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Private capital flows, official development assistance, and remittances to Africa: Who gets what?


Strong Growth and Changing Composition 

External financial flows to sub-Saharan Africa (defined as the sum of gross private capital flows, official development assistance (ODA), and remittances to the region) have not only grown rapidly since 1990, but their composition has also changed significantly. The volume of external flows to the region increased from $20 billion in 1990 to above $120 billion in 2012. Most of this increase in external flows to sub-Saharan Africa can be attributed to the increase in private capital flows and the growth of remittances, especially since 2005 (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Sub-Saharan Africa: External Flows (1990-2012, in USD billions)

As also displayed in Figure 1, in 1990 the composition of external flows to sub-Saharan Africa was about 62 percent ODA, 31 percent gross inflows from the private sector, and about 7 percent remittances. However, by 2012, ODA accounted for about 22 percent of external flows to Africa, a share comparable to that of remittances (24 percent) and less than half the share of gross private capital flows (54 percent). Also notably, in 1990, FDI flows were greater than ODA flows in only two countries (Liberia and Nigeria) in sub-Saharan Africa excluding South Africa, but 22 years later, 17 countries received more FDI than ODA in 2012—suggesting that sub-Saharan African countries are increasingly becoming less aid dependent (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Sub-Saharan Africa: Number of Countries Where FDI is Greater than ODA (1990-2012)

But to what extent have these changes in the scale and composition of external flows to sub-Saharan Africa equally benefited countries in the region? Did the rising tide lift all boats? Is aid really dying? Are all countries attracting private capital flows and benefiting from remittances to the same degree? Finally, how does external finance compare with domestic finance? 

The False Demise of ODA

A closer look at the data indicates that, clearly, ODA is not dead, though its role is changing. For instance, middle-income countries (MICs) are experiencing the sharpest decline in ODA as a share of total external flows to the region, while aid flows account for more than half of external flows in fragile as well as low-income countries (LICs) and resource-poor landlocked countries (see Figure 3 and Appendix).

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How COVID-19 could push Congress to start reining in vulture capitalism

The effects of income inequality have been felt throughout society but they are especially evident in the current coronavirus crisis. For instance, workers in the information economy are able to telework and draw their salaries, but workers in the service sector are either unemployed or at great risk as they interact with customers during a…

       




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Panel Discussion | The crisis of democratic capitalism

We hosted a Panel Discussion on “The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism” with Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator & Associate Editor, at The Financial Times. Martin was awarded the CBE, the Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in 2000, “for services to financial journalism”. He was a member of the UK government’s Independent Commission…

       




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Mexico needs better law enforcement, but the solution isn’t opportunistic decapitation

Over the past several weeks, the AMLO administration appears to have quietly reinitiated targeting drug traffickers, at least to some extent. Systematically going after drug trafficking and criminal organizations is important, necessary, and correct. But how the effort against criminal groups is designed matters tremendously. Merely returning to opportunistic, non-strategic high-value targeting of top traffickers…

       




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Panel Discussion | The crisis of democratic capitalism

We hosted a Panel Discussion on “The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism” with Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator & Associate Editor, at The Financial Times. Martin was awarded the CBE, the Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in 2000, “for services to financial journalism”. He was a member of the UK government’s Independent Commission…

       




capita

Mexico needs better law enforcement, but the solution isn’t opportunistic decapitation

Over the past several weeks, the AMLO administration appears to have quietly reinitiated targeting drug traffickers, at least to some extent. Systematically going after drug trafficking and criminal organizations is important, necessary, and correct. But how the effort against criminal groups is designed matters tremendously. Merely returning to opportunistic, non-strategic high-value targeting of top traffickers…

       




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Toward human-centered capitalism

Underlying every economic system is a social contract setting people’s norms, values, and beliefs, thereby determining how people are expected to behave within the economy, what their reciprocal obligations are, and how the economy is to be run. Many market economies around the world—in both advanced and emerging countries—rest on a materialistic social contract that…

       




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Stakeholder capitalism arrives at Davos

The 2020 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum opens this week with the theme of “Stakeholders for a Cohesive and Sustainable World.” More than 3,000 global leaders, including 53 heads of state, will convene in the resort town of Davos on the Swiss Alpine to deliberate on pathways to “stakeholder capitalism.” The Forum’s theme…

       




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How COVID-19 could push Congress to start reining in vulture capitalism

The effects of income inequality have been felt throughout society but they are especially evident in the current coronavirus crisis. For instance, workers in the information economy are able to telework and draw their salaries, but workers in the service sector are either unemployed or at great risk as they interact with customers during a…

       




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Renovating democracy: Governing in the age of globalization and digital capitalism

The rise of populism in the West and the rise of China in the East have stirred a debate about the role of democracy in the international system. The impact of globalization and digital capitalism is forcing worldwide attention to the starker divide between the “haves” and the “have-nots,” challenging how we think about the…

       




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Impact governance and management: Fulfilling the promise of capitalism to achieve a shared and durable prosperity


Capitalism has provided unprecedented wealth and prosperity around the world, but a growing community is raising concerns about whether the promise of the capitalist system to achieve a more shared and durable prosperity can be achieved without systemic changes in the way for-profit corporations are governed and managed. The change in public opinion has become evident among workers, consumers, and investors, as well as through new policies enacted by elected officials of both parties: more than ever before, the public supports businesses that demonstrate positive social change and sustainable development. These new attitudes have begun to take root in corporations themselves, with a growing community of investors, business leaders, and entrepreneurs expressing a fiduciary duty to create value not only for shareholders but for society. However, businesses and investors seeking to harness these opportunities face significant institutional and normative barriers to achieving their goals.

In a new paper, the co-founders of non-profit B Lab, Andrew Kassoy, Bart Houlahan, and Jay Coen Gilbert, write about this overarching culture shift, the importance of and impediments to effective impact governance and impact management to make this shift meaningful and lasting, and how a rapidly growing community of responsible businesses has overcome these barriers, is maximizing its social impact, and is creating pathways for others to follow. The impact and growth of the B Corp movement will be maximized not only through increased adoption by business leaders, but also through the unique roles played by research institutions, the media, policy-makers, investors, and the general public. With enough support, this movement may soon transform shareholder capitalism into stakeholder capitalism, in which businesses can more easily live up to their potential to create a more shared and durable prosperity for all. 


This paper is published as part of the Center for Effective Public Management’s Initiative on 21st Century Capitalism. It is one of more than a dozen papers written by academics and practitioners about the changing role of the corporation and the importance of improving corporate governance. The authors of this paper are the co-founders of B Lab, a nonprofit organization that oversees the certification of B Corporations, and a major subject of this paper. The perspectives put forth in this paper are solely those of the authors, based on their professional expertise in this area.

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Authors

  • Andrew Kassoy
  • Bart Houlahan
  • Jay Coen Gilbert
      
 
 





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New BPEA Research on Partisanship, Poverty, Unemployment, Homebuyer Perceptions and Capital Controls


BPEA co-editor Justin Wolfers describes new research that found: people dropped out of the labor force before the recession started; there are better ways to forecast unemployment; homebuyer expectations helped inflate the bubble; the U.S. is not actually as politically polarized as most people think; central banks’ recent experiments with capital controls haven’t delivered results; and the U.S. is making inroads fighting poverty.

Video

     
 
 




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As the venture capital game gets bigger, the Midwest keeps missing out

Those working to accelerate economic growth in the Heartland must face some stark realities. The Great Lakes region continues to export wealth to coastal economies, even as investment leaders try to equalize growth between the coasts and the Heartland. The region sees only a tiny fraction of venture capital (VC) deals, despite producing one quarter…

       




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Not just a typographical change: Why Brookings is capitalizing Black

Brookings is adopting a long-overdue policy to properly recognize the identity of Black Americans and other people of ethnic and indigenous descent in our research and writings. This update comes just as the 1619 Project is re-educating Americans about the foundational role that Black laborers played in making American capitalism and prosperity possible. Without Black…

       




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Taking the long view: Budgeting for investments in human capital


Tomorrow, President Obama unveils his last budget, and we’re sure to see plenty of proposals for spending on education and skills. In the past, the Administration has focused on investments in early childhood education, community colleges, and infrastructure and research. From a budgetary standpoint, the problem with these investments is how to capture their benefits as well as their costs.

Show me the evidence

First step: find out what works. The Obama Administration has been emphatic about the need for solid evidence in deciding what to fund. The good news is that we now have quite a lot of it, showing that investing in human capital from early education through college can make a difference. Not all programs are successful, of course, and we are still learning what works and what doesn’t. But we know enough to conclude that investing in a variety of health, education, and mobility programs can positively affect education, employment, and earnings in adulthood.

Solid investments in human capital

For example:

1. Young, low-income children whose families move to better neighborhoods using housing vouchers see a 31 percent increase in earnings;

2. Quality early childhood and school reform programs can raise lifetime income per child by an average of about $200,000, for at an upfront cost of about $20,000;

3. Boosting college completion rates, for instance via the Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) in the City University of New York, leads to higher earnings.

Underinvesting in human capital?

If such estimates are correct (and we recognize there are uncertainties), policymakers are probably underinvesting in such programs because they are looking at the short-term costs but not at longer-term benefits and budget savings.

First, the CBO’s standard practice is to use a 10-year budget window, which means long-range effects are often ignored. Second, although the CBO does try to take into account behavioral responses, such as increased take-up rates of a program, or improved productivity and earnings, it often lacks the research needed to make such estimates. Third, the usual assumption is that the rate of return on public investments in human capital is less than that for private investment. This is now questionable, especially given low interest rates.

Dynamic scoring for human capital investments?

A hot topic in budget politics right now is so-called “dynamic scoring.” This means incorporating macroeconomic effects, such as an increase in the labor force or productivity gains, into cost estimates. In 2015, the House adopted a rule requiring such scoring, when practicable, for major legislation. But appropriations bills are excluded, and quantitative analyses are restricted to the existing 10-year budget window.

The interest in dynamic scoring is currently strongest among politicians pushing major tax bills, on the grounds that tax cuts could boost growth. But the principles behind dynamic scoring apply equally to improvements in productivity that could result from proposals to subsidize college education, for example—as proposed by both Senator Sanders and Secretary Clinton. Of course, it is tough to estimate the value of these potential benefits. But it is worth asking whether current budget rules lead to myopia in our assessments of what such investments might accomplish, and thus to an over-statement of their “true” cost.

Image Source: © Jonathan Ernst / Reuters
     
 
 




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Taxing capital income: Mark-to-market and other approaches

Given increased income and wealth inequality, much recent attention has been devoted to proposals to increase taxes on the wealthy (such as imposing a tax on accumulated wealth). Since capital income is highly skewed toward the ultra-wealthy, methods of increasing taxes on capital income provide alternative approaches for addressing inequality through the tax system. Marking…

       




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What are capital gains taxes and how could they be reformed?

The Vitals Over the past 40 years, the distributions of income and wealth have grown increasingly unequal. In addition, there has been growing understanding that the United States faces a long-term fiscal shortfall that must be addressed, at least in part, by raising revenues. For these and other reasons, proposals to raise taxes on wealthy…

       




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Britain: the capitalist press – “a great keyboard on which the government can play”

This article was written before the coronavirus pandemic, but with the press spending weeks subjecting the Tories to nothing but uncritical “wartime” coverage, and now fawning over the establishment-friendly Labour leader Keir Starmer, the points it makes are more valid than ever.




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The slipping mask of Swedish capitalism

As of the end of April, the amount of COVID-19 deaths in Sweden per 1,000 inhabitants is three times that of Denmark, three times that of Germany and four times that of Norway. The government is peddling the nationalist idea that Sweden is somehow different and better than the rest of the world. But the pandemic has revealed the true colours of Swedish class society.




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Trump admin removes White House Capital Bikeshare station

It's not a big deal but it could become a big symbol.




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Morocco: the regime and the capitalists are the real enemies

A Moroccan proverb goes: “the sheep spends his whole life being afraid of the wolf, but in the end, who feasts on the sheep? The shepherd!” Well, some months after China and 10 days after Italy, Moroccan authorities announced the country’s first cases of COVID-19 on 2 March and attributed them to “external factors”. Specifically, a Moroccan returning from Italy, then French tourists. The epidemic has worsened, infecting 2,024 people, of whom 126 have died (as of 15 April, 45 days after the first infections) according to official data.




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'This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate' (book review)

Naomi Klein's latest book is about more than just science. She explores the extractivist mentality and historic decisions that have led us to where we now find ourselves, living in a totally unsustainable way.




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Artist Decapitates Recycled Stuffed Toys to Make Stunning, Psychedelic Rugs

Don't let artist Agustina Woodgate -- who says stuffing is "like looking into the soul" -- near your favourite stuffed teddy bear.




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Wunder Capital offers 6% return for solar investors

A new platform aims to remove the barriers between would-be investors and solar developers, increasing the adoption of renewables in the process.




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The UK sees lowest per-capita energy generation since 1984

It's not just renewables that are driving down emissions.




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Virtually climb El Capitan with Google Street View

The Street View cameras now take you on extreme vertical tours alongside famous climbers.




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Norway's capital adding 70 new electric buses

Let's hope they play nicely with government-funded cargo bikes.




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With "Roundup Ready PLUS" Monsanto Capitalizes on the Superweeds It Created

For Monsanto, superweeds are just another selling point for its products.




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The troubling link between self-care and capitalism

The covering-yourself-with-blankets movement isn't nearly as cuddly as it seems.




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10 ways to reject capitalism in your personal life

Take subversive action in small ways.




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Why Albert Einstein hated capitalism

The scientist saw a system that oppressed both society and nature.




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SFI and Habitat for Humanity DC team up to build homes in the nation’s capital

A diverse team of women from the forest product sector got together for a green cause.




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Wal-Mart To Help 20 State Capitals Save Money And Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Wal-Mart has agreed to help US taxpayers take climate action. Over the next two years, they are sending energy audit teams to 20 State Capitol complexes to help save taxpayers money and help the environment...while the Federal Government equivocates




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From World's Drug Capital to Green Oasis: The Incredible Story of Medellin, Colombia

Medellin, Colombia: This city's name used to strike fear in peoples' hearts. In the 80s and early 90s, it was known as the drug capital of the world and the most violent city on the planet.But Medellin has come a tremendous distance in less than a decad




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From World's Drug Capital to Green Oasis: The Incredible Story of Medellin, Colombia (Slideshow)

Medellin, Colombia: This city's name used to strike fear in peoples' hearts. In the 80s and early 90s, it was known as the drug capital of the world and the most violent city on the planet.




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Let's Learn From Medellín, Colombia’s Sustainable Transportation Capital!

Medellín has a great sustainable transportation vision for the future, and so far they seem to be executing it extremely well.




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Why Renaissance Capital is cautious on Kingsoft's 'growth-at-all-costs' model

While there has been "quite a bit of interest" in Kingsoft Cloud's IPO filing, investors should be cautious about the high-growth tech company operating on negative margins and the generally poor performance of Chinese IPOs, says Kathleen Smith, founding principal of Renaissance Capital.




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Jefferies: Boeing may have to shore up about another $15 billion in capital at some point

Sheila Kahyaoglu of Jefferies discusses the biggest issues facing Boeing right now, with much of production still halted due to the coronavirus pandemic.




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Leon Cooperman says the coronavirus crisis will change capitalism forever and taxes have to go up

The Omega Family Office chairman and CEO said on CNBC's "Squawk Box" that taxes will need to go up regardless of who wins the upcoming presidential election.




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Global growth will benefit after coronavirus: Bokeh Capital Partners CIO

Kim Forrest, founder and chief investment officer at Bokeh Capital Partners, and David Ellison, portfolio manager at Hennessy Funds, join 'The Exchange' to discuss markets.




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DuPont doubles cost-savings target, slashes capital expenses

Industrial materials maker DuPont on Tuesday slashed its capital expenditure by about $500 million and raised its annual cost-savings target to counter global trade uncertainties brought on by the coronavirus outbreak.




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Taiwan: the world's new whiskey capital?

The results are in, and Taiwan's Kavalan distillery has the best single-malt whiskey in 2015.




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Oil, Covid-19 shock will not be a capital event for GCC banks: S&P Global Ratings

Given the "strong profitability" of banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, the oil price shock and the coronavirus pandemic are unlikely to deplete their capital base, says Mohamed Damak of S&P Global Ratings.




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‘We are living in a catastrophe’: Peru's jungle capital choking for breath as Covid-19 hits

Iquitos, still reeling from a dengue fever outbreak and plagued by poverty, relies on air deliveries for medicine, equipment and oxygen

In the final hours before Covid-19 claimed her life, Cecilio Sangama watched helplessly as his eldest sister Edith gasped for breath.

Hospitals across Peru’s largest Amazon city had run out of oxygen, and the shortage had pushed the black market price of a cylinder well above $1,000 (£810).

Continue reading...




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Investors need to prepare for a slow and uneven recovery: RBC Capital's Lori Calvasina

Eric Marshall, Hodges Capital Management portfolio manager, and Lori Calvasina, RBC Capital Markets head of U.S. equity strategy, join 'Power Lunch' to discuss what the economic data is indicating to investors.




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Aditya Birla Sun Life Capital Protection Oriented Fund - Series 30 - Regular Plan-Growth

Category Income
NAV 11.9002
Repurchase Price
Sale Price
Date 22-Apr-2019




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Aditya Birla Sun Life Capital Protection Oriented Fund - Series 30 - Direct Plan-Growth

Category Income
NAV 12.298
Repurchase Price
Sale Price
Date 22-Apr-2019




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Aditya Birla Sun Life Capital Protection Oriented Fund - Series 29 - Regular Plan-Growth

Category Income
NAV 12.2318
Repurchase Price
Sale Price
Date 11-Jun-2019




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Aditya Birla Sun Life Capital Protection Oriented Fund - Series 29 - Direct Plan-Growth

Category Income
NAV 12.7718
Repurchase Price
Sale Price
Date 11-Jun-2019