Recommendation of the OECD Council on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government

Turkey recovered swiftly from the global financial crisis but sizeable macroeconomic imbalances arose in the process.

The objective of this paper is to define long-run prudent debt targets for OECD countries and country-specific fiscal rules. To this end, a semi-structural macroeconomic model for OECD countries and primary balance reaction functions are estimated.

This paper exploits firm-level data from the ORBIS database to assess international tax planning by multinational enterprises (MNEs).

Recommendation of the OECD Council on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government

Healthcare budgets and facilities face an uphill battle against anti-microbial resistance. Can policymakers find a way through? A discussion at the OECD Forum 2019 spelt out some major risks if they don’t.

Wages High Skilled in Croatia decreased to 7340 HRK/Month in 2018 from 8530 HRK/Month in 2017. Wages High Skilled in Croatia averaged 8227.50 HRK/Month from 2015 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8730 HRK/Month in 2016 and a record low of 7340 HRK/Month in 2018. High Skilled Wages refer to highest estimate of wage of workers doing high-skilled jobs, calculated from sample of wages collected by WageIndicator surveys.

Household Saving Rate in Croatia decreased to 8.95 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016 from 17.90 percent in the third quarter of 2016. Personal Savings in Croatia averaged 10.29 percent from 2002 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 19.98 percent in the third quarter of 2015 and a record low of -5.18 percent in the fourth quarter of 2007. This page provides - Croatia Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Corporate Tax Rate in Croatia stands at 18 percent. Corporate Tax Rate in Croatia averaged 19.86 percent from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 20.32 percent in 2003 and a record low of 18 percent in 2018. In Croatia, the Corporate Income tax rate is a tax collected from companies. Its amount is based on the net income companies obtain while exercising their business activity, normally during one business year. The benchmark we use refers to the highest rate for Corporate Income. Revenues from the Corporate Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Croatia. This page provides - Croatia Corporate Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Croatia scored 47 points out of 100 on the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Index in Croatia averaged 41.62 Points from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 51 Points in 2015 and a record low of 27 Points in 1999. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Corruption Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Croatia is the 63 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in Croatia averaged 60.62 from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 74 in 1999 and a record low of 47 in 2001. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories in the index. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Corruption Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Sales Tax Rate in Croatia stands at 25 percent. Sales Tax Rate in Croatia averaged 23.93 percent from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 25 percent in 2012 and a record low of 22 percent in 2007. In Croatia, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Croatia. This page provides - Croatia Sales Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Electricity Production in Croatia increased to 1521 Gigawatt-hour in December from 1511 Gigawatt-hour in November of 2019. Electricity Production in Croatia averaged 1056.17 Gigawatt-hour from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1647 Gigawatt-hour in December of 2010 and a record low of 513 Gigawatt-hour in June of 2012. This page has Electricity Production values for Croatia.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Croatia expanded 2.50 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 over the same quarter of the previous year. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Croatia averaged 1.93 percent from 1998 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 6.60 percent in the second quarter of 2003 and a record low of -8.60 percent in the first quarter of 2009. Croatia joined the European Union in 2013, following a decade-long application process. Croatia's main industries are tourism, ICT, automotive, food, pharmaceutical, logistics, metal and textile. On the expenditure side, household consumption is the main component of GDP and accounts for 60 percent of its total use, followed by government expenditure (20 percent) and gross fixed capital formation (19 percent). Exports of goods and services account for 46 percent of GDP while imports account for 44 percent, adding 2 percent of total GDP. This page provides - Croatia GDP Annual Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Croatia decreased to 1675 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1704 Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in Croatia averaged 1563.43 Thousand from 1998 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1704 Thousand in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 1344 Thousand in the first quarter of 2013. In Croatia, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Croatia Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The benchmark interest rate in Croatia was last recorded at 2.50 percent. Interest Rate in Croatia averaged 80.62 percent from 1992 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4290.85 percent in September of 1993 and a record low of 2.50 percent in October of 2015. In Croatia, interest rate decisions are taken by the Croatian National Bank. The main interest rate is the Overnight Credit Rate. The Croatian National Bank administers benchmark interest rates for loans and discounts separately. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

ICU Beds in Croatia averaged 394.77 per 100K people from 2012 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 398.84 per 100K people in December of 2014 and a record low of 389.29 per 100K people in December of 2012. This page includes a chart with historical data for Croatia ICU Beds.

Housing Index in Croatia increased to 124.90 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 121.36 points in the third quarter of 2019. Housing Index in Croatia averaged 107.14 points from 2005 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 126.34 points in the third quarter of 2008 and a record low of 80.89 points in the first quarter of 2005. In Croatia, the House Price Index measures residential property market prices. The HPI captures price changes of all kinds of residential property purchased by households (flats, detached houses, terraced houses, etc.), both new and existing. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component of the residential property is included. This page provides - Croatia Housing Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Crude Oil Production in Croatia remained unchanged at 13 BBL/D/1K in December from 13 BBL/D/1K in November of 2019. Crude Oil Production in Croatia averaged 19.54 BBL/D/1K from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 39 BBL/D/1K in February of 1994 and a record low of 10 BBL/D/1K in July of 2014. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Crude Oil Production - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The inflation rate in Croatia was recorded at 0.60 percent in March of 2020. Inflation Rate in Croatia averaged 2.20 percent from 1999 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 8.43 percent in July of 2008 and a record low of -1.80 percent in May of 2016. In Croatia, the most important category in the consumer price index is Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages (27.9 percent of total weight) followed by Housing and Utilities (16.2 percent), Transport (12.6 percent), Miscellaneous Goods and Services(7.5 percent); Clothing and Footwear (6.5 percent) and Recreation and Culture (6 percent). Communication; Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco; Furniture, Household Goods and Maintenance; Restaurant and Hotels; Health and Education account for the remaining 23.3 percent of total weight. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Consumer Price Index CPI in Croatia increased to 102.50 points in March from 102.30 points in February of 2020. Consumer Price Index CPI in Croatia averaged 87.63 points from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 103.20 points in October of 2019 and a record low of 63.70 points in January of 1998. In Croatia, the Consumer Price Index or CPI measures changes in the prices paid by consumers for a basket of goods and services. This page provides - Croatia Consumer Price Index (CPI) - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Cpi Housing Utilities in Croatia decreased to 100 points in March from 100.40 points in February of 2020. Cpi Housing Utilities in Croatia averaged 76.67 points from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 101.10 points in July of 2019 and a record low of 45.20 points in January of 1998. This page provides - Croatia Cpi Housing Utilities- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The transportation sub-index of the CPI basket in Croatia decreased to 97.90 points in March of 2020 from 101.10 points in February of 2020. CPI Transportation in Croatia averaged 99.82 points from 2016 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 105.30 points in October of 2018 and a record low of 93 points in February of 2016. This page provides - Croatia Cpi Transportation- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Core consumer prices in Croatia increased 1.50 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Core Inflation Rate in Croatia averaged 1.73 percent from 1999 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 6.90 percent in July of 2008 and a record low of -1.80 percent in June of 2010. In Croatia, the core inflation rate tracks changes in prices that consumers pay for a basket of goods which excludes some volatile price items. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Core Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Unemployment Rate in Croatia increased to 8.60 percent in March from 8.30 percent in February of 2020. Unemployment Rate in Croatia averaged 16.87 percent from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 23.60 percent in January of 2002 and a record low of 6.70 percent in June of 2019. In Croatia, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides - Croatia Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Employment in Croatia increased by 0.70 in December of 2019. Employment Change in Croatia averaged 0.06 percent from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2.80 percent in the third quarter of 2014 and a record low of -4.40 percent in the fourth quarter of 2012. In Croatia, employment change refers to the quarterly change in the number of persons who work for pay or profit, or perform unpaid family work. Estimates include both full-time and part-time employment. This page provides - Croatia Employment Change- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Employment Rate in Croatia decreased to 62.20 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 63 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Employment Rate in Croatia averaged 56.57 percent from 2002 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 63 percent in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 50.70 percent in the first quarter of 2013. In Croatia, the employment rate measures the number of people who have a job as a percentage of the working age population. This page provides - Croatia Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Croatia recorded a government budget surplus of 2190.40 HRK Million in September of 2019. Government Budget Value in Croatia averaged -505.11 HRK Million from 2004 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3033.80 HRK Million in April of 2019 and a record low of -5537.90 HRK Million in December of 2008. The government budget balance is the difference between government revenues and expenses. The budget is balanced when outlays equal to receipts, the country reports budget surplus when revenues are higher than expenses and deficit when expenses exceed the revenues. This page provides - Croatia Government Budget Value - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Banks Balance Sheet in Croatia increased to 434076.80 HRK Million in February from 430472.50 HRK Million in January of 2020. Banks Balance Sheet in Croatia averaged 233180.40 HRK Million from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 434076.80 HRK Million in February of 2020 and a record low of 37395.70 HRK Million in December of 1993. This page provides - Croatia Banks Balance Sheet- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Debt in Croatia increased to 293019.90 HRK Million in December from 292928.50 HRK Million in November of 2019. Government Debt in Croatia averaged 153942.02 HRK Million from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 297858.90 HRK Million in October of 2019 and a record low of 26042.90 HRK Million in June of 1996. This page provides - Croatia Government Debt- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Industrial Production in Croatia decreased 4.90 percent in March of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in Croatia averaged 1.12 percent from 1999 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 15.10 percent in December of 2016 and a record low of -13.30 percent in June of 2009. In Croatia, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities. This page provides - Croatia Industrial Production - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Industrial Production in Croatia decreased 2.70 percent in March of 2020 over the previous month. Industrial Production Mom in Croatia averaged 0.09 percent from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 8.70 percent in June of 2000 and a record low of -9 percent in January of 2012. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Industrial Production MoM - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Loans to Private Sector in Croatia increased to 33494.30 HRK Million in March from 32380.80 HRK Million in February of 2020. Loans to Private Sector in Croatia averaged 45753.84 HRK Million from 1994 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 96219.50 HRK Million in February of 2012 and a record low of 6831.60 HRK Million in June of 1994. This page provides - Croatia Loans to Private Sector - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Imports in Croatia decreased to 14629.53 HRK Million in March from 15803.06 HRK Million in February of 2020. Imports in Croatia averaged 8611.43 HRK Million from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17588.94 HRK Million in May of 2019 and a record low of 126.80 HRK Million in January of 1993. Croatia is mostly an exporter of transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs and fuels. On the other hand, Croatian is an importer of machinery, transport and electrical equipment, fuels and lubricans and foodstuffs. Croatia's mainly exports to Italy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Slovenia, Austria and Serbia. This page provides - Croatia Imports - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Standard & Poor's credit rating for Croatia stands at BBB- with stable outlook. Moody's credit rating for Croatia was last set at Ba2 with positive outlook. Fitch's credit rating for Croatia was last reported at BBB- with stable outlook. In general, a credit rating is used by sovereign wealth funds, pension funds and other investors to gauge the credit worthiness of Croatia thus having a big impact on the country's borrowing costs. This page includes the government debt credit rating for Croatia as reported by major credit rating agencies.

Croatia recorded 2176 Coronavirus Cases since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Croatia reported 86 Coronavirus Deaths. This page includes a chart with historical data for Croatia Coronavirus Cases.

Croatia recorded 87 Coronavirus Deaths since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Croatia reported 2176 Coronavirus Cases. This page includes a chart with historical data for Croatia Coronavirus Deaths.

Croatia recorded 1726 Coronavirus Recovered since the epidemic began, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Croatia reported 87 Coronavirus Deaths. This page includes a chart with historical data for Croatia Coronavirus Recovered.

Business Confidence in Croatia decreased to -29.40 points in April from -1.60 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Croatia averaged -3.28 points from 2008 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17.70 points in February of 2018 and a record low of -29.40 points in April of 2020. This page provides - Croatia Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Croatia 10Y Bond Yield was 1.30 percent on Friday May 8, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Historically, the Croatia Government Bond 10Y reached an all time high of 10.91 in March of 2009. Generally, a government bond is issued by a national government and is denominated in the country`s own currency. Bonds issued by national governments in foreign currencies are normally referred to as sovereign bonds. The yield required by investors to loan funds to governments reflects inflation expectations and the likelihood that the debt will be repaid.

Croatia recorded a Government Budget surplus equal to 0.40 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2019. Government Budget in Croatia averaged -2.65 percent of GDP from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2 percent of GDP in 1998 and a record low of -7.90 percent of GDP in 2011. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments made by government (purchases and transfer payments). A budget deficit occurs when an government spends more money than it takes in. The opposite of a budget deficit is a budget surplus. This page provides - Croatia Government Budget - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Youth Unemployment Rate in Croatia remained unchanged at 16.20 percent in March from 16.20 percent in February of 2020. Youth Unemployment Rate in Croatia averaged 32.93 percent from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 49.80 percent in April of 2013 and a record low of 15.80 percent in October of 2019. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Youth Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Producer Prices in Croatia decreased 5.90 percent in April of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Producer Prices Change in Croatia averaged 0.89 percent from 2009 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 8.20 percent in March of 2011 and a record low of -6.40 percent in May of 2016. In Croatia, the Producer Price Index measures the average change in price of goods and services sold by manufacturers and producers in the wholesale market during a given period. This page provides - Croatia Producer Prices Change- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Croatia recorded a government debt equivalent to 73.20 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2019. Government Debt to GDP in Croatia averaged 50.67 percent from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 84.70 percent in 2014 and a record low of 22.60 percent in 1995. Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. This page provides - Croatia Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Consumer Price Index in Croatia increased 0.20 percent in March of 2020 over the previous month. Inflation Rate Mom in Croatia averaged 0.18 percent from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1.62 percent in May of 2012 and a record low of -1.01 percent in July of 2001. Inflation Rate MoM measures month over month change in the price of goods and services. This page provides the latest reported value for - Croatia Inflation Rate MoM - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Bank Lending Rate in Croatia decreased to 2.72 percent in March from 3.23 percent in February of 2020. Bank Lending Rate in Croatia averaged 8.44 percent from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 26.61 percent in January of 1996 and a record low of 2.72 percent in July of 2019. In Croatia, the interest rate on short-term credits to enterprises show weighted averages of banks’ and savings banks’ monthly interest rates classified by maturity and sectors. It also include interest rates on callable loans. This page provides - Croatia Bank Lending Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages Low Skilled in Croatia decreased to 3740 HRK/Month in 2018 from 4250 HRK/Month in 2017. Wages Low Skilled in Croatia averaged 4142.50 HRK/Month from 2015 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4340 HRK/Month in 2016 and a record low of 3740 HRK/Month in 2018. This page provides - Croatia Wages Low Skilled- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Croatia decreased to 57.06 percent of gross income in 2015 from 59.11 percent in 2014. Households Debt To Income in Croatia averaged 58.68 percent from 2005 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 62.67 percent in 2008 and a record low of 47.61 percent in 2005. This page provides - Croatia Households Debt To Income- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Croatia increased 6.60 percent in February of 2020 over the same month in the previous year. Wage Growth in Croatia averaged 68.85 percent from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1893.30 percent in September of 1993 and a record low of -2.10 percent in June of 2016. This page provides - Croatia Wage Growth- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Manufacturing in Croatia increased to 6338 HRK/Month in February from 6209 HRK/Month in January of 2020. Wages in Manufacturing in Croatia averaged 5065.91 HRK/Month from 2008 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 6338 HRK/Month in February of 2020 and a record low of 4443 HRK/Month in March of 2008. This page provides - Croatia Average Monthly Wages in Manufacturing - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.