Previous studies have suggested that health care providers, family members, friends, and others play a role in shaping parents’ vaccination decisions. Other research has suggested that the media can influence whether parents decide to vaccinate their children.

Through the application of social network analysis, this study formally examines and quantifies how parents are influenced by the people and sources around them. Its findings suggest that social networks are important, particularly for parents who do not completely vaccinate. (Read the full article)

Obstacles to vaccine delivery, including poverty, reduced access to medical care, and incomplete understanding of vaccine safety and importance, result in suboptimal coverage rates in some populations, allowing for disease outbreaks. Multicomponent interventions are successful in increasing immunization coverage rates.

We show that collaboration with local resources, including the county health department and a large community-based organization, effectively increases immunization coverage rates in low-income, resource-poor children. (Read the full article)

Preterm and low birth weight infants are at increased risk of hospitalization due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, and rotavirus vaccine is immunogenic and well tolerated among these infants when provided at or after discharge from the NICU.

Many preterm infants with a birth weight of ≤1500 g are not eligible to receive rotavirus vaccination because they remain in the NICU beyond the upper age limit recommended for immunization. New strategies are needed. (Read the full article)

The 1-dose childhood varicella vaccination program in the United States resulted in dramatic declines in varicella incidence, hospitalizations, and deaths. There is little information on the impact of the 2006 recommendation for 2-dose varicella vaccination of children on varicella epidemiology.

In the first 5 years of the 2-dose varicella vaccination program, declines in varicella incidence were seen in all age groups, including infants who are not eligible for varicella vaccination, providing evidence of the benefit of high population immunity. (Read the full article)

Concerns have been raised that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination could lead to riskier behaviors in vaccinated adolescents, but it is unknown whether changes in risk perceptions after vaccination lead to riskier sexual behaviors.

Risk perceptions following HPV vaccination were not associated with subsequent riskier sexual behaviors in sexually experienced and inexperienced young women. These data contribute to the growing evidence that HPV vaccination does not lead to changes in sexual behaviors among adolescents. (Read the full article)

Duration of protection among children and adolescents who have received the recombinant hepatitis B (HB) vaccination series is known to be long. Less is known about duration of protection of the vaccination series after being administered during infancy.

A robust response to a challenge dose of HB vaccine among adolescents indicates prolonged duration of protection against disease; the addition of a booster dose of HB vaccine to the routine immunization schedule for adolescents appears unnecessary. (Read the full article)

Reasons for childhood immunization delay include parental intent and barriers such as transportation. To date there has been 1 study of the association of delayed vaccination and seizures, which found measles-mumps-rubella and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccines are both associated with a higher rate of seizures if received after 15 months of age.

Our study found no association between the timing of vaccination and occurrence of seizures in the first year of life. By using different methods, our results support the observation that delaying vaccination with measles-containing vaccines past 15 months of age increases the incidence of postvaccination seizures. (Read the full article)

Varicella vaccine is effective, but there is concern that widespread use in young children may lead to a shift in the age of infection, with potentially more severe disease later in childhood and adolescence.

This study documents that varicella vaccine resulted in a decline of varicella incidence and hospitalization in all age groups, with no shift to older age groups. (Read the full article)

The World Health Organization recommends using vaccination contacts to deliver high-dose vitamin A supplementation (VAS) to children aged 6 to 59 months. The effect of this policy on overall child mortality has not been assessed.

In this first randomized controlled trial of VAS at routine vaccination contacts after 6 months, VAS had no overall effect on mortality but was associated with reduced mortality in girls and increased mortality in boys. (Read the full article)

Rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination lag behind other adolescent vaccines. Research indicates that provider recommendation is the key to improving HPV vaccination rates and that most adolescents who are unvaccinated received other vaccines, indicating missed opportunities for HPV vaccination.

This study explores in-depth the content of provider–patient conversations that either create or prevent opportunities for HPV vaccination. Effective and ineffective conversations are presented with the goal of providing practical tools to improve communication regarding HPV vaccines. (Read the full article)

It is thought that vaccination coverage increases during and immediately after an infectious disease epidemic; however, little evidence exists to support this phenomenon.

The 2011 to 2012 pertussis epidemic did not significantly change the proportion of infants in Washington State who were up to date for pertussis-containing vaccines. This finding may challenge conventional wisdom that vaccine acceptance uniformly increases when risk of disease is high. (Read the full article)

Influenza leads to respiratory deteriorations in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In children, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV) is more efficacious than inactivated influenza vaccines, which could be beneficial for CF. Data on the safety of LAIV in this population are scarce.

This study assesses LAIV’s safety in patients with CF and is necessary to determine whether the anticipated benefits associated with LAIV will outweigh potential risks. This can potentially lead to a recommendation for preferential LAIV use in this population. (Read the full article)

Childhood vaccinations mildly increase the risk of febrile seizures in the general pediatric population, during specific risk periods. However, vaccinations are common precipitants for (first) seizures in the genetically determined, fever-sensitive Dravet syndrome (formerly severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy).

This study shows that in most children with epilepsy onset after vaccination, genetic or structural causes of epilepsy can be identified. This claim includes children with Dravet syndrome (~35%) but also children with benign epilepsy or preexistent encephalopathy. (Read the full article)

Vaccinating youth is among the nation’s highest health care priorities. Despite proven health benefits, human papillomavirus vaccination rates remain low.

This is the first known study to test whether vaccination of high-risk adolescents is related to their or their parents’ previous knowledge levels. In the results presented, neither parental nor adolescent knowledge is related to subsequent adolescent vaccination. (Read the full article)

Universal use of conjugated pneumococcal vaccines has resulted in dramatic decline in vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease. However, disease is not evenly distributed, and children with underlying clinical conditions are disproportionately represented, especially among children >5 years of age.

Invasive pneumococcal disease among children with comorbidity results in higher morbidity and mortality, and a large proportion of disease is due to serotypes not included in current conjugate vaccines. (Read the full article)

Current childhood vaccination coverage rates among military dependents in the United States are not known. Past studies on childhood vaccination coverage in military dependents have shown mixed results, with the majority showing lower than ideal coverage rates.

This study analyzes a national database with 6 years of data and provider-confirmed vaccination status to describe the current documented vaccination coverage rates among military dependents in the United States. (Read the full article)

Clinical trials of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine show it to be highly efficacious in preventing vaccine-type–specific cervical dysplasia and anogenital warts, but few studies have assessed its effects in the real world and none have done so at the program/population level.

This study provides strong evidence of the early benefits of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination on reductions in cervical dysplasia and possible reductions in anogenital warts among girls aged 14 to 17 years, offering additional justification for not delaying vaccination until girls are older. (Read the full article)

An increasing number of children are unvaccinated at entry into public schools, potentially endangering children who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons and threatening herd immunity. Voluntary exemptions from immunizations vary geographically and by parental characteristics.

We find that exemption behavior is highest in peripheral areas of cities and that specific types of student populations are associated with high exemption rates. Additionally, there is spatial overlap between clusters of high personal exemption and medical exemption populations. (Read the full article)

Previous studies have evaluated separately the effects of brief education and reminder/recall intervention strategies to increase human papillomavirus vaccine coverage. None have examined if intervention effects varied by race/ethnicity.

When compared with a general adolescent vaccine brochure, human papillomavirus vaccine-specific educational materials increased 1-dose coverage among Hispanic but not black individuals. Recalls for doses 2 and 3 were effective in increasing 3-dose coverage for both racial/ethnic groups. (Read the full article)

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. More than 50% of sexually active men and women will acquire HPV infection in their lifetime. In 2011, HPV was recommended for routine use among male adolescents.

(Read the full article)

Olivia M. Vaz
Feb 1, 2020; 145:e20190620-e20190620
ARTICLES

Graham A. Colditz
Jul 1, 1995; 96:29-35
ARTICLES

With warm weather here and mosquito season under way, Delaware horse owners are being advised to make certain their equines’ vaccinations are current to protect against the threat of two potentially fatal diseases. Unvaccinated horses suffer most severely from both West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, which are spread by infected mosquitoes and can be fatal.

West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis both spread by mosquitoes DOVER – Delaware horse owners are being advised to make certain their equines’ vaccinations are current to protect against the threat of two potentially fatal diseases. Unvaccinated horses suffer most severely from both West Nile Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, which are spread by […]

  DOVER – Delaware cat owners are being advised to make certain that their pets’ vaccinations are up to date to protect against disease after three cases of feline distemper, also called feline panleukopenia, were recently reported by a Dover-area veterinary clinic. The three reported cases occurred in two six-month-old kittens and one adult cat. […]

Late summer coincides with peak mosquito season, which brings an increased risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus (WNV) and Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) for humans, but also for horses. “Owners are encouraged to talk to their veterinarian about having their horses vaccinated against these viruses,” said Delaware State Veterinarian Dr. Heather Hirst.

The 2019-2020 flu season has officially arrived, and to kick off the state’s influenza prevention efforts, the Division of Public Health (DPH) will hold two free flu vaccination clinics for the public.

Title: Microneedle Patch Might Boost Global Measles Vaccination Rates
Category: Health News
Created: 4/28/2015 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 4/29/2015 12:00:00 AM

Title: High Measles Rates Mean Kids, Adults Need Proper Vaccination: CDC
Category: Health News
Created: 4/29/2019 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 4/30/2019 12:00:00 AM

BACKGROUND:

Although autodialer centralized reminder and recall (C-R/R) from state immunization information systems (IISs) has been shown to raise childhood vaccination rates, its impact on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates is unclear.

OBJECTIVES:

Standing orders are an effective way to increase vaccination rates, yet little is known about how pediatricians use this strategy for childhood immunizations. We assessed current use of, barriers to using, and factors associated with use of standing orders for vaccination among pediatricians.

Members of the flavivirus genus share a high level of sequence similarity and often circulate in the same geographical regions. However, whether T cells induced by one viral species cross-react with other related flaviviruses has not been globally addressed. In this study, we tested pools of epitopes derived from dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of individuals naturally exposed to DENV or immunized with DENV (TV005) or YF17D vaccine. CD8 T cell responses recognized epitopes from multiple flaviviruses; however, the magnitude of cross-reactive responses was consistently severalfold lower than those to the autologous epitope pools and was associated with lower expression of activation markers such as CD40L, CD69, and CD137. Next, we characterized the antigen sensitivity of short-term T cell lines (TCL) representing 29 different individual epitope/donor combinations. TCL derived from DENV monovalent vaccinees induced CD8 and CD4 T cells that cross-reacted within the DENV serocomplex but were consistently associated with >100-fold-lower antigen sensitivity for most other flaviviruses, with no cross-recognition of YFV-derived peptides. CD8 and CD4 TCL from YF17D vaccinees were associated with very limited cross-reactivity with any other flaviviruses and in five out of eight cases >1,000-fold-lower antigen sensitivity. Overall, our data suggest limited cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses between flaviviruses and have implications for understanding immunity elicited by natural infection and strategies to develop live attenuated vaccines against flaviviral species.

IMPORTANCE The envelope (E) protein is the dominant target of neutralizing antibodies for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Accordingly, several DENV vaccine constructs use the E protein in a live attenuated vaccine format, utilizing a backbone derived from a heterologous flavivirus (such as YF) as a delivery vector. This backbone comprises the nonstructural (NS) and capsid (C) antigens, which are dominant targets of T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that cross-reactivity at the level of T cell responses among different flaviviruses is very limited, despite high levels of sequence homology. Thus, the use of heterologous flavivirus species as a live attenuated vaccine vector is not likely to generate optimal T cell responses and might thus impair vaccine performance.

Objective

To determine whether live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YFV) was associated with MS relapse, we evaluated the clinical courses of 23 patients in the year before and the year after immunization at the university hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.

Background:

Historically, some chiropractors have been critical of vaccination, and this has been the subject of recent media attention in Canada. We explored the association between media attention and public dissemination of vaccination information on Canadian chiropractors’ websites.

Among those rallying against state shutdown orders are anti-vaccination activists. They see these protests as a way to form political alliances that promote their movement.

The restart of the NRL could be jeopardised as Raiders forwards Sia Soliola, Joe Tapine and Josh Papalli join Titans forward Bryce Cartwright in refusing to sign an unedited version of the vaccination waiver.

Latest innovation in quadrivalent meningococcal vaccination designed for use in persons 2 years of age and older in the U.S.

Among those rallying against state shutdown orders are anti-vaccination activists. They see these protests as a way to form political alliances that promote their movement.

Novak Djokovic has said he would be against a compulsory Coronavirus vaccination if it became a requirement for tennis players to travel to tournaments. "Personally, I'm against vaccination. I wouldn't like that someone forces me to get a vaccine in order to be able to travel," the World No. 1 said late on Sunday.

The Serbian star was speaking from Spain, where he is in lockdown with his family, in a video conference held on his Facebook for Orthodox Easter. "We [players] will have to travel. I think it will be the number one challenge," he said.

"If it [vaccination] will become compulsory what will happen? I will have to take a decision," on whether to get a vaccine or not, he said. "This is my opinion at the moment. Whether it will change I don't know."

No vaccine currently
There is currently no vaccine for the virus that has claimed some 1,65,000 lives around the globe, though labs around the world are racing to develop a treatment. Like the rest of the sporting world, tennis has been on pause since early March, with the ATP and WTA Tours suspended until mid-July at the earliest and Wimbledon cancelled for the first time since World War II.

'No play before Sept, Oct'
Djokovic estimated tournaments would not restart "before September or October". "The season will officially restart when everyone will be 100 per cent certain that people can return, that there is no risk, that people are resistant to the virus and this takes time." Tournaments with travel limited to one country or a region could be possible, he said.

17
No. of Grand Slam singles titles won by Novak Djokovic

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Concerns that the HPV vaccination would encourage or support youth sexual activity have led to only a minority of parents to immunize their children against

A culturally tailored multilevel strategy designed by scientists significantly increased human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among low-income, mostly

Skin vaccination generates protective CD8 T-cells that are recruited to the genital tissues. Study conducted by King's College London scientists has revealed

Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination programs found to decrease the number of infections and precancerous cervical lesions caused by the virus significantly,

Too many soft targets were found to weaken HIV vaccination that would otherwise provide protection against viral infection, stated scientists at Emory

Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. A new study says that vaccines can also improve school attainment.

In low and middle income countries, immunizing children with two common vaccines namely the pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines was found to

World No.1 Novak Djokovic's has expressed a reluctance to be given a vaccine for coronavirus, as world tennis works out the best way to get the show back on the road.

Canberra Raiders forwards Josh Papalii, Sia Soliola and Joseph Tapine told their team on Tuesday they would not accept the flu jab, and were told not to come to training on Wednesday.