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International Pharmacy Acta [electronic journal].




cta

Inequality in Life Expectancies across Europe [electronic journal].




cta

The I.O. of ethics and cheating when consumers do not have rational expectations [electronic journal].




cta

Gender Roles and the Gender Expectations Gap [electronic journal].

National Bureau of Economic Research




cta

Firms' Expectations of New Orders, Employment, Costs and Prices: Evidence from Micro Data [electronic journal].




cta

Exposure to Grocery Prices and Inflation Expectations [electronic journal].




cta

Expectations, Stagnation and Fiscal Policy: a Nonlinear Analysis [electronic journal].




cta

Do Survey Expectations of Stock Returns Reflect Risk-Adjustments? [electronic journal].

National Bureau of Economic Research




cta

Do Monetary Policy Announcements Shift Household Expectations? [electronic journal].




cta

Credit Cycles, Expectations, and Corporate Investment [electronic journal].




cta

Coronavirus: Impact on Stock Prices and Growth Expectations [electronic journal].

National Bureau of Economic Research




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Central Bank Balance Sheet Policies Without Rational Expectations [electronic journal].




cta

Asymmetric Inflation Expectations, Downward Rigidity of Wages, and Asymmetric Business Cycles [electronic journal].




cta

Anchored Inflation Expectations [electronic journal].




cta

Acta Technica Jaurinensis [electronic journal].




cta

2020 International Multi-Conference on: "Organization of Knowledge and Advanced Technologies" (OCTA) [electronic journal].

IEEE / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Incorporated




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Green shoots of expectations on health, from newly-minted govt

As political tides change, the public sets sights on inclusive and robust healthcare reforms




cta

From small changes to big gains: pyridinium-based tetralactam macrocycle for enhanced sugar recognition in water

Chem. Sci., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SC06190J, Edge Article
Open Access
Canjia Zhai, Ethan Cross Zulueta, Alexander Mariscal, Chengkai Xu, Yunpeng Cui, Xudong Wang, Huang Wu, Carson Doan, Lukasz Wojtas, Haixin Zhang, Jianfeng Cai, Libin Ye, Kun Wang, Wenqi Liu
Incorporating pyridinium into an anthracene-based macrocycle significantly enhances its sugar binding affinity by increasing hydrogen bonding and expanding the contact surface area.
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The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Direct Ladderization of Cyclooctatetraene-containing, Processable Conjugated Ladder Polymers from Annulated bis-Zirconacyclopentadienes

Chem. Sci., 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SC06902A, Edge Article
Open Access
August J. Rothenberger, Harrison M. Bergman, He Li, Miao Qi, Yunfei Wang, Yi Liu, T. Don Tilley
Conjugated ladder polymers (CLPs) are difficult yet captivating synthetic targets due to their fully unsaturated fused backbones. Inherent challenges associated with their synthesis often lead to low yields, structural defects,...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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The reluctant pop star




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People of Srinagar remain reluctant voters as district records 29.24% turnout

Srinagar district’s poll percentage was 27.9% in the 2014 Assembly election and recorded 29.24% this time; J&K Chief Electoral Officer says Srinagar saw an increase of 5% compared to voter turnout of the recent Lok Sabha polls



  • Jammu and Kashmir Assembly

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Sodium alginate hydrogelation mediated paper-based POCT sensor for visual distance reading and smartphone-assisted colorimetric dual-signal determination of L-lactate

Anal. Methods, 2024, 16,2077-2084
DOI: 10.1039/D4AY00041B, Paper
Wenjuan Wang, Danrong Chen, Yujiao Cai, Zijing Liu, Hongfen Yang, Hongbin Xie, Jinquan Liu, Shengyuan Yang
Here, we show a paper-based POCT sensor based on lactate dehydrogenase-mediated alginate gelation combined with visual distance reading and smartphone-assisted colorimetric dual-signal analysis to determine the concentration of L-lactate in yogurt samples.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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​Unrealistic expectations: On India and Russia-Ukraine peace

India’s efforts at peacemaking between Russia and Ukraine have limited potential




cta

Drop deformation in a planar elongational flow: impact of surfactant dynamics

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00642A, Paper
Julian Wailliez, Paul Regazzi, Anniina Salonen, Paul G. Chen, Marc Jaeger, Marc Leonetti, Emmanuelle Rio
We measure the deformation of a drop under an extensional flow. The drop is less deformed than for a pure liquid because of the depletion of surfactants at the tips, which we attribute to the adsorption/desorption dynamics of the surfactants.
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Microrheology of gemini surfactants at interfaces and in solutions in the dilute and semidilute regimes

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00860J, Paper
Mayssa Medfai, Antonio Stocco, Christophe Blanc, Maurizio Nobili, Martin In
The interface of semidilute Gemini surfactant solutions remains fluid and is less viscous than the bulk. Depletion of the viscosity near the interface plays a key role in microrheology.
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The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




cta

Carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized calcium phosphate particles for injectable hydrogel-based bone tissue engineering

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00670D, Paper
Piyaporn Srisura, Yuwaporn Pinyakit, Umphan Ngoensawat, Pongsakorn Yuntasiri, Khoiria Nur Atika Putri, Theerapat Chanamuangkon, Waranyoo Phoolcharoen, Varol Intasanta, Voravee P. Hoven
Carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized calcium phosphate particles well-dispersed in aqueous solution can be integrated into an injectable hydrogel made of methacrylated hyaluronic acid which is a promising material for bone regeneration applications.
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Towards a universal model for the foaming behavior of surfactants: a case study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00931B, Paper
Muchu Zhou, Reza Foudazi
Foam fractionation offers a promising solution for the separation of surface-active contaminants from water.
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The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Confined bicontinuous microemulsions: nanoscale dynamics of the surfactant film

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8692-8701
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00925H, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Margarethe Dahl, Olaf Holderer, René Haverkamp, Ingo Hoffmann, Kathleen Wood, Jessica Hübner, Thomas Hellweg, Stefan Wellert
A confined bicontinuous C10E4–D2O–n-octane microemulsion is studied using neutron spin echo spectroscopy (NSE). The pore size of the confining matrices determines the dynamics of the confined bicontinuous microemulsion.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Interfacial viscoelasticity in oscillating drops of cyclodextrin-surfactant aqueous solution: experiments and theory

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01007H, Paper
José Roberto Romero-Arias, Alberto S. Luviano, Miguel Costas, Aurora Hernandez-Machado, Rafael A Barrio
We present experiments involving oscillating droplets in aqueous cyclodextrin-surfactant solutions. In these experiments, α-cyclodextrin (αCD) and anionic surfactants exhibit remarkable viscoelasticity at the liquid/air interface, with dilatational modulus varying across...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Mechanical properties soft hydrogels: assessment by scanning ion-conductance microscopy and atomic force microscopy

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00966E, Paper
Tatiana Tikhonova, Yuri M. Efremov, Vasilii Kolmogorov, Aleksei Iakovlev, Nikolay Sysoev, Peter S. Timashev, Victor Fadeev, Alexander Tivtikyan, Sergey Salikhov, Petr Gorelkin, Yuri Korchev, Alexandr Erofeev, Evgeny Shirshin
The growing interest in biomimetic hydrogels is due to their successful applications in tissue engineering, 3D cell culturing and drug delivery. Major characteristics of hydrogels include swelling, porosity, degradation rate,...
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Building a Dictaphone Using Media Recorder and getUserMedia

Chris Mills brushes up his shorthand and shows how the MediaStream Recording API in modern browsers can be used to capture audio directly from the user’s device. Inching ever closer to the capabilities of native software, it truly is an exciting time to be a web developer.


The MediaStream Recording API makes it easy to record audio and/or video streams. When used with MediaDevices.getUserMedia(), it provides an easy way to record media from the user’s input devices and instantly use the result in web apps. This article shows how to use these technologies to create a fun dictaphone app.

A sample application: Web Dictaphone

To demonstrate basic usage of the MediaRecorder API, we have built a web-based dictaphone. It allows you to record snippets of audio and then play them back. It even gives you a visualisation of your device’s sound input, using the Web Audio API. We’ll just concentrate on the recording and playback functionality in this article, for brevity’s sake.

You can see this demo running live, or grab the source code on GitHub. This has pretty good support on modern desktop browsers, but pretty patchy support on mobile browsers currently.

Basic app setup

To grab the media stream we want to capture, we use getUserMedia(). We then use the MediaRecorder API to record the stream, and output each recorded snippet into the source of a generated <audio> element so it can be played back.

We’ll first declare some variables for the record and stop buttons, and the <article> that will contain the generated audio players:

const record = document.querySelector('.record');
const stop = document.querySelector('.stop');
const soundClips = document.querySelector('.sound-clips');

Next, we set up the basic getUserMedia structure:

if (navigator.mediaDevices && navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia) {
   console.log('getUserMedia supported.');
   navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia (
      // constraints - only audio needed for this app
      {
         audio: true
      })

      // Success callback
      .then(function(stream) {

      })

      // Error callback
      .catch(function(err) {
         console.log('The following `getUserMedia` error occured: ' + err);
      }
   );
} else {
   console.log('getUserMedia not supported on your browser!');
}

The whole thing is wrapped in a test that checks whether getUserMedia is supported before running anything else. Next, we call getUserMedia() and inside it define:

  • The constraints: Only audio is to be captured for our dictaphone.
  • The success callback: This code is run once the getUserMedia call has been completed successfully.
  • The error/failure callback: The code is run if the getUserMedia call fails for whatever reason.

Note: All of the code below is found inside the getUserMedia success callback in the finished version.

Capturing the media stream

Once getUserMedia has created a media stream successfully, you create a new Media Recorder instance with the MediaRecorder() constructor and pass it the stream directly. This is your entry point into using the MediaRecorder API — the stream is now ready to be captured into a <Blob>, in the default encoding format of your browser.

const mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(stream);

There are a series of methods available in the MediaRecorder interface that allow you to control recording of the media stream; in Web Dictaphone we just make use of two, and listen to some events. First of all, MediaRecorder.start() is used to start recording the stream once the record button is pressed:

record.onclick = function() {
  mediaRecorder.start();
  console.log(mediaRecorder.state);
  console.log("recorder started");
  record.style.background = "red";
  record.style.color = "black";
}

When the MediaRecorder is recording, the MediaRecorder.state property will return a value of “recording”.

As recording progresses, we need to collect the audio data. We register an event handler to do this using mediaRecorder.ondataavailable:

let chunks = [];

mediaRecorder.ondataavailable = function(e) {
  chunks.push(e.data);
}

Last, we use the MediaRecorder.stop() method to stop the recording when the stop button is pressed, and finalize the Blob ready for use somewhere else in our application.

stop.onclick = function() {
  mediaRecorder.stop();
  console.log(mediaRecorder.state);
  console.log("recorder stopped");
  record.style.background = "";
  record.style.color = "";
}

Note that the recording may also stop naturally if the media stream ends (e.g. if you were grabbing a song track and the track ended, or the user stopped sharing their microphone).

Grabbing and using the blob

When recording has stopped, the state property returns a value of “inactive”, and a stop event is fired. We register an event handler for this using mediaRecorder.onstop, and construct our blob there from all the chunks we have received:

mediaRecorder.onstop = function(e) {
  console.log("recorder stopped");

  const clipName = prompt('Enter a name for your sound clip');

  const clipContainer = document.createElement('article');
  const clipLabel = document.createElement('p');
  const audio = document.createElement('audio');
  const deleteButton = document.createElement('button');

  clipContainer.classList.add('clip');
  audio.setAttribute('controls', '');
  deleteButton.innerHTML = "Delete";
  clipLabel.innerHTML = clipName;

  clipContainer.appendChild(audio);
  clipContainer.appendChild(clipLabel);
  clipContainer.appendChild(deleteButton);
  soundClips.appendChild(clipContainer);

  const blob = new Blob(chunks, { 'type' : 'audio/ogg; codecs=opus' });
  chunks = [];
  const audioURL = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob);
  audio.src = audioURL;

  deleteButton.onclick = function(e) {
    let evtTgt = e.target;
    evtTgt.parentNode.parentNode.removeChild(evtTgt.parentNode);
  }
}

Let’s go through the above code and look at what’s happening.

First, we display a prompt asking the user to name their clip.

Next, we create an HTML structure like the following, inserting it into our clip container, which is an <article> element.

<article class="clip">
  <audio controls></audio>
  <p>_your clip name_</p>
  <button>Delete</button>
</article>

After that, we create a combined Blob out of the recorded audio chunks, and create an object URL pointing to it, using window.URL.createObjectURL(blob). We then set the value of the <audio> element’s src attribute to the object URL, so that when the play button is pressed on the audio player, it will play the Blob.

Finally, we set an onclick handler on the delete button to be a function that deletes the whole clip HTML structure.

So that’s basically it — we have a rough and ready dictaphone. Have fun recording those Christmas jingles! As a reminder, you can find the source code, and see it running live, on the MDN GitHub.


This article is based on Using the MediaStream Recording API by Mozilla Contributors, and is licensed under CC-BY-SA 2.5.


About the author

Chris Mills manages the MDN web docs writers’ team at Mozilla, which involves spreadsheets, meetings, writing docs and demos about open web technologies, and occasional tech talks at conferences and universities. He used to work for Opera and W3C, and enjoys playing heavy metal drums and drinking good beer.

More articles by Chris




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Boatmen’s associations reluctant to collect sand from Godavari’s banks over lack of remuneration

Permissions of 89 associations revoked by govt.; officials assure direct payments to workers’ bank accounts from Monday in order to prevent a shortage of sand




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A few glitches notwithstanding, Sara’s performance is worth watching




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All-thiophene dendrimers based on cyclooctatetrathiophene: synthesis and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features

Org. Chem. Front., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4QO01525H, Research Article
Pengfei Wang, Chunmei Zhao, Shuai Qiu, Wan Xu, Chunli Li, Zhiying Ma, Wei Cao, Li Xu, Hua Wang
A novel class of all-thiophene dendrimers with obvious AIE emissions was designed and synthesized based on saddle-shaped cyclooctatetrathiophene (COTh) as building blocks.
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Synergy of prediction rule and total synthesis in solving the stereochemical puzzle of eucalactam B

Org. Chem. Front., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4QO01777C, Research Article
Chenqi Wang, Junyang Liu, Tao Ye
The absolute configurations of the fungal-derived reduced polyketide eucalactam B were initially predicted using the “Biochemistry-based rule” and later confirmed through its first successful total synthesis.
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The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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A two-step Kinugasa/Conia-ene-type sequential reaction for the asymmetric synthesis of 8-methylene-2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octane-1,5-diones

Org. Chem. Front., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4QO01388C, Research Article
Shanyue Li, Qicai Ma, Bohua Wu, Haowen Ma, Wei Zhou, Qian Cai
A two-step Kinugasa/Conia-ene-type sequential reaction is developed. The process provided a simple and efficient access to chiral 8-methylene-2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octane-1,5-diones.
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Trump wants to be 'dictator', won't be good for ties with India: Congressman Shri Thanedar on US polls

He further underscored the importance of the Indian-American vote in the upcoming US Presidential elections, while noting the growing support for Kamala Harris in the crucial swing state of Michigan




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An octanuclear 3-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)pyrazolate/phenylsilsesquioxane complex: synthesis, unique structure, and catalytic activity

Dalton Trans., 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4DT02690J, Communication
Alexey Bilyachenko, Victor N Khrustalev, Zhibin Huang, Lidia S. Shul'pina, Pavel Dorovatovskii, Elena Shubina, Nikolay S. Ikonnikov, Nikolai N. Lobanov, Karim G. Rahimov, Di Sun
First metallasilsesquioxane bearing pyrazolylpyridine ligands, Cu8-based complex 1, adopts cage structure with two zigzag-like copper tetramers sandwiched by two cyclic Si5 silsesquioxane ligands. Four 3-phenyl-5-(2-pyridyl)pyrazolate ligands in 1 exhibit dual...
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Effect of mono- and dinuclear thiosemicarbazone platinacycles in the proliferation of a colorectal carcinoma cell line

Dalton Trans., 2024, 53,17803-17818
DOI: 10.1039/D4DT01490A, Paper
Open Access
Francisco Reigosa-Chamorro, Sandra Cordeiro, M. Teresa Pereira, Beatriz Filipe, Pedro V. Baptista, Alexandra R. Fernandes, José M. Vila
The study of the antiproliferative activity of thiosemicarbazone platinacycles puts forward their high selectivity and low IC50 values.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Ultrafiltration behavior of CuO particles synthesized without and with different surfactants using PAN and PES membranes

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024, 10,2981-2996
DOI: 10.1039/D4EW00462K, Paper
Olabimpe Genevieve Badru, Ime Akanyeti
Four different CuO particles were synthesized, with no surfactant (CuO/NS) and with three surfactants: Triton X-100 (CuO/TX100), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CuO/CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (CuO/SDS).
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Applicability of β-lactamase entrapped agarose discs for removal of doripenem antibiotic: reusability and scale-up studies

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4EW00572D, Paper
Huma Fatima, Amrik Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar Khare
Schematic diagram illustrating antibiotic removal via β-lactamase-entrapped agarose discs in a fixed-bed column bioreactor, highlighting the potential for scale-up.
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Philippine dictator set to be buried at heroes' cemetery

"There will be no state funeral. It will be very simple, the body will be carried on a hearse then brought to his tomb," Mr. Albayalde said.




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An octave box inspired energy regularization triboelectric nanogenerator for highly efficient wave energy harvesting

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17,8829-8837
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE02969K, Paper
Yuanchao Ren, Zizhuo Wang, Jie Chen, Fei Wu, Hengyu Guo
Inspired by the mechanical transmission structure of octave boxes, this work proposes a novel energy regularization triboelectric nanogenerator to effectively convert chaotic wave energy into stable electric output.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Enhancing inter-domain connectivity by reducing fractal dimensions: the key to passivating deep traps in organic photovoltaics

Energy Environ. Sci., 2024, 17,8893-8903
DOI: 10.1039/D4EE02961E, Paper
Yuang Fu, Luhang Xu, Yuhao Li, Emily J. Yang, Yu Guo, Guilong Cai, Pok Fung Chan, Yubin Ke, Chun-Jen Su, U-Ser Jeng, Philip C. Y. Chow, Ji-Seon Kim, Man-Chung Tang, Xinhui Lu
Researchers in CUHK identified isolated non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) domains as the morphological origin of deep electron traps in organic photovoltaics. They showcased effective trap passivation by reducing the fractal dimensions of NFA networks.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Green synthesis of surfactant-free mesoporous silica with strong hydrophilicity via metal salt modifications for moisture adsorption

React. Chem. Eng., 2024, 9,816-824
DOI: 10.1039/D3RE00513E, Paper
Pariyawalee Sangteantong, Kunpirom Chainarong, Waleeporn Donphai, Metta Chareonpanich
In this work, the green synthesis of mesoporous silica (MPS) was carried out using low-cost sodium silicate as a precursor.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Spectacular trees for small spaces

They are easy to care for, thrive in ordinary garden soil, and need minimal watering once established, says Vrinda Kumble




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Lactobacillus plantarum 69-2 combined with α-lactalbumin hydrolysate alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis through the TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory pathway and the gut microbiota in mice

Food Funct., 2024, 15,10987-11004
DOI: 10.1039/D4FO02975E, Paper
Yue Ma, Chuanbing Hu, Jing Zhang, Cong Xu, Lizhi Ma, Yunhe Chang, Muhammad Altaf Hussain, Jiage Ma, Juncai Hou, Zhanmei Jiang
Ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory bowel disease, seriously affects people's quality of life.
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Engineering sulfated polysaccharides and silk fibroin based injectable IPN hydrogels with stiffening and growth factor presentation abilities for cartilage tissue engineering

Biomater. Sci., 2024, 12,2067-2085
DOI: 10.1039/D3BM01466E, Paper
Akansha Dixit, Aman Mahajan, Rakshita Saxena, Saptomee Chakraborty, Dhirendra S. Katti
In this study, we combined the β-sheet mediated self-stiffening ability of silk with growth factor presenting ability of sulphated carboxymethyl cellulose in an injectable interpenetrating network hydrogel for repair of articular cartilage defects.
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A thermally reversible injectable adhesive for intestine tissue repair and anti-postoperative adhesion

Biomater. Sci., 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4BM00164H, Paper
Wenmo Zhang, Runze Zhang, Rong Yang, Yage Sun, Qian Zhang, Xuequan Feng, Chunyan Cui, Wenguang Liu
Intestine damage is an acute abdominal disease that usually requires emergency sealing. However, traditional surgical suture not only causes secondary damage to the injured tissue, but also results in adhesion...
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An injectable fluorescent and iodinated hydrogel for preoperative localization and dual image-guided surgery of pulmonary nodules

Biomater. Sci., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4BM00035H, Paper
Open Access
Woojin Back, Jiyun Rho, Kyungsu Kim, Hwan Seok Yong, Ok Hwa Jeon, Byeong Hyeon Choi, Hyun Koo Kim, Ji-Ho Park
We report the development of an injectable hydrogel-based dual computed tomography (CT) and near-infrared (NIR) imaging marker for use in preoperative pulmonary localization and intraoperative dual-imaging of deep-seated nodules.
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