Governments adhering to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are required to set up a National Contact Point (NCP) that functions in a visible, accessible, transparent and accountable manner. This report contains a peer review of the German NCP, mapping its strengths and accomplishments and also identifying opportunities for improvement.

The annual reports on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises provide an account of the actions the adhering governments have taken over the previous 12 months to enhance the contribution of the guidelines to the improved functioning of the global economy.

This study explores the role of the National Contact Points in dealing with cases relating to the implementation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises with a particular focus on labour issues and social dialogue.

20 June 2018 - This Liber Amicorum was prepared for Roel Nieuwenkamp. It offers a wide-ranging and comprehensive message to governments, business, civil society organisations and other stakeholders to collectively widen and deepen the adherence and practice of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises worldwide.

This regional network for policy dialogue on corporate governance provides a platform for discussing corporate governance priorities in the Middle East North Africa region, sharing best practices and evaluating their implementation.

Fraud and corruption are undermining the impact of the European Structural and Investment Funds, with recent high-profile cases resulting in mass protests and political upheaval. So what can EU governments do to tackle the problem?

Imports from Middle East in Brazil decreased to 257 USD Million in April from 385.42 USD Million in March of 2020. Imports from Middle East in Brazil averaged 412.57 USD Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 979.90 USD Million in November of 2014 and a record low of 55.16 USD Million in June of 2015. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Imports from Middle East.

Exports to Middle East in Brazil increased to 624 USD Million in April from 606.30 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports to Middle East in Brazil averaged 599.98 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1512.08 USD Million in August of 2011 and a record low of 65.39 USD Million in April of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports to Middle East.

Exports of Semi Mfc Prds - Hides & Skins in Brazil decreased to 70 USD Million in April from 96.83 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports of Semi Mfc Prds - Hides & Skins in Brazil averaged 103.83 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 266.13 USD Million in August of 2014 and a record low of 14.44 USD Million in April of 1989. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Semi Mfc Prds - Hides & Skins.

Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Oil Cake & Soybean Residues in Brazil increased to 558 USD Million in April from 537.39 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Oil Cake & Soybean R in Brazil averaged 217 USD Million from 1970 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 918.20 USD Million in June of 2014 and a record low of 0.77 USD Million in April of 1970. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Primary Prds - Oil Cake & Soybe.

Housing Index in Ireland decreased to 134.30 points in February from 134.50 points in January of 2020. Housing Index in Ireland averaged 116.76 points from 2005 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 163.60 points in April of 2007 and a record low of 73.40 points in March of 2013. In Ireland, the housing index refers to the Residential Property Price Index (RPPI) and it is designed to measure the change in the average level of prices paid for residential properties sold in the country. The RPPI is compiled using data on mortgage drawdowns provided on a monthly basis by 8 of the main Mortgage Lending Institutions under Section 13 of the Housing Act (2002). It is transactions based; meaning that prices are recorded only where a sale occurs. Not all residential property transactions are funded by a mortgage (i.e. They are cash based) and these transactions are excluded from the scope of the index. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ireland Residential Property Prices - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Indonesia decreased to 104.82 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 105.33 points in the third quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Indonesia averaged 106.75 points from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 122.50 points in the second quarter of 2000 and a record low of 95.12 points in the first quarter of 2006. In Indonesia, the Business Tendency Index (BTI) measures the expectations of entrepreneurs about current business income, production capacity, average working hours and future domestic and foreign orders, selling prices and raw materials. The survey covers a sample of around 2000 managers from large and medium companies from almost all regions of the country and from the main sectors of the economy (Agriculture, Mining and Quarrying, Manufacturing, Electricity, Gas and Water, Construction, Trade, Hotels, Transportation and Communication, Financial and Services). For each of the variables measured, the proportion of positive, negative and neutral answers is computed, and the final index is reported as a weighted average of those proportions. The BTI above 100 indicates an improving outlook and below 100 a deteriorating outlook. This page provides - Indonesia Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Faroe Islands increased to 35 points in the first quarter of 2020 from 13 points in the second quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Faroe Islands averaged 13.64 points from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 40 points in the second quarter of 2013 and a record low of -36 points in the first quarter of 2009. In Faroe Islands, the indicator and balances for the primary sector and other industries show development, current situation and expectations based on 15 questions asked twice a year in a survey of 35-40 companies. The questions refer to i.a. trends in production, possible limiting factors, expected employment, expected changes in prices, order books, production capacity and market trends home and abroad. The indicator is average of balances ranging from -100 to +100. Any single value only makes sense when compared to previous answers to the same question. This page provides - Faroe Islands Industrial Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Maldives increased to 77 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from -5 points in the third quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Maldives averaged 9.35 points from 2014 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 91 points in the fourth quarter of 2018 and a record low of -82 points in the second quarter of 2019. The Quarterly Business Survey is conducted by the MMA with the aim of obtaining a quick assessment of current business trends and expected future economic activity. The respondents of the business survey are senior managers or top management of businesses who has an overall view of the business situation. The questions cover the views of the senior management (for the past quarter and expectation for the next quarter) on the direction of change in various business variables such as sales, output, prices, exports, capacity utilisation and employment which are useful for analysing and predicting economic activity. The qualitative response for these questions takes the form of either increase, decrease or no change. The business survey conducts for the main sector of the economy which is tourism. This page provides - Maldives Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in South Africa decreased to 18 points in the first quarter of 2020 from 26 points in the fourth quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in South Africa averaged 43.29 points from 1975 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 92 points in the third quarter of 1980 and a record low of 12 points in the fourth quarter of 1977. In South Africa, the BER Business Confidence Index covers 1,400 business people in the building sector, 1,400 in the trade sector and 1,000 in manufacturing. The survey assesses the level of optimism that senior executives in the companies have about current and expected developments regarding sales, orders, employment, inventories and selling prices. The index varies on a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 indicates an extreme lack of confidence, 50 neutrality and 100 extreme confidence. This page provides - South Africa Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Gambia increased to 72 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 68 points in the third quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Gambia averaged 51 points from 2017 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 72 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 7 points in the third quarter of 2017. This page provides - Gambia Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Italy decreased to 89.50 points in March from 98.80 points in February of 2020. Business Confidence in Italy averaged 102.19 points from 1991 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 121.52 points in February of 1995 and a record low of 71.50 points in March of 2009. In Italy, the Manufacturing Confidence Index covers 4,000 Italian companies. The questionnaire focuses on the current trend of order books, production and inventories, short-term forecasts on order books, production, prices and the general economic situation. The business confidence index is adjusted for seasonal effects and fixed to a base year of 2005. The value 100 indicates no evolution in business sentiment, a value over 100 shows increasing confidence and a value under 100 indicates low expectations. This page provides the latest reported value for - Italy Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Japan decreased to -8 points in the first quarter of 2020 from 0 points in the fourth quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Japan averaged 1.47 points from 1983 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 53 points in the second quarter of 1989 and a record low of -58 points in the first quarter of 2009. In Japan, the quarterly Tankan Index of Sentiment at Large Manufacturers covers about 1,100 companies with capital over 1 billion Yen. The survey is done by mail or e-mail and asks participants to evaluate current trends and conditions in the business place and their respective industries as well as their expected business activities for the next quarter and year. The indicator is calculated by subtracting the percentage share of enterprises responding on the negative side from the share giving positive assessments. The index varies on a scale of -100 to 100 such that a value above zero indicates business optimism, a value below zero pessimism and 0 indicates neutrality. This page provides - Japan Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Australia decreased to -66 points in March from -4 points in February of 2020. Business Confidence in Australia averaged 5.48 points from 1997 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 21 points in April of 2002 and a record low of -66 points in March of 2020. The NAB monthly survey of business confidence is based on a telephone survey of around 600 small, medium and large size non-agricultural companies. The Survey measures the expectations of business conditions for the upcoming month and is a simple average of trading, profitability and employment indices, reported by respondents for their company. The indices are calculated by taking the difference between the percentage of respondents nominating good or very good, or a rise and those nominating poor or very poor, or a fall. This page provides - Australia Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Ukraine decreased to 110.50 points in the first quarter of 2020 from 112 points in the fourth quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Ukraine averaged 114.58 points from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 140.20 points in the fourth quarter of 2007 and a record low of 72 points in the first quarter of 2009. Business Confidence in Ukraine measures presidents/managers assessments of the current and future business activity, inflation and exchange rate expectations, and changes of the business environment in the country. The Business Confidence Index is based on a sample size of around 1236 enterprises covering all industry sectors, including small, medium and large enterprises from different regions. This page provides - Ukraine Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Ireland increased to 13 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from -26 points in the third quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Ireland averaged 16.06 points from 2011 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 50 points in the fourth quarter of 2014 and a record low of -26 points in the third quarter of 2019. The ISME Quarterly Trends Survey measures the level of optimism that people who run small and medium companies in Ireland have about the performance of the economy and how they feel about their organizations’ prospects. The survey is based on responses from around 1000 SME owner managers across all sectors of the economy and is presented as a balance of sentiment for twelve indicators including: business expectations and environment, profitability, employment, sales, investment, exports and economic uncertainty. The result is a simple balance between positive and negative answers. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ireland Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in France decreased to 82 points in April from 98 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in France averaged 100.06 points from 1976 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 124 points in June of 2000 and a record low of 66 points in March of 2009. In France, Business Climate measures industrial entrepreneurs’ sentiment about current business situation and expectation about business conditions. The survey sample comprises about 4,000 enterprises in the manufacturing and mining industries. The indicator is calculated using factor analysis technique. The index is then calculated in a way to measure the current sentiment in relation to the historic index values of the period 1993-2011. A value over 110 indicates unusually high optimism and a value under 90 indicates unusually high pessimism. The value 100 indicates neutrality. This page provides the latest reported value for - France Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in the United Kingdom decreased to -87 points in the second quarter of 2020 from 23 points in the first quarter of 2020. Business Confidence in the United Kingdom averaged -4.08 points from 1958 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 55 points in the third quarter of 1959 and a record low of -87 points in the second quarter of 2020. In the United Kingdom, the Business Optimism Index is published by the Confederation of British Industry's in its Industrial Trends Survey. An average of 400 small, medium and large companies from the manufacturing sector is surveyed each quarter. The Questionnaire accesses the overall sentiment regarding general and export business situation, investment, capacity, order books, employment, output, stocks, prices competitiveness regarding domestic, EU and non-EU markets and innovation and training. For each assessment is computed a sub-index as the percentage of positive answers minus the percentage of negative answers. The composite index is then computed as the weighted average of the sub-indices. An Optimism Index of +100 indicates that all survey respondents are much more confident about future prospects, while -100 suggests that all survey respondents are much less confident about future prospects. An index level of 0 indicates neutrality. This page provides - United Kingdom Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Czech Republic decreased to 73.80 points in April from 93.10 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Czech Republic averaged 96.65 points from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 112.80 points in February of 2007 and a record low of 69.10 points in March of 1999. In Czech Republic, the business confidence survey measures the level of optimism that people who run companies have about the performance of the economy and how they feel about their organizations’ prospects. Czech Statistical Office business confidence indicator is a weighted average of seasonally adjusted confidence indicators in industry, construction, trade and in selected services. This page provides - Czech Republic Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Turkey decreased to 66.80 points in April from 99.70 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Turkey averaged 99.25 points from 1987 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 123.30 points in December of 1987 and a record low of 52.60 points in December of 2008. In Turkey, the Business Tendency Survey (BTS) compiles the assessments of the senior managers on the recent past, current situation and their expectations regarding the future course of business environment in the manufacturing industry. A score above 100 indicates an optimistic outlook to the economic activities while below 100 points to a pessimistic outlook. . This page provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Brazil decreased to 34.50 points in April from 60.30 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Brazil averaged 54.42 points from 2004 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 68.50 points in January of 2010 and a record low of 34.50 points in April of 2020. In Brazil, the Industrial Entrepreneur Confidence Index (ICEI) measures the current situation of businesses and its future prospects. The survey covers about 2,500 companies in construction, mining and manufacturing industries. The questionnaire is made by phone and focuses on: production trends in recent months, order books, export order books, stocks and production expectations. The indicator varies on a scale of 0 to 100 where 50 indicates neutrality, 0 indicates extreme lack of confidence and 100 extreme confidence. This page provides - Brazil Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Angola increased to -4 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from -7 points in the third quarter of 2019. Business Confidence in Angola averaged 2.33 points from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 31 points in the second quarter of 2009 and a record low of -34 points in the second quarter of 2016. In Angola, the Economic Climate Indicator (ECI) provides indication of the level of optimism executives have about current and expected developments in production, sales, employment, inventories, etc. The indicator is based on a sample of around 630 companies, representing different sectors of the economy and located in Luanda, Benguela, Huíla and South Cuanza. For each of the indicators measured, the net difference between the number of positive responses and the number of negative responses is computed. The final global index (ECI) is then calculated as a simple average of those balances. The ECI above the average value (10) of the series indicates an improving outlook. The ECI below the average value of the series indicates a deteriorating outlook. This page provides the latest reported value for - Angola Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Poland decreased to -44.20 points in April from -1.10 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Poland averaged 3.68 points from 1993 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 24.90 points in May of 2007 and a record low of -44.20 points in April of 2020. In Poland, business tendency survey in manufacturing is based on a survey of 3500 companies producing consumer, investment and supply goods. The business tendency questionnaires contain questions related to the basic features of the economic situation in industry: general economic situation of the company, order-books, production, stocks, financial situation, employment, prices, production capacity, capacity utilization, duration of assured production, limits to activity, competitive position. On the basis of gathered replies indicators are calculated. These indicators are weighted by the value of sold production of manufacturing in current prices and their range varies from -100 to +100. Positive value means good business situation, negative – bad one. Increase (decrease) of indicator means improving (worsening) of the business situation from the enterprises point of view. This page provides the latest reported value for - Poland Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Portugal decreased to -0.70 points in April from 1.80 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Portugal averaged 1.69 points from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 5.10 points in March of 1989 and a record low of -4 points in November of 2012. In Portugal, the National Statistics Institute (INE) economic climate indicator on three terms moving averages is calculated in order to receive a timely composite indicator for the several sectors of economic activity. It is estimated using balances of questions from the Manufacturing Industry (1179 companies), Trade (1102 companies), Construction and Public Works (822 companies) and Services (1427 companies) surveys. The calculation is based on the factor analysis and the estimated series (the common component) is calibrated using the GDP change rates. The use of moving averages smooths out the series by removing the irregular movements, allowing the detection of the short-term trends. This page provides the latest reported value for - Portugal Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Croatia decreased to -29.40 points in April from -1.60 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Croatia averaged -3.28 points from 2008 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 17.70 points in February of 2018 and a record low of -29.40 points in April of 2020. This page provides - Croatia Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Cyprus decreased to 74.50 points in April from 101.40 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Cyprus averaged 100 points from 2001 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 114.90 points in August of 2007 and a record low of 68 points in April of 2013. In Cyprus, the Business Climate Indicator measures the current situation of the businesses and its future prospects. The questionnaire focuses on: production trends in recent months, order books, export order books, stocks and production expectations. The indicator is computed through the estimation of a factor-model and summarizes the common information contained in the surveys. A rise in the indicator will point to an upswing in activity and an improvement in the business climate. This page provides - Cyprus Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Greece decreased to 99.30 points in April from 109.40 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Greece averaged 102.58 points from 1985 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 120.70 points in July of 2000 and a record low of 79.30 points in August of 2015. In Greece, the Business Climate Indicator measures the current situation of the businesses and its future prospects. The survey is made by phone and covers 410 companies including sole proprietorships. The questionnaire focuses on: production trends in recent months, order books, export order books, stocks and production expectations. The indicator is computed through the estimation of a factor-model and summarizes the common information contained in the surveys. A rise in the indicator will point to an upswing in activity and an improvement in the business climate. This page provides the latest reported value for - Greece Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Luxembourg decreased to 76 points in April from 100.40 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Luxembourg averaged 101.99 points from 1985 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 125.70 points in April of 1995 and a record low of 74.30 points in December of 2008. In Luxembourg, the Business Climate Indicator measures the current situation of the businesses and its future prospects. The questionnaire focuses on: production trends in recent months, order books, export order books, stocks and production expectations. The indicator is computed through the estimation of a factor-model and summarizes the common information contained in the surveys. A rise in the indicator will point to an upswing in activity and an improvement in the business climate. This page provides - Luxembourg Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Romania decreased to -27.10 points in April from -2.60 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Romania averaged -1.78 points from 1991 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 27.30 points in June of 1996 and a record low of -27.10 points in April of 2020. Industrial Confidence Indicator is a survey measuring the confidence among executives in the manufacturing sector. This page provides - Romania Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Bulgaria decreased to -10.20 points in April from 21.60 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Bulgaria averaged 21.60 points from 1997 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 50.30 points in July of 2007 and a record low of -20.90 points in February of 1997. In Bulgaria, the business climate in industry measures the level of optimism that companies have about the performance of the economy and how they feel about their organizations’ prospects over the future. Business confidence surveys can provide useful signs about the current condition of the economy, because companies often have information about consumer demand sooner than government statisticians do. This page provides the latest reported value for - Bulgaria Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Mexico decreased to 37.40 points in April from 43.50 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Mexico averaged 51.68 points from 2004 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 58.70 points in February of 2007 and a record low of 34 points in February of 2009. In Mexico, the Monthly Survey of Business Opinion (EMOE) measures the expectations of business executives regarding production, capacity utilization, employment and inventories, in the short, medium and long run. The survey also trials the expectations concerning the general economic environment and how it may affect business activity. The EMOE has a national coverage and it is measured on a scale of 0 to 100, where levels above 50 indicate optimism, 50 neutrality and below 50 pessimism. This page provides the latest reported value for - Mexico Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Canada decreased to 22.80 points in April from 26 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Canada averaged 56.70 points from 1999 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 75 points in May of 2006 and a record low of 22.80 points in April of 2020. The Ivey Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is an economic index which measures the month to month variation in economic activity as indicated by a panel of purchasing managers from across Canada, and is prepared by the Ivey Business School at Western University. The PMI includes both the public and private sectors and is based on month end data Ivey PMI panel members indicate whether their organizations activity is higher than, the same as, or lower than the previous month across the following five categories: purchases, employment, inventories, supplier deliveries and prices.A headline value above 50 indicates an increase in purchases from the previous month and a value below 50 indicates a decrease. This page provides the latest reported value for - Canada Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Lithuania decreased to -22.70 points in April from -3.70 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Lithuania averaged -6.65 points from 2003 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 14 points in April of 2007 and a record low of -38 points in December of 2008. In Lithuania, industrial confidence indicator measures the level of optimism that people who run companies have about the performance of the economy and how they feel about their organizations’ prospects. Business confidence surveys can provide useful signs about the current condition of the economy, because companies often have information about consumer demand sooner than government statisticians do. This page provides - Lithuania Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Israel decreased to -19 points in April from -1.50 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Israel averaged 9.88 points from 1983 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 44.60 points in August of 1991 and a record low of -39.48 points in February of 2009. In Israel, the Business Tendency Survey measures the level of optimism that executives have about current and expected developments regarding production, sales, demand and employment. It also assesses expectations concerning changes in the development of the USDILS exchange rate and inflation. The survey is based on a sample of business executives from five economic sectors: manufacturing, construction, retail trade, hotels and services. The Business Confidence is measured on a scale of -100 to 100, where levels above 0 indicate optimism, 0 neutrality and below 0 pessimism. This page provides - Israel Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Qatar increased to 23.20 Index Points in the third quarter of 2018 from 23.10 Index Points in the second quarter of 2018. Business Confidence in Qatar averaged 21.06 Index Points from 2014 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 23.30 Index Points in the fourth quarter of 2017 and a record low of 15.20 Index Points in the second quarter of 2014. The Business Confidence in Qatar measures entrepreneurs’ sentiment about current business situation and expectation about business conditions. The questionnaire focuses on: volume of production; inventory volume of finished products; final products price, i.e. goods/services prices; business volume/ sales volume/ purchase orders; labour force volume; profitability ratios. The index value ranges between (-100) and (+100) points. It reaches its maximum (+100) if the views of all surveyed enterprises are positive, whereas it reaches neutrality(zero) when positive and negative views are equal. If the index value is below (zero), this indicates a negative assessment of enterprises situation. This page provides - Qatar Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Macedonia increased to 35.20 points in February from 34.40 points in January of 2020. Business Confidence in Macedonia averaged 8 points from 2001 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 35.20 points in February of 2020 and a record low of -35.80 points in August of 2001. In Macedonia, the Business Tendency Survey in Manufacturing industry is a qualitative survey that uses opinion-testing techniques and collects a sample of 250 business entities classified in the division No 15 to 36 of the National Classification of Activities (NACE). It collects qualitative (good, satisfactory, bad, up, unchanged, down etc.), not quantitative (numerical) data from business managers on their assessment of the current situation of the main economic indicators in their business entities and their expectations for the directions of movements of those indicators in the near future. The data is presented in the form of balances, obtained by taking the difference between weighted positive and negative answers expressed in percent. This page provides - Macedonia Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Exports of Liquid Fuels CMLV in Russia increased to 2961.40 USD Million in February from 1298.60 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports of Liquid Fuels CMLV in Russia averaged 10460.65 USD Million from 1998 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 50349 USD Million in December of 2013 and a record low of 45.20 USD Million in January of 1999. Russia accounts for Exports of Liquid Fuels using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports of Liquid Fuels CMLV.

Business Confidence in Russia decreased to -7 points in April from -2 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Russia averaged -3.23 points from 2005 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7 points in July of 2007 and a record low of -20 points in December of 2008. In Russia, the business confidence index measures morale among manufacturers. The index is calculated as the arithmetic average balances of assessments of actually existing levels of demand, stocks of finished products (with opposite sign) as well as change in output expected in the next 3 months. The index shows the difference between the percentage share of executives that are optimistic and the percentage of that is pessimistic. The index takes a value between -100 (all responding entities asses their situation as poor and expect it to become worse) up to 100 (all participants are satisfied with the current situation and expect it to improve); 0 indicates neutrality. This page provides - Russia Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Botswana decreased to 46 Index Points in the fourth quarter of 2017 from 48 Index Points in the second quarter of 2017. Business Confidence in Botswana averaged 49.73 Index Points from 2005 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 82 Index Points in the fourth quarter of 2008 and a record low of 28 Index Points in the fourth quarter of 2005. In Botswana, the Bank’s biannual Business Expectations Survey (BES) collects information on the local business community’s perceptions about the prevailing state of the economy and economic prospects. The business confidence index (BCI) reflects business conditions at a particular point in time and it is reported on a gross basis. That is, it is calculated as the percentage of respondents indicating ‘satisfactory’ conditions to the total number of respondents indicating ‘unsatisfactory’ and ‘satisfactory’ conditions. The BCI value varies from 0 to 100, with zero indicating extreme lack of confidence, while 100 indicates extreme confidence. As an example, a BCI value of 40 is interpreted to mean that 40 percent of all respondents (gross) rated prevailing conditions as satisfactory. This page provides - Botswana Business Confidence- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in Mozambique decreased to 95.50 points in March from 98.20 points in February of 2020. Business Confidence in Mozambique averaged 99.78 points from 2004 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 109.18 points in December of 2010 and a record low of 86.60 points in January of 2004. In Mozambique, the Economic Climate Indicator (ECI) measures the level of optimism executives have about current and expected developments in production, sales, employment, inventories, etc. The indicator is based on a sample of around 850 companies from the main sectors of the economy (Wholesale/Retail Sales, Construction, Manufacturing, Transports, Hotels and Restaurants). For each of the indicators measured, the net difference between the number of positive responses and the number of negative responses is computed. The final index (ECI) is then calculated as a simple average of those balances. The ECI value above 100 indicates an improving outlook and a value below 100 indicates a deteriorating outlook. This page provides the latest reported value for - Mozambique Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Business Confidence in Slovenia decreased to -39 points in April from -8 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in Slovenia averaged -1.54 points from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 15 points in June of 2000 and a record low of -39 points in April of 2020. In Slovenia, business tendency in manufacturing sentiment indicator measures the level of optimism that people who run companies have about the performance of the economy and how they feel about their organizations’ prospects. Business confidence surveys can provide useful signs about the current condition of the economy, because companies often have information about consumer demand sooner than government statisticians do. This page provides - Slovenia Business Confidence - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Business Confidence in South Korea decreased to 52 points in April from 56 points in March of 2020. Business Confidence in South Korea averaged 80.02 points from 1991 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 119 points in December of 1994 and a record low of 35 points in March of 1998. In South Korea, the Business Survey Index (BSI) in the manufacturing sector measures the level of optimism that business leaders have about the performance of the economy in the current month and their outlook for the following month. The Index is based on the survey of around 2800 companies in fifteen areas including sales, inventories, production facilities, prices, labor force and profitability. For each of the indicators measured, the net difference between the number of positive responses and the number of negative responses is computed. The BSI above 100 indicates an improving outlook and below 100 a deteriorating outlook. This page provides the latest reported value for - South Korea Business Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Housing Starts in Bulgaria decreased to 993 units in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1156 units in the third quarter of 2019. Housing Starts in Bulgaria averaged 744 units from 2010 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1281 units in the second quarter of 2017 and a record low of 382 units in the first quarter of 2012. This page provides - Bulgaria Housing Starts- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Housing Starts in Turkey increased to 9195 units in December from 5557 units in November of 2019. Housing Starts in Turkey averaged 7394.34 units from 2002 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 39137 units in December of 2010 and a record low of 1250 units in January of 2002. This page provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Housing Starts - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Imports Intra Eu - Umbrellas, Sticks, Whips & Riding-Crops in the United Kingdom decreased to 0.62 GBP Million in February from 0.70 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports Intra Eu - Umbrellas, Sticks, Whips & Ridi in the United Kingdom averaged 0.61 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2.37 GBP Million in February of 2015 and a record low of 0.06 GBP Million in December of 1996. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Umbrellas, Sticks, Whips &.