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Handling Spelling Mistakes with Postgres Full Text Search

Background #

Postgres Full Text Search (FTS) is a great way to implement site search on a website running Postgres already, without requiring additional infrastructure.

On a recent engagement with a client, we were deciding between Postgres FTS and ElasticSearch. Ultimately we chose FTS because we could spin it up without having to add extra infrastructure, as we would with ElasticSearch.

Since the project was written in Ruby on Rails, we were able to use the excellent PgSearch gem to implement FTS in ActiveRecord.

Multisearch #

As we wanted a general site search, we needed to utilize multisearch. Multisearch combines multiple ActiveRecord models into one search 'document' table that you can search against. For example, if a user searches for some search term, and the search is configured for multisearch, then every single model that we mark as multisearchable will be searched for that term at the same time. See here for more detail.

Search Features #

PgSearch allows for different search features, tsearch, trigram, and dmetaphone. The default is tsearch, which uses the built-in Postgres Full Text Search.

This was great for our use case, since it also comes with highlighting, a feature that was required. The highlighting is from a field returned by Postgres FTS, where it returns the text around the search term for context and bolds the search terms.

Spelling Mistakes #

Unfortunately, tsearch does not handle misspelled words. However, as I mentioned before, PgSearch allows for other search features!

And trigram is a feature that can be installed via a Postgres extension (pg_trgm) that does just that.

Trigram #

  • The idea behind trigram search is to split pieces of text into sets of three-letter segments, and compare the sets to one another
  • If two trigram sets are similar enough, we assume there was a spelling mistake, and return the document with the correctly-spelled term.
  • As a quick example (ignoring whitespace): Consider the word Viget. Viget would make trigrams:
[vig, ige, get]
  • Now, consider our evil twin agency, Qiget. They would make trigrams
[qig, ige, get]
  • The two trigram sets match very closely, with only one of the trigrams not being the same. Thus, if we were to compare these with pg_trgm, we could reasonably tell that anyone typing 'Qiget' must have been actually looking for 'Viget', and just misspelled it.

Working Trigram into our existing solution #

PgSearch allows us to use multiple search features at once, so we can use tsearch and trigram side by side. Note that we cannot just replace tsearch with trigram due to needing some features in tsearch that are exclusive to it. Here is what an example configuration might look like.

PgSearch.multisearch_options = {
  using: {
    tsearch: {
      prefix: true,
      highlight: {
        MaxFragments: 1
      }
    },
    trigram: { 
      only: [:content]
    }
  }
}

Trigram (and timelines) causing issues #

While it was easy to slot Trigram into our multisearch, it caused a pretty serious performance hit. We were seeing 50x-75x slower searches with both features combined than with just tsearch. We needed to find a way to balance performance with handling misspellings

At the point that handling misspellings became prioritized, the entire search feature was almost fully QA'd and about ready to go out. There wasn't much time left in the budget to find a good solution for the issue.

This thread from the PgSearch repo sums it up pretty well – there were multiple other users that were/are having similar issues as we were. The top-rated comment in this thread is someone mentioning that the solution was to just use ElasticSearch ('top-rated' is doing a lot of heavy lifting. It did have the most likes...at two). We needed to find some sort of middle ground solution that we could act on quickly.

Postgres Documentation saves the day #

In the docs for the Trigram Postgres extension, the writers give an idea for using Trigram in conjunction with Full Text Search. The general idea is to create a separate words table that has a Trigram index on it.

Something like this worked for us. Note that we added an additional step with a temporary table. This was to allow us to filter out words that included non-alphabet characters.

execute <<-SQL
  -- Need to make a temp table so we can remove non-alphabet characters like websites
  CREATE TEMP TABLE temp_words AS
    SELECT word FROM ts_stat('SELECT to_tsvector(''simple'', content) FROM pg_search_documents');

  CREATE TABLE pg_search_words (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    word text
  );

  INSERT INTO pg_search_words (word)
    SELECT word
    FROM temp_words
    WHERE word ~ '^[a-zA-Z]+$';
  
  CREATE INDEX pg_words_idx ON pg_search_words USING GIN (word gin_trgm_ops);
  
  DROP TABLE temp_words;
SQL

This words table is therefore populated with every unique word that exists in your search content table. For us, this table was pretty large.

result = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pg_search_words").first['count']
puts result.first['count']
# => 1118644

Keeping the words table up-to-date #

As mentioned in the docs, this table is separate from your search table. Therefore, it needs to be either periodically regenerated or at least have any new words added to search content also added to this table.

One way to achieve this is with a trigger, which adds all new words (still filtering out non-alphabet characters) that are inserted into the documents table to the words table

create_trigger("pg_search_documents_after_insert_update_row_tr", generated: true, compatibility: 1)
  .on("pg_search_documents")
  .after(:insert, :update) do
  <<-SQL_ACTIONS
    CREATE TEMP TABLE temp_words AS
      SELECT word FROM ts_stat('SELECT to_tsvector(''simple'', ' || quote_literal(NEW.content) || ')');

    INSERT INTO pg_search_words (word)
      SELECT word
      FROM temp_words
      WHERE word ~ '^[a-zA-Z]+$';

    DROP TABLE temp_words;
  SQL_ACTIONS

end

Note that this does not handle records being deleted from the table – that would need to be something separate.

How we used the words table #

Assuming for simplicity the user's search term is a single word, if the search returns no results, we compare the search term's trigram set to the trigram index on the words table, and return the closest match.

Then, we'd show the closest match in a "Did you mean {correctly-spelled word}?" that hyperlinks to a search of the correctly-spelled word

Given more time, I would have liked to explore options to speed up the combined FTS and Trigram search. I'm certain we could have improved on the performance issues, but I can't say for sure that we could have gotten the search time down to a reasonable amount.

A future enhancement that would be pretty simple is to automatically search for that correctly-spelled word, removing the prompt to click the link. We could also change the text to something like "Showing results for {correctly-spelled word}".

Ultimately, I think with the situation at hand, we made the right call implementing Trigram this way. The search is just as fast as before, and now in the case of misspellings, a user just has to follow the link to the correctly-spelled word and they will see the results they wanted very quickly.




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5 Ways to Make Your Next In-Person All-Hands Event Worthwhile

In recent years, as distributed work has become the norm, all-hands trips have become more commonplace. Even companies that have always done them now see their importance in a new light. They are expensive and demanding for everyone involved, but when they’re done well they can be incredibly impactful. Are you bringing your team together and feeling the stress of getting it right? Designing the time together takes strategic thinking, logistics planning, and the confidence to ask everyone to contribute to the event’s success.

Last week, we came together to connect, celebrate each other, and look forward to a bright future in our quarterly all-hands event we call Third Third Thursday or TTT. It was our first in-person all-hands event since May 2023. At Viget, we actively build our culture together. The responsibility doesn’t fall on just a few individuals' shoulders. Our events are successful because individuals show up, speak up, listen, and honor the limited time we have together in-person. This is evident in the chats over breakfast pastries, the all-in approach to competitions breakout sessions, and the peer talks and discussions throughout our events. This connection and camaraderie doesn’t just happen, we work hard to make it happen. 

Reflecting on last week’s event (and 7 years of other events), I want to share these five key planning tips to help you craft a successful event. 

Leverage your physical space to help achieve your event goals. This fall we had a smaller number of attendees and we wanted to encourage discussion throughout the event so we set up the room in large U shape to foster conversation. We also made the most of our exterior space, which featured a fire escape staircase, by hosting an egg drop competition. 

Over communicate, especially around when team members can expect breaks and when they can expect to be fed. As the event lead, I share my phone number multiple times ahead of and throughout the event. We also make sure to communicate in dedicated channels, including an event Slack channel for all attendees, a behind-the-scenes Slack channel for presenters only, and an event website. We share important key information like bus schedules and flight confirmations via email. In advance of the big day, we shared this slide with our team to both inform and inspire. 

Leave room for unstructured time and connection. Over the years we learned that some of the best discussions and a-ha moments come from chats over a meal or a snack during the “unplanned” parts of the event. Now we plan ahead for these, leaving ample time for unplanned, impromptu a-has. We think about airport Uber rides, charter bus rides, morning runs, evening board games, or late-night drinks and look for ways to grease the wheels of serendipity. This was especially important for us this fall since it had been so long since the last time we all gathered together

Look for ways to celebrate what is unique to your company. One pretty fantastic thing that comes with a quarter century in business is the community we’ve built along the way. We make a point to keep up with previous Viget employees who we proudly call our alumni. We love our alumni and enjoy recognizing their contributions to Viget. One way we do so is with annual picnics, which we host when the most current Viget employees are in town for an event. These picnics are often a great mix of reconnections and networking.

Find ways to surprise and delight. Think big and small. For example, this fall we put colored pencils and butcher block paper out during our meeting time. Our autumnal decor included blue(ish) and orange pumpkins (Viget colors!). We made a subtle callout to an internal project by serving french fries as our afternoon snack. And we surprised our team with Unreal treats for their bus rides home. The treats served as dessert and a means for us to introduce our next in-person event, our spring TTT, aka Viget25. 

Some companies advocate for all-hand retreats to be social and relaxing, but not “productive.” They tout a meeting-free event. At Viget, we see the meeting time as crucial because that is when peers share knowledge, reflect on their recent work, showcase client impact, and highlight new ideas and personal growth. Similarly, our co-founders reflect on Viget’s performance and share thoughts on the upcoming business direction. The meeting sparks genuine inspiration and creates a time for us to remember what brought us to Viget in the first place – to build world class tech in support of our clients. 

On the heels of a successful gathering, it’s time to start planning the next one. For our next event we’ll head to the Allegheny Mountains where we’ll leverage a unique and memorable venue, offer plenty of unstructured time for connection (with each other and nature), loop in alumni where appropriate, plan inspiring meeting content, enjoy many meals and treats together, and of course find ways to surprise and delight. 

Work-related travel isn't for everyone, but if you know someone who appreciates the idea of dedicated time to connect with and celebrate their peers, we’re hiring. And to all the culture champions and event planners out there, good luck with your next all-hands! 




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Explore ChainGPT Labs’ Web3 Brand Identity & Web Design

Explore ChainGPT Labs’ Web3 Brand Identity & Web Design

abduzeedo

Discover ChainGPT Labs’ unique Web3 branding and web design with seamless 3D animations and a modern interface.

ChainGPT Labs stands as an ambitious venture, propelling innovation in the blockchain and Web3 startup world. A project backed by the ChainGPT team, this platform provides strategic funding, incubation, and acceleration services tailored for the Web3 ecosystem. To visually represent such a forward-thinking initiative, a distinctive and cohesive brand identity was crucial.

The design challenge was clear: introduce ChainGPT Labs as a part of the existing ChainGPT ecosystem while ensuring it had its unique presence. The team behind this creative endeavor adopted a strategy that balanced modernity with a recognizable brand connection.

Typeface Selection and Visual Cohesion

One of the design cornerstones is the typographic identity. The chosen typeface blends sleek, experimental, and monospace styles, reminiscent of sci-fi aesthetics yet grounded enough to maintain clarity. This combination brings a futuristic yet approachable vibe, mirroring ChainGPT Labs’ mission of bridging advanced technology with user-friendly design.

The website, crafted with a focus on interaction, features seamless 3D animations. These animations not only add depth but also engage users in an immersive digital experience. The modern, functional interface ensures smooth navigation while highlighting essential content. The design isn’t just about aesthetics; it delivers on usability, ensuring every visual element contributes to a cohesive narrative.

3D Animations: Bringing Ideas to Life

3D animation plays a pivotal role in elevating the digital experience. Each animation is thoughtfully integrated, making the browsing experience lively without compromising performance. These elements align with Web3’s ethos, suggesting a digital landscape that’s both dynamic and innovative.

Balancing Innovation and Brand Familiarity

Designers also needed to ensure that ChainGPT Labs felt like an extension of ChainGPT’s established identity. The visual ecosystem leans into bold aesthetics while subtly referencing familiar brand cues. Strategic use of color, shape, and layout ties the Labs’ identity back to its origins, achieving a harmonious balance between innovation and brand recognition.

Why It Matters for Design Enthusiasts

For graphic and interface designers, ChainGPT Labs offers an inspiring case study in brand expansion. The project exemplifies how visual elements can maintain brand consistency while pushing creative boundaries. This thoughtful integration of typography, 3D animation, and a user-focused interface marks a new chapter for digital design in the Web3 space.

For a full breakdown of the design elements, visit the work of Sigma Software Design at https://sigmasoftware.design/.

Visit the website at labs.chaingpt.org

Web design artifacts




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Exploring Editorial Design in ‘EN TORNO A LA MATERNIDAD’

Exploring Editorial Design in ‘EN TORNO A LA MATERNIDAD’

abduzeedo

Dive into the thoughtful editorial design of ‘EN TORNO A LA MATERNIDAD,’ crafted to resonate with themes of motherhood.

Pau Marín’s project, EN TORNO A LA MATERNIDAD, explores the essence of motherhood through a refined editorial design that merges visual storytelling with emotive impact. The design embodies the themes of care, strength, and the cycle of life, delivering a visual experience that’s as insightful as it is aesthetically appealing.

Design Approach and Concept

At the heart of this project lies a narrative-driven approach. Marín carefully crafted the layout to reflect the nuances of motherhood, using visual metaphors and deliberate design choices. The typographic elements are minimal yet impactful, guiding the reader’s eye through the content seamlessly. Serif and sans-serif typefaces interplay to emphasize the transitions between vulnerability and empowerment that define the maternal experience.

Photography plays a crucial role in this work, capturing tender moments that resonate with authenticity. Each image, strategically placed, adds layers of meaning, complementing the textual narrative. Marín’s ability to weave text and imagery together in a harmonious flow highlights the power of good editorial design to evoke emotions.

Layout and Visual Hierarchy

Marín’s layout decisions ensure readability while also inviting reflection. White space is used masterfully, giving the design room to breathe and allowing the reader to absorb the emotional weight of the content. The flow from one spread to the next feels intentional, never rushed, mirroring the natural rhythms of life.

The visual hierarchy emphasizes important sections, using bold headings and thoughtful subheadings. This structure not only aids in navigation but also underscores key messages without overwhelming the viewer. The balance between text, imagery, and negative space is a testament to Marín’s understanding of editorial design principles.

Thematic Consistency and Visual Metaphors

Colors in the project echo themes of nature and nurture, employing soft pastels and earth tones. These choices create a calming yet evocative palette that enhances the emotional resonance of the design. Visual metaphors, like the cyclical patterns in layouts, symbolize the never-ending cycles of care and love associated with motherhood.

For designers and illustrators, EN TORNO A LA MATERNIDAD serves as an inspiring example of how editorial design can amplify storytelling. The project encapsulates the emotional and cultural dimensions of its subject matter, offering a blueprint for blending design and narrative seamlessly.

Discover more about this project and Pau Marín’s impressive portfolio on Behance at behance.net/paumarn1.

Editorial design artifacts

Credits and thanks

  • Fina Perelló Andreu
  • Maria José Fuentes Perelló
  • Nuria Fuentes Perelló
  • Nuria Marín Fuentes
  • Claudia Marín Penella
  • Pablo Lázaro Ballester
  • Diane Gello
  • Irene Martinez De La Vega
  • Andrea Peregrín Moreno
  • Coribel Zubillaga García




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