CSS-Tricks — you're very welcome to read, try and use it!

Read the article

Try the demo

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 N396 2012

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 P65 2011

Barker Library - TK7874.85.B49 2013

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 I5737 2013

Hayden Library - TA418.9.N35 S54 2011

Barker Library - T174.7.M63 2011

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Barker Library - QC176.8.N35 N35 2013

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Barker Library - T174.7.N79 2012