ammo

Polymer-confined synthesis of gram-scale high-entropy perovskite fluoride nanocubes for improved electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia

Nanoscale Horiz., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4NH00341A, Communication
Open Access
Guohao Xue, Tianlu Wang, Hele Guo, Nan Zhang, Claire J. Carmalt, Johan Hofkens, Feili Lai, Tianxi Liu
A high-entropy perovskite fluoride with a well-defined nanocubic structure was successfully prepared via a polyvinylpyrrolidone-confined nucleation strategy, demonstrating excellent electrocatalytic activity for nitrate reduction.
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ammo

Atomic tuning of 3D printed carbon surface chemistry for electrocatalytic nitrite oxidation and reduction to ammonia

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA06800A, Paper
Wanli Gao, Jan Michalička, Martin Pumera
A bifunctional electrode integrating 3D printed carbon materials with atomic layer deposition of TiO2 is developed for electrochemical nitrite oxidation and reduction, providing effective surface engineering for nitrite monitoring and remediation.
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ammo

Lewis acid sites and flexible active centers synergistically boost efficient electrochemical ammonia synthesis

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12,30476-30485
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA04884A, Paper
Li-Bo Chen, Tong-Hui Wang, Xing-You Lang, Qing Jiang
The Lewis acid sites enhance N2 adsorption and activation, while the flexible active center facilitates hydrogenation and NH4+ formation, regenerating the catalyst.
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ammo

Metal–organic framework derived low-crystallinity cobalt–nitrogen–carbon electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction to ammonia

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, 12,30409-30419
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA05443A, Paper
Yue Cao, Shengbo Yuan, Wenbo Zhou, Yan Hai, Xiaoman Li, Min Luo
NO3 and H2O molecules adsorbed on the surface of Co–N–C-500 are activated and dissociated. The generated active hydrogen species (*H) can promote the hydrogenation of the intermediates and thus increase the NH3 yield.
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ammo

Novel magneto-electrocatalyst Cr2CO2-MXene for boosting nitrogen reduction to ammonia

Mater. Horiz., 2024, 11,1769-1778
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH01945D, Communication
Neng Li, Zhongyong Zhang, Zheng Wang, Bin Liu, Deyong Zhou, Xing Zhou, Peng Zhang, Xiujian Zhao
Gibbs free energy for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction on Cr2CO2 with four magnetic states: NM, FM, Inter-AFM, and In-AFM.
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ammo

Engineering a hollow bowl-like porous carbon-confined Ru–MgO hetero-structured nanopair as a high-performance catalyst for ammonia borane hydrolysis

Mater. Horiz., 2024, 11,2032-2040
DOI: 10.1039/D3MH01909H, Communication
Jialei Yang, Zhenyu Yang, Jiafu Li, Hao Gang, Donghai Mei, Dongming Yin, Ruiping Deng, Yifeng Zhu, Xingyun Li, Ning Wang, Sameh M. Osman, Yusuke Yamauchi
A sub-nano interfacial catalytic structure is orchestrated by tailor-designing a hollow bowl-like porous carbon-confined Ru–MgO hetero-structured nanopair as a high-performance catalyst for ammonia borane hydrolysis.
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ammo

A reflection on ‘The synthesis, structure and electronic properties of a lead-free hybrid inorganic–organic double perovskite (MA)2KBiCl6 (MA = methylammonium)’

Mater. Horiz., 2024, 11,1832-1837
DOI: 10.1039/D4MH90029D, Commentary
Anthony K. Cheetham, Paul D. Bristowe, Satoshi Tominaka, Fengxia Wei
Cheetham et al. reflect on one of their first Materials Horizons papers (Mater. Horiz., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6MH00053C) published in the journal and discuss how their work may have influenced the research field.
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ammo

Electron-deficient Co modulated by the construction of heterojunctions Co@NC boosts the electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia

Inorg. Chem. Front., 2024, 11,2144-2151
DOI: 10.1039/D4QI00110A, Research Article
Bo Zhang, Fengshou Yu, Yaohua Hong, Yuzhuo Zhou, Yaheng Wang, Shaobo Zhang, Lu-Hua Zhang
Formation of electron-deficient Co by the construction of heterojunctions to promote the electroreduction of nitrate to ammonia.
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ammo

High-efficiency ammonia synthesis via electrochemical nitrate reduction over Co3O4 nanoarrays by B doping

Inorg. Chem. Front., 2024, 11,2339-2345
DOI: 10.1039/D4QI00310A, Research Article
Zhiqin Deng, Heng Liu, Huiyong Wang, Chaoqun Ma, Juan Du, Baozhan Zheng
B acts as an effective dopant to boost the catalytic activity of Co3O4 for the nitrate reduction reaction towards NH3 synthesis. Such B-Co3O4/TM achieves a high faradaic efficiency of 94.7% and a large NH3 yield rate of 407.3 μmol h−1 cm−2.
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ammo

An Easy Pill to Swallow / directed by: Robert Lang ; produced by: Tom Daly, Arthur Hammond ; production agency: National Film Board of Canada (Montreal)

Montreal : National Film Board of Canada, 2013




ammo

Ranji Trophy | Shreyas and Lad’s regal partnership takes reigning champion to mammoth score

The duo’s 354-run stand for the fourth wicket helps Mumbai declare its first innings at 602 for four before dismissing five Odisha batters for 146 at the end of day two




ammo

Superior low temperature activity over α-MnO2/β-MnOOH catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia

RSC Adv., 2024, 14,35498-35504
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA05934D, Paper
Open Access
Masanori Takemoto, Haruko Fujinuma, Yoshihiro Sugawara, Yukichi Sasaki, Kenta Iyoki, Tatsuya Okubo, Kazuya Yamaguchi, Toru Wakihara
α-MnO2/β-MnOOH catalysts were synthesized by post-synthetic planetary ball milling for OMS-2, enhancing catalytic activity in low-temperature NH3-SCR.
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ammo

Improving the catalytic performance of Co/BaCeO3 catalyst for ammonia synthesis by Y-modification of the perovskite-type support

RSC Adv., 2024, 14,36281-36294
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA06251E, Paper
Open Access
Magdalena Zybert, Hubert Ronduda, Wojciech Patkowski, Andrzej Ostrowski, Kamil Sobczak, Wioletta Raróg-Pilecka
The beneficial effect of Y3+ ions incorporated into BaCeO3 support structure stems from the strengthening of the electron-donating ability, i.e., better charge transfer from the support to the active metal, enhancing N2 dissociation.
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ammo

Sustainable treatment for low ammonia nitrogen sewage wastewater in cold climates: natural polymer gel–organic synthetic polymer embedded anammox bacteria immobilized pellets

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024, 10,2809-2830
DOI: 10.1039/D4EW00538D, Paper
Jun Li, Salma Tabassum, Hüseyin Altundag
Denitrification effect of the hybrid carrier-embedded anammox bacteria pellets to treat NH4+–N urban sewage wastewater at low temperature through batch and continuous tests.
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ammo

Tata Projects sees green hydrogen, green ammonia, pump storage hydro as pillars of growth

“Sustainability is a critical element for us and we see in this sustainability journey, a lot of opportunities will open up in new sectors,” said Vinayak Pai, MD & CEO, Tata Projects in an interview




ammo

Coordination environment-tailored electronic structure of single atomic copper sites for efficient electrochemical nitrate reduction toward ammonia

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17,8360-8367
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE02746A, Paper
Tianchi Huang, Taiyu Liang, Jiao You, Qihua Huo, Shuai Qi, Jingwen Zhao, Na Meng, Jinglian Liao, Chunyan Shang, Hengpan Yang, Qi Hu, Chuanxin He
A robust strategy is developed to finely tune the electronic structure of Cu by employing single atomic Cu–N–C via both first and second coordination shell engineering, thereby boosting the performance for the nitrate reduction reaction.
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ammo

Photoelectrochemical nitrate denitrification towards acidic ammonia synthesis on copper-decorated black silicon

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE04438J, Paper
Yuchan Li, Qi Zhang, Huan Dai, Dong He, Zunjian Ke, Xiangheng Xiao
This work highlights the exceptional performance and great potentials of a Cu nanoparticle decorated silicon nanowire arrays (Cu–Si NWs) for photoelectrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia in acidic electrolyte and in realistic wastewater.
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ammo

Theory-guided development of a barium-doped cobalt catalyst for ammonia decomposition

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE02874K, Paper
Alexander Gunnarson, Ang Cao, Olivia F. Sloth, Miriam Varón, Ruben Bueno Villoro, Thomas Veile, Christian D. Damsgaard, Cathrine Frandsen, Jens K. Nørskov, Ib Chorkendorff
This work describes the theory-guided design and experimental validation of a barium-doped cobalt catalyst for ammonia decomposition.
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ammo

Unraveling the relationship between the phenethylammonium-induced 2D phase on the perovskite surface and inverted wide bandgap perovskite solar cell performance

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17,8658-8669
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE02133A, Paper
Xiaomin Huo, Silvia Mariotti, Yaoyao Li, Ting Guo, Chenfeng Ding, Penghui Ji, Shuai Yuan, Tongtong Li, Ning Meng, Xiaomin Liu, Jiahao Zhang, Ilhem Nadia Rabehi, Yu Zhang, Suling Zhao, Hengyuan Wang, Dandan Song, Luis K. Ono, Zheng Xu, Yabing Qi
We studied the impact of phenethylammonium chloride on PIN-structured wide bandgap perovskite solar cells. Elimination of the 2D phase results in a champion efficiency of 20.61% and a VOC loss of only 410 mV with hysteresis-free J–V curves.
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ammo

Electrodialysis and nitrate reduction (EDNR) to enable distributed ammonia manufacturing from wastewaters

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17,8787-8800
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE03002H, Paper
Open Access
Jinyu Guo, Matthew J. Liu, Chloe Laguna, Dean M. Miller, Kindle S. Williams, Brandon D. Clark, Carolina Muñoz, Sarah J. Blair, Adam C. Nielander, Thomas F. Jaramillo, William A. Tarpeh
Underutilized wastewaters containing dilute levels of reactive nitrogen (Nr) can help rebalance the nitrogen cycle.
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ammo

Mammootty Gets Off A Bus; Goes Down A Rabbit Hole

Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam is a masterpiece, and like most masterpieces of the cinema, it's a great act of folly, observes Sreehari Nair.




ammo

Hydrolysis of ammonia borane for green hydrogen production over a Pd/C3N4 nanocatalyst synthesized by electron beam irradiation

Catal. Sci. Technol., 2024, 14,6338-6350
DOI: 10.1039/D4CY00761A, Paper
Manish Shingole, Seemita Banerjee, Priyanka Ruz, Asheesh Kumar, Pratibha Sharma, V. Sudarsan
Room temperature hydrolysis of ammonia borane in presence of electron beam irradiated Pd-C3N4 catalyst.
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ammo

Heterostructure engineered construction of N-doped CuO@Co3O4 for highly efficient electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia

Catal. Sci. Technol., 2024, 14,6372-6379
DOI: 10.1039/D4CY00905C, Paper
Shi-Jiao Dong, Sai Huang, Ao Wang, Yan Meng, Gang Xu, Jun-Ling Song
The electrochemical reduction of nitrate to NH3 can be a promising and sustainable alternative for the industrially used, energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process under mild conditions and also solve the issue of nitrate nitrogen pollution in water.
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ammo

Unraveling the Ammonia Sensing Behavior and Degradation Pathways of Novel Lead-Free MA2CuBr4 based Ammonia Sensor

Nanoscale, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4NR02943G, Communication
Abinash Tiwari, Arjumand Mir, Aswani Yella
We report a lead-free copper-based halide perovskite gas sensor to detect ammonia gas at ambient temperature. The sensor uses methylammonium copper bromide as the active material and can trace ammonia...
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ammo

Why Rorschach Does Mammootty No Credit

After a lifetime of showing us what it means to 'act at the top of one's bent and never hit a false note', Mammootty had the good sense, in the third act of his career, to pare down his style, become less mannered, draw directly from life.And getting a performer like that to play characters who seem 'completely dead inside', is, in my view, a betrayal of his legacy, his still-burning ambition, and his still-sharp feelers, observes Sreehari Nair.




ammo

Kerala Supports Mammootty Against...

Politicians from the Left and the Congress party in Kerala have rallied behind Malayalam superstar Mammootty, who is facing online harassment from certain right wing sympathisers in connection with his 2022 film, Puzhu.




ammo

CRISPR diagnostics company Mammoth launches




ammo

JGC develops new ammonia production process




ammo

Birch reduction runs ammonia-free

Crown ethers simplify the set-up of classic reaction




ammo

Active Hydrogen Tuning by Copper-Cobalt Bimetal Catalysts for Boosting Ammonia Electrosynthesis from Simulated Waster Water

Green Chem., 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4GC04120H, Paper
Chunqi Yang, Chang Liu, Jingwen Zhuang, Ziyan Yang, Aiping Chen, Yuhang Li, Chunzhong Li
Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) represents a promising approach to balance the nitrogen cycle, converting environmental pollutant NO3− to valuable ammonia (NH3). However, the whole reaction involves complex protons-coupled electron...
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ammo

Review of carbon-based catalysts for electrochemical nitrate reduction and green ammonia synthesis

Green Chem., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4GC04640D, Tutorial Review
Guanting Liao, Richard L. Smith Jr., Haixin Guo, Xinhua Qi
This work aims to review the latest developments in carbon-based electrocatalysts applied in electrocatalytic nitrate reduction, including pure carbon materials, heteroatom doping or metal-bonding catalysts, and carbon substrate-supported composites.
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ammo

Ammon Bundy, others plead not guilty in Oregon refuge case

Sixteen defendants plead not guilty to federal conspiracy charges over armed occupation of wildlife refuge in Oregon




ammo

Malayalam Cinema Remembers Irrfan Khan: Here's What Mammootty, Mohanlal & So On Have To Say!

Irrfan Khan, one of the finest acting talents of the Indian film industry passed away. The 53-year-old breathed his last at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai where he was admitted due to colon infection. Irrfan Khan's death news came out as




ammo

RIP Rishi Kapoor: Mammootty, Mohanlal And Other Malayalam Celebrities Mourn His Demise

Senior Bollywood actor Rishi Kapoor bid goodbye to this world today (April 30, 2020), leaving the entire Indian film fraternity in shock. The legendary actor succumbed to cancer after a two-year battle. Rishi Kapoor is survived by wife Neetu Kapoor, daughter




ammo

Mammootty-Dulquer Salmaan Duo's Throwback Picture Wins The Internet!

Mammootty and Dulquer Salmaan, the megastar and young actor are one of the most loved father-son duos of the Indian film industry. As we all know, both Mammootty and Dulquer Salmaan have always set major fashion goals with their public appearances.




ammo

Mammootty And Sulfath Celebrate 41st Wedding Anniversary: This Is How Mohanlal Wished The Couple

Mammootty and Sulfath, one of the most loved star couples of the Malayalam film industry are celebrating their 41st wedding anniversary today. As per the reports, the couple had a simple anniversary celebration this year with their immediate family members. However,




ammo

Mammootty's The Priest Is A Unique Horror Thriller, Reveals This Team Member!

The Priest, the upcoming Mammootty starrer is one of the most-awaited upcoming films of Malayalam cinema. The shooting of the much-awaited project has been put on a hold now due to the all India lockdown. As per the latest updates, The




ammo

The young electrician / by Hammond Hall

Archives, Room Use Only - QC527.2.H35 1910b




ammo

Mammoth exercise in Punjab to procure wheat amid pandemic




ammo

n-Decyl­tri­methyl­ammonium bromide

The title compound, C13H30N+·Br− (systematic name: N,N,N-trimethyl-1-deca­naminium bromide), forms crystals having a bilayer structure, comprised of layers of tri­methyl­ammonium cations and bromide anions separated by the inter-digitated n-decyl groups of the cation; close ammonium-methyl-C—H⋯Br contacts connect the ions. The n-decyl chain adopts a slightly distorted all-trans conformation. The n-decyl chain exhibits positional disorder with all atoms at half occupancy. The sample was a racemic twin.




ammo

Bis(4-hy­droxy-N,N-di-n-propyl­tryptammonium) fumarate tetra­hydrate

The title compound (systematic name: bis­{[2-(4-hy­droxy-1H-indol-3-yl)eth­yl]bis­(propan-2-yl)aza­nium} but-2-enedioate tetra­hydrate), 2C16H25N2O+·C4H2O42−·4H2O, has a singly protonated DPT cation, one half of a fumarate dianion (completed by a crystallographic centre of symmetry) and two water mol­ecules of crystallization in the asymmetric unit. A series of N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form a three-dimensional network in the solid state.




ammo

[Oxybis(ethane-1,2-di­yl)]bis­(di­methyl­ammonium) octa­molybdate dihydrate

The title compound, (C8H22N2O)2[Mo8O26]·H2O, (cis-H2L)2[β-Mo8O26]·H2O, where L = (bis­[2-N,N-di­methyl­amino)­eth­yl] ether), was synthesized from bis­[2-(di­methyl­amino)­eth­yl] ether and MoO3 under solvothermal conditions and characterized by multinuclear NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structure displays two [oxybis(ethane-1,2-di­yl)]bis­(di­methyl­ammonium), or [cis-H2L]2+, cations, a central [β-Mo8O26]4− anionic cluster consisting of eight distorted MoO6 octa­hedra, and two water mol­ecules in their deuterated form. The central anion lies across an inversion center. The [cis-H2L]2+ cations are hydrogen bonded to the central [β-Mo8O26]4− cluster via bridging water mol­ecules. In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components into chains along [010]. Weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link these chains into a three-dimensional network.




ammo

Redetermination of di­ammonium trivanadate, (NH4)2V3O8

The crystal structure of (NH4)2V3O8 has been reported twice using single-crystal X-ray data [Theobald et al. (1984). J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 45, 581–587; Range et al. (1988). Z. Naturforsch. Teil B, 43, 309–317]. In both cases, the orientation of the ammonium cation in the asymmetric unit was poorly defined: in Theobald's study, the shape and dimensions were constrained for NH4+, while in Range's study, H atoms were not included. In the present study, we collected a highly redundant data set for this ternary oxide, at 0.61 Å resolution, using Ag Kα radiation. These accurate data reveal that the NH4+ cation is disordered by rotation around a non-crystallographic axis. The rotation axis coincides with one N—H bond lying in the mirror m symmetry element of space-group type P4bm, and the remaining H sites were modelled over two disordered positions, with equal occupancy. It therefore follows that the NH4+ cations filling the space available in the (001) layered structure formed by (V3O8)2– ions do not form strong N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the mixed-valent oxidovanadate(IV,V) anions. This feature could have consequences for the Li-ion inter­calation properties of this material, which is used as a cathode for supercapacitors.




ammo

Bis(4-acet­oxy-N,N-di­methyl­tryptammonium) fumarate: a new crystalline form of psilacetin, an alternative to psilocybin as a psilocin prodrug

The title compound (systematic name: bis­{2-[4-(acet­yloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]ethan-1-aminium} but-2-enedioate), 2C14H19N2O2+·C4H2O42−, has a single protonated psilacetin cation and one half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. There are N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the ammonium H atoms and the fumarate O atoms, as well as N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the indole H atoms and the fumarate O atoms. The hydrogen bonds hold the ions together in infinite one-dimensional chains along [111].




ammo

(3,5-Di­methyl­adamantan-1-yl)ammonium methane­sulfonate (memanti­nium mesylate): synthesis, structure and solid-state properties

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H22N+·CH3O3S−, consists of three (3,5-di­methyl­adamantan-1-yl)ammonium cations, C12H22N+, and three methane­sulfonate anions, CH3O3S−. In the crystal, the cations and anions associate via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into layers, parallel to the (001) plane, which include large supra­molecular hydrogen-bonded rings.




ammo

Crystal structure of tetra­methyl­ammonium 1,1,7,7-tetra­cyano­hepta-2,4,6-trienide

The title compound, C4H12N+·C11H5N4−, contains one tetra­methyl­ammonium cation and one 1,1,7,7-tetra­cyano­hepta-2,4,6-trienide anion in the asymmetric unit. The anion is in an all-trans conjugated C=C bonds conformation. Two terminal C(CN)2 di­nitrile moieties are slightly twisted from the polymethine main chain to which they are attached [C(CN)2/C5 dihedral angles = 6.1 (2) and 7.1 (1)°]. The C—C bond distances along the hepta­dienyl chain vary in the narrow range 1.382 (2)–1.394 (2) Å, thus indicating the significant degree of conjugation. In the crystal, the anions are linked into zigzag chains along the [10overline{1}] direction by C—H⋯N(nitrile) short contacts. The anti­parallel chains stack along the [110] direction with alternating separations between the neighboring anions in stacks of 3.291 and 3.504 Å. The C—H⋯N short contacts and stacking inter­actions combine to link the anions into layers parallel to the (overline{1}01) plane and separated by columns of tetra­methyl­ammonium cations.




ammo

In situ deca­rbonylation of N,N-di­methyl­formamide to form di­methyl­ammonium cations in the hybrid framework compound {[(CH3)2NH2]2[Zn{O3PC6H2(OH)2PO3}]}n

The title phospho­nate-based organic–inorganic hybrid framework, poly[bis(dimethylammonium) [(μ4-2,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,4-diphosphonato)zinc(II)]], {(C2H8N)2[Zn(C6H4O8P2)]}n, was formed unexpectedly when di­methyl­ammonium cations were formed from the in situ deca­rbonylation of the N,N-di­methyl­formamide solvent. The framework is built up from ZnO4 tetra­hedra and bridging di­phospho­nate tetra-anions to generate a three-dimensional network comprising [100] channels occupied by the (CH3)2NH2+ cations. Within the channels, an array of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to establish the structure. In addition, intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the appended –OH groups of the phenyl ring and adjacent PO32− groups are observed.




ammo

Tetra-n-butyl­ammonium orotate monohydrate: knowledge-based comparison of the results of accurate and lower-resolution analyses and a non-routine disorder refinement

The title hydrated mol­ecular salt (systematic name: tetra-n-butyl­ammonium 2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetra­hydro­pyrimidine-4-carboxyl­ate monohydrate), C16H36N+·C5H3N2O4−·H2O, crystallizes with N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded double-stranded anti­parallel ribbons consisting of the hydro­philic orotate monoanions and water mol­ecules, separated by the bulky hydro­phobic cations. The hydro­phobic and hydro­philic regions of the structure are joined by weaker non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. An accurate structure analysis conducted at T = 100 K is compared to a lower-resolution less accurate determination using data measured at T = 295 K. The results of both analyses are evaluated using a knowledge-based approach, and it is found that the less accurate room-temperature structure analysis provides geometric data that are similar to those derived from the accurate low-temperature analysis, with both sets of results consistent with previously analyzed structures. A minor disorder of one methyl group in the cation at low temperature was found to be slightly more complex at room temperature; while still involving a minor fraction of the structure, the disorder at room temperature was found to require a non-routine treatment, which is described in detail.