A pen dispenser for dispensing flowable and non-flowable material, comprising a pen body and an optional push button applicator for the pen, a universal cartridge, optionally having a disposable cartridge, and capable of accepting a multitude of interchangeable tip applicators.

A tooth cleaning device comprising a handle, and a pad coupled to the handle, wherein the pad has a front face, a back face and a plurality of side walls. There are a plurality of different areas disposed on the front face of the pad comprising a first area comprising a first set of protrusions, in a substantially semi-spherical shape, and a second area comprising a second set of protrusions in a substantially conical shape. There is also a third area of protrusions formed as a substantially conical shape, and a fourth area of protrusions formed as a substantially semi-spherical shape. The device can be formed as a pad which collapses voluntarily under pressure. The pad can be made from any suitable material such as any type of rubber or plastic.

A heated cosmetic applicator that has a plurality of small, individual heating elements placed within and/or on at least some of the lash grooming elements. A heat-generating applicator head for a heated cosmetic applicator that has a plurality of small, individual heating elements placed within and/or on at least some of the lash grooming elements.

A makeup applicator assembly includes an elongated tube having an interior space, a bottom end and a top end. A bottom opening extends through the bottom end of the tube. A chamber is positioned in the interior space and the chamber is positioned proximate the bottom end of the tube. A makeup material is positioned in the chamber. An elongated applicator is also positioned in the chamber. A button is coupled to and extends from the top end of the tube. A plunger extends between the button and the applicator, and the plunger also extends into the chamber. A dispensing aperture is positioned in the chamber. The applicator is extendable through the dispensing aperture. The dispensing aperture is positioned proximate the bottom end of the tube wherein the applicator is extendable from the bottom end of the tube when the button is manipulated.

A packaging and applicator device for applying a composition on the eyelashes and/or the eyebrows, that includes a container defining an inside space containing the composition and including a wiper member; and an applicator having a longitudinal axis and having an applicator member with a twisted-core brush carrying bristles, there being 5 to 55 bristles per turn, the diameter of the brush lying in the range 6/100 mm to 40/100 mm along at least a fraction of the applicator member, a plurality of bristles carried by this portion coming to within a distance of less than 1.5 mm from the inside surface of the container under the wiper member in a storage position or while the applicator is being withdrawn along the longitudinal axis of the container.

A cream dispensing applicator assembly allows an individual to easily, evenly, and cleanly apply cream to hard-to-reach areas of the body. The assembly includes an elongated member having a head coupled to a handle. The elongated member has an interior space configured for holding a liquid. A pad is coupled to the head. A channel extends through the head. A plurality of outlet ports is coupled to the pad and to the channel. A plunger, a shaft, a knob, and a switch are coupled to the handle. The shaft is coupled to and extends through the plunger. The knob is operationally coupled to the plunger wherein manipulation of the knob urges the plunger into the shaft. A valve is coupled to the handle and to the channel. The switch is operationally coupled to the valve wherein manipulation of the switch selectively opens and closes the valve.

A container (1) for a stick of a cosmetic or hygienic product, comprising an applicator element (3) in which a stick (2) of said product can move axially relative to a base (32), as well as a tubular storage element (4) comprising a top (41) that contains a mobile sleeve (42) and is suitable for covering the applicator element (3) in a configuration wherein said applicator element is fully inserted into the sleeve and connected to said top by means of an elastically compressible device having two stable axial positions relative to a hilly inserted configuration, said device comprising a resilient element (43) pushing the sleeve (42) towards the outside of the top, and, distributed between the top and the sleeve, a heart-shaped guide track (44) arranged parallel to an axial direction of the top, and a follower (45) carried by a generally axially pivoting arm (46) such as to define stable top and bottom positions allowing the applicator element to be gripped or not. The resilient element (43) is arranged between the outer wall of the sleeve (42) and the inner wall of the top (41), and the guide track and follower are arranged in a lateral space formed by the shape differences of the cross-sections of the top and the sleeve.

A golf tee insertion depth measurement tool provides a gauge to facilitate marking the shaft of a golf tee to indicate a desired insertion depth that provides an optimum height for a golf ball placed on the tee, which ball is to be struck by a club face having a height H. The tool has a base portion and an elongate stem portion having a stem length. The base portion has a first surface and a second surface. The stem portion is connected to the base portion and extends outwardly away from the second surface of the base portion. The stem portion is first marked along its length at a location corresponding to the club face height H above the ground. The shaft of a tee is then marked at a location corresponding to the marked location on the stem portion to provide the correct insertion depth for the tee.

The present invention relates to a thermochromic color-memory toner containing: a microcapsule pigment encapsulating a thermochromic color-memory composition; and a binder resin, in which the microcapsule pigment shows a hysteresis characteristic that, in a temperature-rise process, decoloration starts when the temperature reaches t3 and the pigment completely reaches a decolored state in a temperature region of t4 or higher, and in a temperature-drop process, coloration starts when the temperature reaches t2 and the pigment completely reaches a colored state in a temperature region of ti or lower, and ti is in a range of from −50 to 0° C. and t4 is in a range of from 50 to 150° C.

A plurality of multi-applicator tools are provided, including tools which include magnetically attachable and detachable application brushes or the like. Some embodiments include a linear arrangement of brushes in a generally elongate tool configuration. Other embodiments include a central base into which application brushes fit within. Various appearances are likewise provided.

Applicators are described suitable for the application of liquid to patient's skin. An applicator pad (3) is supported on a support flange (23) of an applicator housing (2), which receives a liquid cartridge (5). To moderate the rush of liquid on to the back of the applicator pad a flow distributor plate (6) is positioned on the rear position of the pad (3), restricting flow onto the pad to an annular slit opening around the plate (6). The front surface of the plate (6), opposing the pad (3), may have one or more grooves so that liquid can flow from the edge towards the center. Also disclosed, as an alternative, is the use of a projecting cantilevered tongue structure to distribute liquid across the rear surface of the sponge pad. The pad may have a hooked lobe shape for a front end of the applicator pad.

A dispenser includes a thermal storage tip and a housing having a reservoir for containing a product, such as a cosmetics product or a medicinal product. The thermal storage tip comprises a material that is capable of storing and retaining thermal energy during application of the product.

A unitary hand-held, single-use liquid dispenser and applicator is disclosed. A squeezable handle also serves as a reservoir for liquid. A non-forming thermoplastic film seals liquid within the reservoir. Novel weaknesses in the film can be broken on demand to create an opening for liquid to freely flow onto an absorbent pad. A user can thus dispense and apply the liquid without ever touching the liquid or the surface with his hands.

Disclosed herein is a refillable toothbrush with a refillable toothpaste chamber also adapted to contain a toothpaste cartridge. Thus the toothpaste chamber can be filled directly by toothpaste from different types of toothpaste tubes, or the consumer can use a toothpaste cartridge. An essential distinctive feature of the present invention is realization of two functions by means of the protective cap: its direct function—protecting the bristles in stowed position, and an additional function, namely—feeding toothpaste to the bristle section. The toothbrush is made of a small number of simple parts, is easy to manufacture, has the opportunity to be simply assembled-disassembled, and is easily cleaned. To facilitate cleaning of the toothbrush head conduit from the remnants of toothpaste before the next recharge of the toothbrush, it can be complete with a special removable rod having an ability to be let-in the conduit. A distinctive feature of the removable rod is that it fulfills additional useful functions: prevents paste hardening in conduit at long non-use of a brush; can serve as a toothpick; can serve as means for piercing membrane of a cartridge. The toothbrush can also be complete with a special clip for fixing it in the user's pocket. A special design of the clip provides it with an additional function that allows for the user to dose out more precisely supplied toothpaste to the bristles. A new kind of cartridge is also disclosed herein.

A fluid dispensing toothbrush (100). In one aspect, the toothbrush comprises a body (105) having a reservoir (135) containing an oral care fluid (136) therein, the oral care fluid being delivered to an applicator (132) via capillary action. The toothbrush comprises an actuator (130) for moving either the applicator and/or the reservoir between different positions.

The present invention relates to an applicator for applying a composition to keratinous fibers, in particular the eyelashes or the eyebrows, the applicator including a stem having a longitudinal axis and including at least one elastically-deformable flexible portion that is suitable for flexing during application and/or wiping; and an applicator element that is fastened to the stem and that includes a twisted wire core and bristles that extend transversally to the longitudinal axis of the stem.

A cosmetic packaging and applicator device that includes a container having an inside space and a wiper member; an applicator having a core and projecting elements, a portion of the inside periphery of the container under the wiper member occupying a total angular extent of at least 90° at less than 1.5 mm from the applicator member when in its storage position or while being extracted from the container, the applicator member having at least two locations that are spaced apart along the core longitudinal axis by more than 3 mm and at each of which the difference between the greatest transverse dimension of the applicator member at the location and a smallest inside dimension of the container at the level of the location is less than 3 mm; and a preferential passage for flowing the composition along the applicator member while it is being extracted from the container.

Methods and systems for allocating memory of user terminals are disclosed. A user terminal may determine a weight for one or more categories, each category being associated with Internet information to be broadcast. The user terminal also may determine an available memory size of memory and may allocate memory to the one or more categories for storing the Internet information based on the weights and the available memory size.

[Problem] To provide a wireless station, a determination apparatus, a wireless communication system, a determination method, and a storage medium which can carry out appropriate interference causing control in a secondary system adaptively to an actual environment with no change in a configuration of a primary system. [Means to solve the problem] A wireless station includes a determination means to determine at least one monitoring station measuring a wireless signal, which is transmitted by the wireless station and which causes interference to another system, out of plural wireless stations of a wireless communication system to which the wireless station belongs.

A touch sensitive screen mobile information apparatus having a wireless communication unit for wireless device discovery is herein disclosed. Close proximity wireless device discovery is enabled by wireless searching near distance via radio frequency field for a wireless device, receiving information from the wireless device over the near distance wireless communication, and storing the received information at the information apparatus for future wireless connections. Authentication or pairing of devices may be eliminated due to close proximity of the direct wireless device discovery. After wireless device discovery, the information apparatus and the wireless device may become locked or paired for subsequent wireless communication over any number of wireless communication protocols or standards (e.g., Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11, 2.4GHz) without the need to repeat wireless discovery or pairing. Examples of information apparatus include smart phones, digital camera, laptops, or information pads. Examples of wireless devices include televisions, audio output devices, or printers.

Methods and systems are provided for prioritizing carriers in femtocell frequency-hopping pilot beacons. A femtocell receives registration requests from a number of mobile devices requesting to hand off service from a macro-network carrier to the femtocell. The femtocell identifies the macro-network carrier that each mobile device has handed off from. The femtocell then uses that information to prioritize future broadcasts of its frequency-hopping pilot beacon on those macro-network carriers on which the most mobile devices have handed off from. The prioritization could take the form of broadcasting more often on the higher priority one or more carriers per cycle, or broadcasting for a longer continuous period of time on the higher priority one or more carriers per cycle.

The invention concerns a method for optimizing antenna pattern assignment for a first wireless communication device forming a wireless network with at least one second wireless communication device, each of said communication device being equipped with a multi-sector antenna, an antenna pattern being a combination of said antenna sectors, said communication devices being adapted for sending a request and for receiving a response using a current antenna pattern assignment, said method comprising a step of: evaluating by said first communication device a first value;sending by said first communication device to said second communication device a broadcast request comprising said valuereceiving by said first communication device, a response to said broadcast request, said response being sent by said second communication device, said response depending on a second value evaluated by said second device;Switching or not, by said first communication device, to a new antenna sector assignment depending on said response; According to the invention the first value is evaluated by minimizing a first local function according to the received signal strength received by said first communication device having said current antenna pattern assignment and the second value is evaluated by minimizing a second local function according to the received signal strength received by said second communication device for its own current antenna pattern assignment.

The invention provides storage enclosure, comprising an enclosure housing; one or more drawers slidably arranged within the enclosure housing, wherein each drawer has a pivotably mounted midplane having storage media coupled thereto wherein the storage media are coupled to both sides of the pivotably mounted midplane.

An electric actuator has a motor, an electricity storing body, a switch and a resetting unit. The switch is provided in a supply path of electric power from the electricity storing body to the motor. The switch opens the supply path for electric power from the electricity storing body to the motor, in response to an instruction from an operator. The resetting unit is operated through receiving a supply of electric power from the external power supply when the external power supply has been restored from being cut off. The resetting unit closes the switch that is provided in the supply path of electric power from the electricity storing body to the motor.

A tractor cab HVAC system has a blower (22) which draws air into the system via air intake means (13) in the roof (14) of the cab (10). Ducting (15) in the roof of the cab directs air drawn in via the intake means down the center of one or more hollow adjacent pillars (16) of the cab to an air filter (18) contained in a housing (20) located between the adjacent pillars. Further ducting (19) extends from the air filter housing to an HVAC unit (11), the HVAC unit processing the air drawn into the system prior to discharging the processed air into the cab. The filter housing (20) is of generally rectangular form and is connected at opposite ends to the two hollow adjacent pillars (16) of the cab via inlet openings (20a) in the housing to allow the passage of intake air from the pillars to the filter (18).

An isolator includes a work chamber, a sterilizing substance supply unit, a gas flow channel pressure adjustment unit, a work chamber barometer, and a controller. The controller is configured to control execution of a gas flow channel leak test for checking a gas leak in a gas flow channel based on a detection result by the work chamber barometer after making the gas flow channel pressure adjustment unit increase or decrease the pressure in the gas flow channel, and is configured to control supply of the sterilizing substance by the sterilizing substance supply unit. The controller performs heating of a heater, which accompanies the supply of the sterilizing substance, in parallel with the gas flow channel leak test.

A vehicle is provided including a battery module, a DC/DC converter module portioned from the battery module, a duct, one blower, and a jumper duct. The battery module includes inlet and outlet ports. The DC/DC converter module includes inlet and outlet ports. A duct is arranged to direct cooling air into each of the inlet ports. The blower is arranged to draw cooling air from the duct, through the modules, and out the outlet ports. The jumper duct is arranged up stream of the blower with the converter outlet port, and configured to reduce an effective cross sectional area of the converter outlet port to define a flow rate of the cooling air into the battery inlet port.

It is an object to ease discomfort feeling caused by ear fullness for passengers of an elevator. An air pressure control device 104 controls an air pressure in an elevator car 102 using an air pressure adjusting device 105 such as a blower, an air compressor, etc. In the air pressure control device 104, a departure/arrival control unit 121 largely changes the air pressure in the elevator car 102 in the first period which is a time zone at the time of departing from a departure floor (or at the time of arriving at an arrival floor), and an except departure/arrival control unit 122 slightly changes the air pressure in the elevator car 102 in the subsequent second period (or in a time period until arrival). By this 2-step air pressure control, the passenger is prompted to clear the ear in a short time T1, the ear fullness is resolved by the ear clearing, and thereafter, the passenger can ascend/descend with the elevator car 102 comfortably until arriving at the arrival floor.

A chassis and rack system is disclosed in which a chassis separated into two separate enclosures by a central partition. Each of the enclosures is sized to receive a computer system. The partition includes a pair of vertically oriented vents, with each of the vents in fluid communication with one of the enclosures and the computer system contained therein. Heated air is removed from each computer system through the vent in the partition that is associated with the computer system. Multiple chassis may be placed one atop another in a vertical configuration in which each chassis is either directly above or directly below another chassis. In this vertical configuration, the vents form a vertically oriented common plenum that can be used to evacuate air from multiple chassis arranged in a rack.

An elevator apparatus includes an elevator car; an air blower including an air inlet and an air outlet; ducts each having one end individually connected to the elevator car, the air inlet and the air outlet; intake and exhaust air volume adjusting means having the other end of each of the ducts connected thereto, which adjusts an intake and exhaust volume of air in the elevator car by varying a volume of air that bypasses the car to flow from the air outlet to the air inlet of the air blower; and control means that controls the intake and exhaust air volume adjusting means, to adjust air pressure within the car to set air pressure. The elevator apparatus adjusts air pressure within the elevator car, even when there is a small differential pressure between the set air pressure within the car and an air pressure outside the car.

In various embodiments, an illumination apparatus includes an air gap between a sub-assembly and a waveguide attached thereto at a plurality of discrete attachment points, as well as a bare-die light-emitting diode encapsulated by the waveguide.

A reflector assembly for eliminating unwanted stray lights comprising a reflector body having a reflector body focal point on a reflector body optical axis where a light source is positioned and a front opening for receiving a lens, wherein the lens is configured to reflect light rays which emanate from the light source to strike the lens to the reflector body which is configured to reflect the light rays reflected by the lens back to the light source, and to reflect light rays which emanate from the light source and reflected by the reflector body to strike the lens back to the light source.

A light source device which can prevent the removal of light source elements of a light source device within a projector casing, a projector and a light source fabrication method are provided. An excitation light shining device 70 has a lens holding structure 79 and a light source holding structure 80 which are integrated together with excitation light sources held therebetween. The lens holding structure 79 has through holes 79f which first screw members 84 penetrate, and the light source holding structure 80 has screw holes 80h and screw holes 80k communicating with the screw holes 80h substantially at right angles. With the first screw members 84 penetrating the through holes 79f to be screwed into the screw holes 80h, screw thread portions of the first screw members 84 are pressed to be deformed plastically by distal end portions of the second screw members 85.

A lead-free conductive paste composition contains a source of an electrically conductive metal, a fusible material, an optional additive, and an organic vehicle. An article such as a high-efficiency photovoltaic cell is formed by a process of deposition of the lead-free paste composition on a semiconductor substrate (e.g., by screen printing) and firing the paste to remove the organic vehicle and sinter the metal and fusible material.

An optoelectronic module 1 having at least a first 2A and a second 2B radiation-emitting source and a first optical element 5 including a cavity 10 wherein the surface 5A of the cavity 10 is able to reflect the radiation 3A, 3B of the at least two radiation sources. An outlet 15 in the optical element 5 is provided for coupling radiation out of the cavity 10, wherein the radiation emitted by the radiation sources 2A, 2B is reflected by the surface 5A of the cavity resulting in a mixing of the radiation.

An LED assembly that includes optics and optical arrangements for light emitting diodes (LEDs). In some embodiments, a reflector is provided within a void between the lens and the LED. This reflector can reflect light emitted by the LED in a non-preferred direction back toward the preferred direction. In other embodiments, an optical element is formed or otherwise provided in the lens cavity and shaped so that, when the lens is positioned above the LED, the refractor bends the emitted light in a preferred direction. In some embodiments, both a reflector and optical element are provided in the LED assembly to control the directionality of the emitted light. Such embodiments of the invention can be used to increase the efficiency of an LED by ensuring that generated light is being directed to the target area of choice.

A lamp includes an outer shell having heat conductivity, a base provided in the outer shell, and a cover provided in the outer shell. The outer shell has a light source support, and a heat radiating surface exposed to the outside of the outer shell. The light source support is formed integral with the heat radiating surface. A light source is supported on the light source support. The light source is heated during lighting, and thermally connected to the light source support. The light source is covered with the cover.

A light projector has a light emitting device having a light emitting surface, an optical fiber having an incident end-face to which light emitted from the light emitting surface enters, and a lens arranged between the light emitting surface of the light emitting device and the incident end-face of the optical fiber. The light emitting device, the optical fiber and the lens are arranged on one optical axis. The optical fiber includes a core region as a region including a single core of uniform refractive index or a region collectively encompassing a plurality of cores having uniform refractive index. The lens converts diffused light emitted from the light emitting surface to diffused light that widens more moderately.

Disclosed is a method and apparatus for regulating tourniquet cuff pressure based on a personalized tourniquet pressure (PTP) to facilitate safe performance of a surgical procedure. The apparatus includes a dual-purpose tourniquet cuff adapted to encircle a region of a patient limb to provide both a sensor during a pre-surgical time period and an effector during a surgical time period. An effector module communicates pneumatically with an inflatable bladder of the cuff for maintaining pressure in the bladder near a PTP during the surgical time period to safely stop penetration of arterial blood past the cuff. A pulsation sensor that communicates pneumatically with the inflatable bladder during the pre-surgical time period senses and characterizes pressure pulsations that are indicative of penetration of arterial blood into the region of the limb encircled by the cuff. A PTP estimator is responsive to the pulsation sensor for producing an estimate of the PTP, such that the estimate of the PTP is a function of the sensed pulsations.

A medical device for blood flow restoration and/or for use as an implantable member in a human vessel includes a self-expanding member, a guidewire, and a connection mechanism. The self-expanding member includes a plurality of cells and filaments having specific ranges of thicknesses, widths, and heights. The self-expanding member can take on a volume-reduced coiled form with overlapped edges, and can generate optimal radial forces against a vessel wall and/or thrombus when deployed and expanded.

A device for delivering a percutaneous nephrostomy plug is provided. The device comprises a tubular member configured for insertion into a biological body. The device further comprises a handle coupled to a proximal end of the tubular member. The handle comprises a pusher element, an actuation element, and a transmission. The pusher element is disposed within the tubular member, and is configured to deliver a plug through a distal end of the tubular member. The transmission is coupled to the tubular member and the actuation element, and the transmission is configured to cause a retraction of the tubular member relative to the pusher element in response to a depression of the actuation element. A first depression of the actuation element toward the tubular member urges a partial exposure of the plug. A second depression of the actuation element urges a further exposure of the plug.

In one implementation, a method is disclosed in which a lock sensing mode is entered for a robotic surgical instrument. In the lock sensing mode, the degrees of freedom of movement in the robotic surgical instrument are switchably reduced. Further in the lock sensing mode, one or more end effectors of the robotic surgical instrument are switchably clamped together in the robotic surgical instrument. An increased level of torque may also be applied to the end effectors to increase a gripping force applied by the one or more end effectors in response to the reduced degrees of freedom of movement in the robotic surgical instrument.

Disclosed herein are methods, compositions and tools for repairing articular surfaces repair materials and for repairing an articular surface. The articular surface repairs are customizable or highly selectable by patient and geared toward providing optimal fit and function. The surgical tools are designed to be customizable or highly selectable by patient to increase the speed, accuracy and simplicity of performing total or partial arthroplasty.

Disclosed herein are methods, compositions and tools for repairing articular surfaces repair materials and for repairing an articular surface. The articular surface repairs are customizable or highly selectable by patient and geared toward providing optimal fit and function. The surgical tools are designed to be customizable or highly selectable by patient to increase the speed, accuracy and simplicity of performing total or partial arthroplasty.

A method of processing content according to a workflow, where a digital content is processed on one of a plurality of processing devices according to process definition associated to the content, includes the steps, iterated at the processing device, of: a) receiving from a server a signed workflow information, a workflow information comprising a status of the content processing, a signature of the process definition and a hash of the content;b) verifying the workflow information;c) when the workflow information is verified, processing the content according to the process definition and according to status of the content processing;d) updating and signing the workflow information;e) sending to the server the signed workflow information;and the steps iterated at the server of:f) receiving from a processing device a signed workflow information;g) publishing the signed workflow information received from the processing device. A system for performing the method is also provided.

The invention relates to a method for configuring a mobile device capable of reproducing, for a user, multimedia content previously provided by a remote content server. The invention relates to using a client installed on said electronic device to relay authentication requests between a card, preferably complying with the provisions of the Mobile Commerce Extension standard, and an authentication server that is accessible via an access point.

Disclosed herein are a private key generation apparatus and method, and storage media storing programs for executing the methods on a computer. The private key generation apparatus includes a root private key generation unit and a sub-private key generation unit. The root private key generation unit sets a root master key and predetermined parameters capable of generating private keys, and generates a first sub-master key set capable of generating a number of private keys equal to or smaller than a preset limited number. The sub-private key generation unit generates private keys with the root private key generation unit by receiving the first sub-master key set from the root private key generation unit, to generate a private key corresponding to a user ID using the first sub-master key set, and issues the private key to a user.

A secret stream of bits begins by receiving a public random stream contained in a wireless communication signal at a transmit/receive unit. The public random stream is sampled and specific bits are extracted according to a shared common secret. These extracted bits are used to create a longer secret stream. The shared common secret may be generated using JRNSO techniques, or provided to the transmit/receive units prior to the communication session. Alternatively, one of the transmit/receive unit is assumed to be more powerful than any potential eavesdropper. In this situation, the powerful transmit/receive unit may broadcast and store a public random stream. The weaker transmit/receive unit selects select random bits of the broadcast for creating a key. The weaker transmit/receive unit sends the powerful transmit/receive unit the selected bit numbers, and powerful transmit/receive unit uses the random numbers to produce the key created by the weaker transmit/receive unit.

An apparatus and method for converting a random binary sequence into a random integer is provided. The present invention converts a random binary sequence into a random integer, and determines whether the corresponding random integer falls within a preset integer interval. Further, if it is determined that the random integer generated from the random binary sequence does not fall within the preset integer interval, the present invention repeatedly updates a random binary sequence until a random integer falling within the corresponding integer interval is obtained, thus outputting uniformly distributed random integers which fall within the preset integer interval.

Methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to encode auxiliary data into text data and methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to obtain encoded data from text data are disclosed. An example method to embed auxiliary data into text data includes assigning source data to one of a plurality of groups, the source data comprising text data, identifying a symbol to be added to the source data based on an assigned group of the source data, and generating encoded data by including in the source data a text character representative of the symbol.