college Optimizing Resources in Childrens Surgical Care: An Update on the American College of Surgeons' Verification Program By pediatrics.aappublications.org Published On :: 2020-05-01T01:00:46-07:00 Surgical procedures are performed in the United States in a wide variety of clinical settings and with variation in clinical outcomes. In May 2012, the Task Force for Children’s Surgical Care, an ad hoc multidisciplinary group comprising physicians representing specialties relevant to pediatric perioperative care, was convened to generate recommendations to optimize the delivery of children’s surgical care. This group generated a white paper detailing the consensus opinions of the involved experts. Following these initial recommendations, the American College of Surgeons (ACS), Children’s Hospital Association, and Task Force for Children’s Surgical Care, with input from all related perioperative specialties, developed and published specific and detailed resource and quality standards designed to improve children’s surgical care (https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/childrens-surgery/childrens-surgery-verification). In 2015, with the endorsement of the American Academy of Pediatrics (https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/6/e1538), the ACS established a pilot verification program. In January 2017, after completion of the pilot program, the ACS Children’s Surgery Verification Quality Improvement Program was officially launched. Verified sites are listed on the program Web site at https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/childrens-surgery/childrens-surgery-verification/centers, and more than 150 are interested in verification. This report provides an update on the ACS Children’s Surgery Verification Quality Improvement Program as it continues to evolve. Full Article
college College Town II By batdongsan.com.vn Published On :: Tue, 06 Feb 2018 15:16:37 GMT Phố Thương mại tri thức College Town II nằm ở vị trí trung tâm của dự án khu đô thị sinh thái dịch vụ du lịch Thới Hòa quy mô 956ha, với vị trí vô cùng đắc địa, hứa hẹn đem lại cho cư dân nơi đây những điều kiện thuận lợi về giao thông cũng như tiện ích to lớn về cơ sở hạ tầng. Full Article
college Lori Loughlin, other parents lose bid to dismiss U.S. college scam charges By feeds.reuters.com Published On :: Fri, 08 May 2020 16:32:56 -0400 A federal judge on Friday declined to dismiss the charges against "Full House" actress Lori Loughlin and other wealthy parents awaiting trial in the U.S. college admissions scandal after they accused investigators of fabricating evidence. Full Article domesticNews
college University College London medics don 'lockdown costumes' for online graduation ceremony By www.standard.co.uk Published On :: 2020-04-27T10:40:22Z Medical students from University College London who were fast-tracked onto the NHS coronavirus frontline donned "lockdown costumes" for an online graduation ceremony. Full Article
college Should colleges give refunds over coronavirus? By news.yahoo.com Published On :: Sat, 02 May 2020 15:40:17 -0400 With higher education forced online amid the coronavirus pandemic, students say the quality of their education has decreased. Do colleges owe them a refund? Full Article
college Felicity Huffman's daughter admitted to university after college admissions scandal By www.independent.co.uk Published On :: 2020-04-28T10:15:26Z Huffman served 11 days in jail in 2019 for paying to have her daughter's SAT results doctored Full Article
college Sixth form college funded by Tottenham making protective equipment for north London hospitals By www.standard.co.uk Published On :: 2020-04-16T10:39:23Z A sixth-form college sponsored by Tottenham is helping to produce protective equipment for NHS workers. Full Article
college PhoneQuake — Best Cell Phone Plans For College Students - Being... By phonequake.tumblr.com Published On :: Fri, 06 Jul 2018 20:23:22 +0000 Best Cell Phone Plans For College Students - Being a student means making budget your middle name. What better place to start than with your cell phone plan? You want enough minutes, lots of texting, and a data plan that won’t quit. College is an ex… Full Article
college Lori Loughlin loses bid to have charges dismissed in college admissions case By globalnews.ca Published On :: Fri, 08 May 2020 18:37:10 +0000 Nearly two dozen parents have already pleaded guilty in the case, including "Desperate Housewives" actress Felicity Huffman. Full Article Entertainment News College Admissions college admissions scandal Desperate Housewives felicity huffman Giannulli Lori Loughlin lori loughlin court case lori loughlin husband Olivia Jade Operation Varsity Blues Rick Singer US College Admissions Scandal
college Students Sue Colleges After Online Classes Don’t Measure Up By feeds.bet.com Published On :: Tue, 5 May 2020 12:46:00 EDT Schools say it’s the best they can do in a pandemic. Full Article Education National News
college Coronavirus outbreak creates a college football recruiting year unlike any other By www.latimes.com Published On :: Fri, 1 May 2020 19:09:48 -0400 The coronavirus has created a unique year for college football recruiting. With travel restricted and summer camps canceled, many recruits could up playing near home. Full Article
college Imperial College London partners with NHS Trust to make PPE By www.pharmatimes.com Published On :: Thu, 07 May 2020 07:39:19 +0100 More than 6,000 visors have already been delivered to Charing Cross Hospital Full Article
college Imperial College London to lead major coronavirus home testing programme By www.pmlive.com Published On :: Fri, 01 May 2020 12:39:45 +0100 Aims to track the progress of the infection across the UK Full Article
college Alta Colleges to Pay U.S. $7 Million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations By www.justice.gov Published On :: Mon, 20 Apr 2009 11:48:45 EDT Alta Colleges Inc. and its wholly-owned collegiate schools in Texas have agreed to pay the United States $7 million to resolve allegations under the False Claims Act that the Texas schools submitted false claims for federal student aid funds. The United States alleged that Altas Texas colleges obtained the requisite state licenses by misrepresenting to the state licensing agency that they complied with state job-placement reporting requirements and that their interior design programs complied with requirements for a professional license. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Attorney General Eric Holder Delivers Remarks at Columbia College Commencement By www.justice.gov Published On :: Tue, 19 May 2009 11:20:19 EDT "Graduates, as you dive head first toward tomorrow, I call upon you to never loosen nor lose your grip on hope. The optimism that seems to come naturally with youth need not be lost as the years pass." Full Article Speech
college Justice Department Reaches Americans with Disabilities Act Settlement with Intellitec Colleges By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 16 Dec 2009 15:35:26 EST The department announced a settlement agreement under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) with Intellitec Colleges in Colorado Springs, Grand Junction, and Pueblo, Colo., to ensure access to its technical colleges for individuals with disabilities. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Attorney General Holder Delivers Vassar College Lecture on Public Service By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 22 Apr 2010 17:36:01 EDT "On Saturday, I understand that many of you will come together to mark one of Vassar’s oldest traditions – Founder’s Day – when you’ll celebrate the extraordinary foresight, generosity and optimism that Matthew Vassar showed in establishing this college," said Attorney General Holder. Full Article Speech
college Justice Department Settles Employment Discrimination Suit Against John Jay College By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 19 May 2010 17:01:46 EDT John Jay College, a New York City public college in the City University of New York (CUNY) system, has agreed to pay $23,260.00 in civil penalties and $10,072.23 in back pay to a former employee in order to settle a lawsuit filed by the Justice Department on April 15, 2010. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the American University Washington College of Law Commencement By www.justice.gov Published On :: Sun, 23 May 2010 16:28:54 EDT "I am also proud to be among the first to welcome you into a profession that will provide countless opportunities for you to hone your new skills, continue your learning process, channel your greatest passions, and improve the world we share," said Attorney General Holder. Full Article Speech
college Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the District of Columbia College Access Program Graduation Celebration By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 23 Jun 2010 18:44:09 EDT "Over the last decade, you have redefined statistics, expectations, and, most importantly, possibilities for students across this city," said Attorney General Holder. Full Article Speech
college Laurence Tribe, Senior Counselor for Access to Justice, Speaks at the American College of Trial Lawyers 2010 Annual Meeting By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 2 Dec 2010 18:00:20 EST "It’s a special honor for me to address the American College of Trial Lawyers, and to share the stage today with such impressive and distinguished speakers as Justice Cromwell, Justice Kirby, Judge Sparks, and Professor Coffee." Full Article Speech
college Justice Department Settles Allegations of Immigration-Related Employment Discrimination Against Maricopa Community College District By www.justice.gov Published On :: Mon, 16 May 2011 17:18:13 EDT The Justice Department today reached a settlement agreement with the Maricopa County Community College District in Arizona, resolving allegations that the district engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination against non-citizens in the hiring and employment-eligibility verification process. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college United States Intervenes in Suit Against American Commercial College Inc. Alleging False Claims Act Violations By www.justice.gov Published On :: Tue, 28 Feb 2012 16:36:20 EST The United States has intervened in a whistleblower suit pending under the False Claims Act against American Commercial College Inc. (ACC), a chain of for-profit colleges located in west Texas. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Justice Department Reaches Settlement with Houston Community College to Resolve Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 31 Jan 2013 10:53:36 EST The Justice Department announced today that it has reached an agreement with Houston Community College resolving allegations that the college violated the anti-discrimination provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Deputy Attorney General James M. Cole Speaks at the Department of Justice’s 2014 Nationwide Tour to Raise Awareness of Sexual Assault on College Campuses By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 24 Apr 2014 10:59:46 EDT "We want to make sure that survivors everywhere know that they have a place – and a voice. Survivors have this Administration’s commitment to build toward a future where domestic abuse, sexual assault, stalking and teen dating violence are eradicated," said Deputy Attorney General Cole. Full Article Speech
college Associate Attorney General Tony West Delivers Remarks at Department of Justice’s 2014 Nationwide Tour to Raise Awareness of Sexual Assault on College Campuses By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 24 Apr 2014 13:07:21 EDT As Reverend Garanzini mentioned, I am the Associate Attorney General of the United States, the number three official at the Justice Department. And throughout my career, I’ve been fortunate to hold many titles. But they all pale in importance to the roles I play as the father of an intelligent and talented daughter; as the older brother of two amazing sisters and brother-in-law to a third; as an uncle, a son and a husband. Full Article Speech
college Acting Assistant Attorney General Jocelyn Samuels Speaks at the Department of Justice’s 2014 Nationwide Tour to Raise Awareness of Sexual Assault on College Campuses By www.justice.gov Published On :: Fri, 25 Apr 2014 10:25:37 EDT "When universities fail to respond adequately to campus sexual assault, they engage in their own sex discrimination by forcing the affected students to attend school in a hostile sex-based environment." Full Article Speech
college United States Files Complaint Against Stevens-Henager College, Inc. Alleging False Claims Act Violations for Illegal Recruiting By www.justice.gov Published On :: Thu, 8 May 2014 10:46:19 EDT The United States has filed a complaint under the False Claims Act against Stevens-Henager College, Inc. and its owner, The Center for Excellence in Higher Education, for illegally compensating recruiters, the Department of Justice announced today. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Readout of the Attorney General’s Meeting with D.C.-area College Campus Leadership on Addressing Campus Sexual Assault By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 14 May 2014 16:20:50 EDT Today, Attorney General Eric Holder met with campus leadership from eight Washington, D.C.-area colleges and universities: American University; Catholic University of America; Gallaudet University; Georgetown University; George Washington University; Howard University; Trinity University; and University of the District of Columbia, to discuss how administrations are addressing sexual assault on campus. Full Article OPA Press Releases
college Excerpts of Attorney General Eric Holder’s Remarks at a Community College By www.justice.gov Published On :: Wed, 20 Aug 2014 19:59:34 EDT “The eyes of the nation and the world are watching Ferguson right now. The world is watching because the issues raised by the shooting of Michael Brown predate this incident. This is something that has a history to it and the history simmers beneath the surface in more communities than just Ferguson." Full Article Speech
college Tens of thousands of California college students to get relief from emergency grants By www.latimes.com Published On :: Fri, 8 May 2020 10:00:34 -0400 California college students will get emergency CARES grants Full Article
college Promoting healthy lifestyle in Chinese college students: evaluation of a social media-based intervention applying the RE-AIM framework By feeds.nature.com Published On :: 2020-05-04 Full Article
college Correction: A characterization of personal care product use among undergraduate female college students in South Carolina, USA By feeds.nature.com Published On :: 2020-04-08 Full Article
college Class Notes: Selective College Admissions, Early Life Mortality, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 25 Mar 2020 18:36:42 +0000 This week in Class Notes: The Texas Top Ten Percent rule increased equity and economic efficiency. There are big gaps in U.S. early-life mortality rates by family structure. Locally-concentrated income shocks can persistently change the distribution of poverty within a city. Our top chart shows how income inequality changed in the United States between 2007 and 2016. Tammy Kim describes the effect of the… Full Article
college Class Notes: College ‘Sticker Prices,’ the Gender Gap in Housing Returns, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 08 Apr 2020 15:48:43 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Fear of Ebola was a powerful force in shaping the 2014 midterm elections. Increases in the “sticker price” of a college discourage students from applying, even when they would be eligible for financial aid. The gender gap in housing returns is large and can explain 30% of the gender gap in wealth accumulation at retirement.… Full Article
college Webinar: Great levelers or great stratifiers? College access, admissions, and the American middle class By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Fri, 01 May 2020 13:23:37 +0000 One year after Operation Varsity Blues, and in the midst of one of the greatest crises higher education has ever seen, college admissions and access have never been more important. A college degree has long been seen as a ticket into the middle class, but it is increasingly clear that not all institutions lead to… Full Article
college Class Notes: College ‘Sticker Prices,’ the Gender Gap in Housing Returns, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 08 Apr 2020 15:48:43 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Fear of Ebola was a powerful force in shaping the 2014 midterm elections. Increases in the “sticker price” of a college discourage students from applying, even when they would be eligible for financial aid. The gender gap in housing returns is large and can explain 30% of the gender gap in wealth accumulation at retirement.… Full Article
college Class Notes: Selective College Admissions, Early Life Mortality, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 25 Mar 2020 18:36:42 +0000 This week in Class Notes: The Texas Top Ten Percent rule increased equity and economic efficiency. There are big gaps in U.S. early-life mortality rates by family structure. Locally-concentrated income shocks can persistently change the distribution of poverty within a city. Our top chart shows how income inequality changed in the United States between 2007 and 2016. Tammy Kim describes the effect of the… Full Article
college Class Notes: College ‘Sticker Prices,’ the Gender Gap in Housing Returns, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 08 Apr 2020 15:48:43 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Fear of Ebola was a powerful force in shaping the 2014 midterm elections. Increases in the “sticker price” of a college discourage students from applying, even when they would be eligible for financial aid. The gender gap in housing returns is large and can explain 30% of the gender gap in wealth accumulation at retirement.… Full Article
college Class Notes: Selective College Admissions, Early Life Mortality, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 25 Mar 2020 18:36:42 +0000 This week in Class Notes: The Texas Top Ten Percent rule increased equity and economic efficiency. There are big gaps in U.S. early-life mortality rates by family structure. Locally-concentrated income shocks can persistently change the distribution of poverty within a city. Our top chart shows how income inequality changed in the United States between 2007 and 2016. Tammy Kim describes the effect of the… Full Article
college A New Goal for America’s High Schools: College Preparation for All By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Thu, 14 May 2009 12:00:00 -0400 INTRODUCTION Economic inequality has been on the rise in America for more than three decades. The nation’s traditional engine for promoting equality and opportunity—its public education system—has been unable to halt that upward trend despite increased public spending at the preschool, K–12, and postsecondary levels. Meanwhile, accumulating research evidence reveals that postsecondary education has, for the past few decades, proved an increasingly powerful tool in boosting the income and economic mobility of disadvantaged students. Here we outline steps that high schools can take to increase the college readiness of poor and minority students, making it more likely that they will be accepted into and graduate from college. The annual income difference between Americans with a college degree and those with a high school degree was more than $33,000 in 2007, up from $12,500 in 1965. More to the point, long-term intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics show that a college degree helps disadvantaged children move up the income distribution past peers in their own generation. Adult children with parents in the bottom fifth of income, for example, nearly quadruple (from 5 percent to 19 percent) their chance of moving all the way to the top fifth by earning a college degree.But too few poor kids get a college degree. About one-third of all youngsters from the bottom fifth of family income enter college and only 11 percent get a degree. By contrast, 80 percent of those from the top fifth enter college and well over half earn a degree.Perhaps the primary reason that poor and minority students do not enter and graduate from college is that they are poorly prepared to do well there. The problem is especially evident in the huge gap between the academic achievement of white, Asian, and middle- and upper-income students as compared with black, Hispanic, and low-income students. And decades of educational reform aimed at reducing this gap have had, at best, modest success. Striking evidence of how few college freshmen meet even the most basic college preparation standards is provided by Jay Greene and Greg Forster of the Manhattan Institute. Defining minimum college readiness as receiving a high school diploma, taking courses required by colleges for basic academic preparedness, and demonstrating basic literacy skills, Greene and Forster report that only around 40 percent of white and Asian students were college ready by these criteria. But that figure was twice the 20 percent rate for black students and more than twice the 16 percent rate for Hispanic students.The latest issue of The Future of Children, devoted to exploring how to improve America’s high schools, contains several articles that touch on student preparation for postsecondary education and the world of work. An especially compelling article, written by Melissa Roderick, Jenny Nagaoka, and Vanessa Coca, of the Consortium on Chicago School Research at the University of Chicago, contains a careful analysis of how to measure whether students are ready for college and a host of proposals for actions high schools can take to increase their students’ readiness for postsecondary education. As the Roderick article and related research and analysis make clear, recent years have seen an upsurge of support for the goal of helping all students, but especially poor, urban, and minority students, prepare for college, enter college, and earn a terminal degree. Attaining that goal, we believe, would boost economic mobility in the United States and help the nation live up to its ideals of equality of educational and economic opportunity. Downloads Download Authors Ron HaskinsJames Kemple Publication: The Future of Children Full Article
college Class Notes: College ‘Sticker Prices,’ the Gender Gap in Housing Returns, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 08 Apr 2020 15:48:43 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Fear of Ebola was a powerful force in shaping the 2014 midterm elections. Increases in the “sticker price” of a college discourage students from applying, even when they would be eligible for financial aid. The gender gap in housing returns is large and can explain 30% of the gender gap in wealth accumulation at retirement.… Full Article
college Class Notes: Elite college admissions, data on SNAP, and more By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 27 Nov 2019 14:48:42 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Harvard encourages applications from many students who have very little chance of being admitted, particularly African Americans Wages for low-skilled men have not been influenced by changes in the occupational composition of workers. Retention rates for the social insurance program SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) are low, even among those who remain eligible.… Full Article
college Class Notes: Virtual college counseling, rainy-day savings accounts, and more By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 11 Dec 2019 16:28:18 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Accounting for the consumption value of college increases the rate of return to a college education by 12-14%. Virtual college counseling increases applications to four-year and selective universities, particularly among disadvantaged students, but the effect on acceptance and enrollment is minimal. Automatically enrolling employees into an employer-sponsored savings account is a cost-effective way of helping workers… Full Article
college Class Notes: Minimum Wage and Children’s Health, College Regrades, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 12 Feb 2020 17:16:52 +0000 This week in Class Notes: Male students are significantly more likely than female students to ask for regrades in college. Higher minimum wages have large, positive effects on child health, with the greatest benefits between ages 1-5. The Social Security Annual Earnings Test reduces the employment rate of affected Americans by at least 1.2 percentage points. Our top chart shows… Full Article
college Webinar: Great levelers or great stratifiers? College access, admissions, and the American middle class By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Fri, 01 May 2020 13:23:37 +0000 One year after Operation Varsity Blues, and in the midst of one of the greatest crises higher education has ever seen, college admissions and access have never been more important. A college degree has long been seen as a ticket into the middle class, but it is increasingly clear that not all institutions lead to… Full Article
college More data can make college less risky By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Thu, 21 Jan 2016 05:00:00 -0500 There are lots of good reasons to go to college, but the vast majority of prospective students in this country report[i] that they’ll go to college because they believe that it will improve their employment opportunities and financial wellbeing. And for the most part, they’re right. Despite many suggestions to the contrary, it’s very well documented[ii] that investments in higher education pay large dividends in the form of future earnings. This makes higher education one of the most important tools we have for generating social mobility. Regardless of an individual’s starting point in life, higher education offers access to greater financial well-being. Unfortunately, it’s not a fail proof system. Investments in education, like investments in the stock market, do not come without risk. In financial markets, access to information is one way investors mitigate risk. Mutual funds, for example, disclose average returns over various time periods for certain categories of investments (e.g. large-cap funds, emerging market funds, technology funds, etc.), in addition to other information. These data, moreover, are widely and freely available through consumer-oriented websites like Yahoo Finance, Vanguard, and E-Trade. Yet, for higher education, students have had access to no analogous information until quite recently. For decades, economists discussed the average benefits of a college education compared to a high school education with no regard to either field of study or institution. Finally, in 2009, the Census Bureau started collecting data that could be used to assess which majors pay the most,[iii] and then just a few months ago, the Department of Education released data on the earnings of alumni by institution, for all students who receive federal grants or loans. These data can be further analyzed, as we have done, to estimate the economic contribution of schools (or value-added) as distinct from the outcomes attributable to student characteristics (like test scores).[iv] Still, even with these data advances, students cannot compare earnings by major across institutions, except in a handful of cases using state data systems. Here, we illustrate how data by major and institution can inform the decision of what to study and where using data from Texas. Suppose first that this student is a Texas resident and has decided she would like to pursue a bachelor’s degree at a public institution in her state. Our data on alumni earnings by major comes from the Texas Higher Education Board, and we combine it with information on the net cost of tuition from the Department of Education’s IPEDS database as reported in the College Scorecard.[v] We use these data to estimate the ten-year return on investment for each institution in the state of Texas by major. We calculate an estimate of ten-year return by summing the average earnings faced by graduates over the first ten years following graduation[vi] and subtracting off the wage they would have received as a high school graduate without a degree (taking into account additional years of earnings when they would have been enrolled in college). To estimate this benchmark, we used data on Texas residents from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey, obtained via IPUMS CPS.[vii] We then subtract the institution specific costs[viii] to get the ten-year financial return. Since education pays off over a lifetime, this isn’t the ideal exercise, but it’s still informative. We’ve estimated these returns based on the population of individuals who both complete their degree and do not go on to complete graduate study. Ideally, these estimated expected returns would be adjusted to account for how earnings and costs are affected by non-completion. Indeed, the average rate of completion across these schools is only 48 percent. This is a quick and dirty method for estimating returns that fails to take into account a number of selection issues,[ix] but we believe that it still provides an effective illustration of risk in higher education. Figure 1 illustrates the potential average outcome facing our Texas student, who is deciding between bachelor’s degree programs from the set of public institutions in her home state. We’ve plotted the distribution of financial returns for the set of potential expected outcomes, which are defined as all combinations of institution and major. To be clear, the distribution of potential outcomes would be far wider if we were using individual specific variation (i.e. the fact that some students will ultimately earn more than others, even with the same degree from the same institution) and the real possibility of non-completion. We know that, on average, this student will face a positive return on her investment, wherever she chooses to go. The average rate of return across all possible choices facing this student is quite a sizeable 11.3 percent (or $216,000 in undiscounted 2014 dollars). At a systemic level that’s important. Still, the standard deviation is 6.7, with a low return of a -6.6 percent (Animal Science at Sul Ross State) and a high return of 79.8 percent (Registered Nursing at UT Brownsville). Out of 1065 combinations of majors and schools, 19 yielded average negative returns. This was true even for two programs at the selective UT Austin campus (Visual and Performing Arts and Classics). 1.1 percent of students who graduated in 2004 were in a major-institution combination that yielded a net return below 4 percent. In such cases, they would have been better off putting their dollars into treasury bills. Figure 1. Mean return on bachelor’s degree investment by institution and major, for Texas residents who graduated in 2004 from a Texas public college Students who know what they want to major in could benefit greatly from knowing which school is likely to generate the largest pay off (it would be nice to know this in terms of learning as well as money, but that is another more complicated matter). We’ve illustrated the distribution of potential outcomes for two different popular majors, Liberal Arts and Sciences and Electrical Engineering.[x] Both majors clearly offer a significant average rate of return across all institutions (12 for Liberal Arts and 20 for Electrical Engineering), but depending on which major they choose the student will face a different level of risk in their future earnings. The variation (standard deviation) in the expected rate of return across institutions is much larger for Liberal Arts majors (5.7) than for Electrical Engineering majors (3.7). Yet, while these facts may discourage people from pursuing a Liberal Arts major in the abstract, the plot below does show that some Liberal Arts majors out-earn their peers in electrical engineering. For example, Liberal Arts majors from UT Austin earned a higher return than electrical engineering majors at UT Dallas, the University of Houston, and three other UT campuses. Thus, these more detailed facts can actually encourage students to pursue majors that look economically bad for the average student but quite attractive at a particular school with a strong program. Figure 2. Distribution of earnings 10 years after graduation for bachelor’s degree holders with an Electrical Engineering or Liberal Arts degree, for Texas residents and 2004 graduates from Texas public colleges The point is that college degrees, like other investments, are risky, but information goes a long way to clarify the nature of that risk and improve the quality of investment decisions. In addition to providing students and the public greater access to data on market performance of alumni, there are a number of innovations both in the policy arena and in the private market that could help make college investments less risky. First of all, innovative financing systems that allow students to pay for their investment over a longer period of time and tie repayment to earnings would greatly limit downside risk for students. Second, institutions have the capacity to shoulder some of this risk, and a proposal known as risk-sharing[xi] is gaining some traction and would require schools to pay the federal government some portion of loan default losses. On a voluntary basis, some colleges have offered on-time graduation guarantees[xii] and wage guarantees.[xiii] And last, new business models in higher education could help mitigate risk. Part of the problem in the current system comes from the all-or-nothing regime in which students have to invest in a bundle of coursework (i.e. a degree) in order to reap significant returns. The growing prominence of new models, like micro-credentials[xiv] and coding boot camps,[xv] can offer alternatives that don’t require students to put all of their eggs in one basket. [i] http://www.edcentral.org/collegedecisions/ [ii] http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/jobs/posts/2012/10/05-jobs-greenstone-looney [iii] https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-10.pdf [iv] http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/10/29-earnings-data-college-scorecard-rothwell [v] Alumni earnings are reported to us at the field of study and institutional level for all alumni who graduated from a Texas four-year public institution in 2004 and were working in Texas one year, three years, five years, 8 years, or ten years after graduation up until 2015. The sample is further restricted to bachelor’s degree only recipients who did not go on to earn a higher degree. The underlying data source removed workers earning more than one million dollars. [vi] Cumulative earnings were calculated for each major-institution combination imputing earnings for missing years using the average of the two observations closest in time. Earnings were further adjusted to 2015 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. [vii] This sample was limited to individuals who were born in 1982 and working and not enrolled in school. Mean high school earnings were averaged across individuals for over 14 years (2000 to 2014). [viii] Cost is estimated using average tuition revenue per full time student less institutional discounts and allowances. We sum this variable over four years (2001 to 2004) and adjust to 2015 dollars. Note that this average is likely to be reasonably accurate even for students who take longer to graduate because in such cases they are likely enroll in fewer classes per year, incurring lower expenses. We did not include the cost of living, because students would have had to pay those costs if they were not enrolled in college. [ix] For instance, we might expect that college graduates would earn higher wages than the typical high school graduate even if they did not have a college degree. Essentially, our study does not take into account the fact that wages are a function of both individual characteristics and college quality. For the purposes of policy, a value-added measure has the capacity to overcome some of the limitations of this brief study. [x] The Liberal Arts and Science major is described here: https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=88372 [xi] http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/11/17-colleges-local-economies-rothwell [xii] https://www.pdx.edu/four [xiii] http://adrian.edu/admissions/financial-aid/adrianplus [xiv] http://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_case_for_social_innovation_micro_credentials [xv] http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2014/12/20/370954988/twelve-weeks-to-a-six-figure-job Authors Beth AkersJonathan Rothwell Image Source: © Lucas Jackson / Reuters Full Article
college March Madness and college basketball’s racial bias problem By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Fri, 06 Mar 2020 05:01:39 +0000 The NCAA basketball tournament is one of the most-viewed sporting events in the United States. In 2019, nearly 20 million viewers watched the championship game, and each tournament game (67 total) averaged about 10 million viewers. Over 17 million people completed a March Madness tournament bracket for the 68-team tournament. Among youth, basketball is one… Full Article
college New college endowment tax won’t help low-income students, here’s how it could By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Thu, 22 Feb 2018 17:10:36 +0000 There is not very much to like about the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. It delivers big benefits to the affluent, creates new loopholes and complexities, and will send the deficit soaring. One provision with some merit, however, is the introduction of a tax on the endowments of wealthy colleges. Of course, it has hardly gone down well within the Ivy League. But… Full Article
college Class Notes: Selective College Admissions, Early Life Mortality, and More By webfeeds.brookings.edu Published On :: Wed, 25 Mar 2020 18:36:42 +0000 This week in Class Notes: The Texas Top Ten Percent rule increased equity and economic efficiency. There are big gaps in U.S. early-life mortality rates by family structure. Locally-concentrated income shocks can persistently change the distribution of poverty within a city. Our top chart shows how income inequality changed in the United States between 2007 and 2016. Tammy Kim describes the effect of the… Full Article