you This Is What a Great Book Does to Your Brain By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 5 Nov 2018 16:12:33 -0400 Books can make us smarter, more informed, even more intellectually humble. But one of the most powerful benefits of regular reading is greater empathy. Through words you are transported to another's perspective. You look through their eyes. You understand their pain and their joy. That can relieve loneliness and make life a whole lot more pleasant, but it's also good for business. Understanding customers and collaborators helps you get more done and be more creative. So how exactly do books accomplish this magic trick? On Lit Hub recently Tufts University professor of child development and reading expert Maryanne Wolf explained the fascinating neuroscience of exactly what immersion in a good book does to your brain. complete article Full Article
you How to Get Your Small Business Out of Debt in 2019 By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 15 Feb 2019 17:29:00 -0500 Rising interest rates and high levels of corporate debt have lots of investors concerned. Should small businesses be worried? The majority of small businesses (in most industries) are able to pay their bills on time. According to Experian/Moodys Analytics Main Street Report, overall delinquencies for businesses with fewer than 100 employees were slightly down in the third quarter of 2018. Credit utilization rates were also down slightly. At the same time, that same research has found that rates for delinquencies of 31 to 90 days rose slightly. While it is not yet a cause for concern, the report points out that the period of consistent declines in delinquency rates for small businesses may be near its end. complete article Full Article
you 10 Small Steps You Can Take to Make a Big Impact on Your Business in 2019 By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 27 Feb 2019 09:51:19 -0500 Not every step you take to move your business forward will be a big one. But sometimes, even small steps can make a large impact on your future. Here are some recent tips and insights from members of the online small business community about big and small steps you can take to really make an impact on your business. complete article Full Article
you How to Beat Procrastination As You Grow Your Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 1 Mar 2019 09:53:01 -0500 Procrastination is an odd compulsion. Everyone has experienced it, but the underlying reasons can be tough to pin down. After all, procrastination delays the very activities that bring people closer to their goals -- whether that is building a thriving business or stronger triceps. So why do not humans just sprint toward that brighter, fitter future? The science. Scientific studies of procrastination have spiked over the past 20 years. Researchers once considered the issue a basic time-management problem, but they now view it as a complex and highly individual phenomena. complete article Full Article
you Types of Crowdfunding for your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 6 Mar 2019 09:56:21 -0500 Crowdfunding has become a viable form for funding a venture, project, cause, event and much more. For small businesses looking to bypass traditional sources of financing such as bank loans, angel investing or venture capital, it is now a great option. If you have been thinking about starting a campaign, it is important to note there are different types of crowdfunding. And this does not mean the platform or portal such as Kickstarter, Indiegogo and others. The confusion stems from clumping crowdfunding under one umbrella, when in reality there are different types or models. Depending on your project, choosing the right model for your small business is critically important to ensure the success of your campaign. complete article Full Article
you How to Successfully Shake Up Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 11 Mar 2019 09:59:18 -0500 Are you making big changes to your small business? Whether you're entering a new market, eliminating services that your clients love but no longer work for you, or changing the structure of your business entirely, follow these three tips to shake up your small business without losing revenue or hurting your reputation. complete article Full Article
you Use This 5-Step Process to Set and Achieve Your Sales Goals By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 13 Mar 2019 09:02:35 -0500 Step 1: Set meaningful goals. People do nott achieve goals unless the goals are meaningful to them. Sure, every seller has a quota for this year, but so what? If you want to maximize your motivation to achieve the goals, you must know why achieving it is important to you. To do that, go beyond your one-year quota-focused goal. complete article Full Article
you 7 tips to make your small business an Instagram star By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 20 Mar 2019 09:09:09 -0500 Get out your pink paint. Or your coral, or yellow or teal. By the time you finish reading this column, you’re going to be painting one wall of your small business a color that will pop on Instagram. Why? Because Instagram is today’s powerhouse social media site for consumer businesses. And if you give customers an inviting way to post to Instagram, they'll advertise your business for free. A few years ago, if you wanted to reach retail consumers, the social media site of choice was Facebook. While it may still work for reaching certain demographics, many consumers – especially female Millennials – love Instagram. complete article Full Article
you 4 Reasons Not to Grow Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 22 Mar 2019 09:11:58 -0500 Many small businesses start out with a single location or product offering and grow over time. Expanding your business is a good way to increase your long-term profitability and reach a wider audience. But while growing your venture might be something you'd like to do eventually, now might not be the ideal time to dive in. Here are four reasons you might choose not to grow your business, and instead stick with the status quo. complete article Full Article
you Is Your Small Business Achieving Profitable Growth? By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 27 Mar 2019 09:03:05 -0500 Very few entrepreneurs have an accounting or finance background. Here are four tips to ensure your small business is achieving profitable growth. Most small business owners start their own business because they have a passion for something, a new idea, want to be their own boss or are seeking more financial stability and/or earning potential. However, very few entrepreneurs have an accounting or finance background. complete article Full Article
you How to Write a Tagline for Your Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 2 Apr 2018 09:10:15 -0500 When done correctly, a tagline can become synonymous with a brand. A good tagline should communicate your companys message quickly and effectively, helping your target customers understand how you can help them in a way that’s easy to remember. Since it is something that will likely appear in all of your companys marketing materials and may stick with you for years, your team should put a lot of care and consideration into crafting your tagline. complete article Full Article
you 7 Reasons To Start Your Own Company in Your 20s By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Sat, 6 Apr 2019 09:25:51 -0500 Now, I do not want to burst any happy bubbles for those of you who are already treading the traditional pathway, but that traditional narrative no longer makes much sense, because over the past two decades, big corporations, big academia, and big corporatist government have rigged the business world so that the longer you wait to start your own company, the less likely you are to be successful. Because of this, young entrepreneurs (Mil complete article Full Article
you 4 Lucrative Careers You Can Move Into Without Getting Another Degree By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 22 Apr 2019 13:52:09 -0400 Switching careers can feel intimidating, but you have got to make some moves if you’re spinning your wheels at your current job. Tech industry jobs are hot right now, and you can make great money once you’ve got the know-how to compete with other tech candidates. Here’s a breakdown of the fields with the best opportunities. complete article Full Article
you 4 reasons you should work for a small business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 1 May 2019 10:55:16 -0400 Big companies often have big perks. That is especially true in the technology Opens a New Window. space, where free meals, gyms, and even day care are quite common. Even more traditional large companies that do not offer those kinds of benefits still have things that smaller businesses Opens a New Window. do not -- there are more opportunities for advancement, more training opportunities, and maybe even the option of transferring to another location. complete article Full Article
you 15 Expert Tips for Scaling Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 10 May 2019 11:04:23 -0400 SBDC Centers offer free consulting and free or low-cost training. (Find yours here.) Their results speak for themselves: SBDC clients grow sales by an average 18.1%, which is 4.3 times the national average. March 20th is SBDC Day, and to celebrate, we assembled some tips from their experts. complete article Full Article
you 10 Tips to Help You Create a Smart Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 13 May 2019 11:05:41 -0400 Smart companies are not just those that have intelligent leaders. They also have systems, tools and proper planning in place that allow every department or function to run together seamlessly. To become a smart company, you need to integrate smart ideas into every facet of your business. Here are some tips from members of the online small business community. Manage Your Website Effectively Your website is one of the most important tools your small business has. To manage it effectively, you need access to the right tools. In this WP Buffs post, Brenda Barron provides a full explanation and walk-through of GoDaddy Pro, so you can see if it may be helpful for your business. complete article Full Article
you Why you should hire your kids for your small business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 22 May 2019 18:53:34 -0400 Owners of small businesses should consider hiring their children. A young person whos claimed as a dependent on their parents return can still have $12,000 of wages in 2019 and pay no income tax. The Standard Deduction offsets the wages. The parents probably provided more than 50 percent of the basic support of the child (housing, food, clothing, medical and transportation expenses). The parents can still claim the exemption for the child, but dependent exemptions are no longer done (allowed). If the child is younger than age 17, the parents do get a Child Tax Credit of $2,000. That credit directly offsets income tax of the parents. If the business is a sole owner business, a single member LLC or a partnership owned only by the childs parents, there are no payroll taxes for the child or the employer to pay on the wages. complete article Full Article
you 5 Reasons Why Your Small Business Should Borrow Now By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 5 Jun 2019 12:34:27 -0400 People have a lot of opinions when it comes to debt and borrowing. At one extreme, some believe that all debt should be avoided and there’s no room for argument on the subject. Others perhaps borrow a little too freely, taking out new financing with little thought about whether doing so will be a benefit or a hindrance in the long term. complete article Full Article
you Should Your Small Business Consider a Coworking Space? By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 14 Jun 2019 17:15:56 -0400 As your small business grows, it will eventually become too big to run out of your home. With steady clients coming in or an expanding workforce of people you have hired, you probably don't want to keep conducting business in your basement or at your kitchen table. complete article Full Article
you 3 Ways Your Small Business Can Reach New Customers By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 17 Jun 2019 17:16:29 -0400 Grow or die. It sounds like the title of a rap song, but its actually the business idea that if your company does not grow, it is probably not going to make it. The reality is that you don't need to get bigger. What you need is a stream of customers to replace the ones that move, buy from you a little less, or have other life circumstances that change the level of business they do with you. Yes, it is nice to add business and grow. complete article Full Article
you Is The Small-Business Mindset Holding Back Your Marketing? By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 21 Jun 2019 17:19:41 -0400 I started my first business out of my university dorm room, and like most startup business owners, I had to be resourceful and use whatever tools I could afford. Thus, I taught myself how to use Photoshop and I designed my own business cards, my own logo and all of my own marketing materials — and they looked bad. Unfortunately, friends, family and everyone who I marketed my startup entertainment business to knew that my branding materials looked bad — except for me. complete article Full Article
you How to Make Your Small Business Website Really, Really Effective By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 24 Jun 2019 17:22:33 -0400 Most small business owners today know that they need a website. But what many fail to realize is that their websites need to be more effective. A website is meant to attract consumers to your business. But what do those consumers do once they land on your website? Maybe they give you a call or pop into your bricks-and-mortar location some time. And, sure, that’s all fine and dandy. But even better than that, your website itself can actually generate leads and sales for you with just a few simple tweaks. complete article Full Article
you 5 Reasons Your Small Business Needs Insurance By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 13:26:36 -0400 Being a small business owner puts you in control of your destiny, but there are major costs that go along with being the boss. With licences, office rent, and staff payroll to deal with already, some aspiring entrepreneurs shrug off the idea of purchasing business insurance in the start-up phase. complete article Full Article
you 6 Things to Know Before You Start a Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 13:33:01 -0400 Many people dream of owning a small business. Owning a company is ideal for people who are naturally creative, are visionaries, and want freedom from the daily toil of a corporate job. However, launching a small business is not solely about having enough capital or a great idea. A would-be entrepreneur should also have the courage to take risks, a great imagination to be innovative, and the self-discipline to sustain the work needed to attain set goals. Here are some important considerations to think about before launching a small business. complete article Full Article
you How To Start Your Small Business On The Right Financial Foot By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 8 Jul 2019 13:35:56 -0400 Every year, more than 400,000 entrepreneurs launch small businesses in the United States, many driven by the desire for ownership and independence. Local mom-and-pop shops, online services, food trucks — the skys the limit. But taking on a new business is a lot of work and risk. According to the Small Business Association, over 20% of new small businesses fail during the first year of operation. complete article Full Article
you 8 things you should know before starting a small business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 12 Jul 2019 13:40:14 -0400 There are dozens of small things to keep in mind before calling yourself an entrepreneur: Have you found a good accountant? What's your niche? Who are you bringing onto your project? complete article Full Article
you How to Improve Your Small Business Cybersecurity in an Hour By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 15 Jul 2019 13:41:56 -0400 Statistics show that cybersecurity is a legitimate threat to small businesses, but small businesses don't always act on that knowledge. According to the 2018 Small Business Cybersecurity Report, 47% of small businesses experienced an attack in the past 12 months. Cybersecurity is a serious concern, yet the report shows only 52% of businesses have a cybersecurity strategy. complete article Full Article
you 12 Small Business Podcasts That Will Help You Sell More By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 17 Jul 2019 13:43:20 -0400 Running a business is often about setting goals and putting in the long hours and hard work to achieve them. Regardless of what type of business you run, it’s likely that selling more has a frequent, if not long-term, place on your to-do list. It’s a goal that requires staying up to date on new techniques, honing strategies, and being in touch with the latest industry news. complete article Full Article
you 13 Must-Have Words to Include In Your Resume By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 22 Jul 2019 13:49:35 -0400 Diction or word choice is important when it comes to drafting your resume, not just to ensure that your resume is reviewed positively by software, but also because you want to wow recruiters with your skills, competencies and relevant credentials. complete article Full Article
you What is a Micro Influencer and How Can They Benefit Your Small Business? By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 28 Jun 2019 16:01:34 -0400 Micro influencers are social media personalities with anywhere from 2,000-50,000 followers. The numbers vary depending on the source, but their importance is universal. They are a great cost efficient way to provide targeted advertising for small businesses with limited budgets Here is what you need to know about how these people can benefit your small business. complete article Full Article
you How to Protect Your Small Business from Malware By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 3 Jul 2019 16:05:59 -0400 When running a small business, there are a lot of things to focus on. Making sales, finding new customers and motivating your employees are among them; however, keeping your business secure from cyberattacks might take precedent over of all of them. complete article Full Article
you 6 Simple Steps for Getting Things Done at Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 5 Jul 2019 16:10:36 -0400 Your 6-Step Guide to Successful Project Management 1. Define your goal and get buy-in from all project team members. As you do this, you will want to determine each team member’s role and responsibilities. In this step, also consider how the project will affect your company and how you’ll measure the projects impact. 2. Determine the project deliverables. What key tasks do team members need to accomplish to move the project along the path to completion? You will also need to identify which deliverables depend on other deliverables, so you can establish a timeline that puts tasks in a logical order. complete article Full Article
you How to Optimize Your Small Business Website For Voice Search By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 7 Aug 2019 13:10:54 -0400 If you want to ensure new customers are able to find your business, then you need to know how to optimize your business for voice search, which is becoming one of the most popular ways of searching. Voice search is not quite taking over the search world yet—but it is getting closer. Last year, more than half (58%) of consumers used voice search to find local business information, according to BrightLocal’s Voice Search for Local Business Study 2018. Almost half (46%) of voice search users searched for a local business daily; 28% used voice search to search for a local business about once a week. complete article Full Article
you 7 Signs It is Time to Quit Your Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 12 Aug 2019 13:13:33 -0400 If time is the only resource that we cannot acquire, then spending your days trying to run a business you no longer love -- or that does not serve your needs -- is one of the biggest ways to squander our lives. With that in mind, here are the seven signals and truths that indicate it might be time for you to find something else to do with your precious life span: 1. Your dreams have stopped. Remember back when you were so excited about your business? You went to bed thinking about it. Brainstorms popped into your head at the dinner table. You told everyone who would hold still to listen. Maybe you dreamed you would take over or revolutionize your industry or imagined the lifestyle this little baby company of yours would grow up to afford you. If now it is just about making it through the day -- or even more stressful, making it through payroll -- it could be time to consider doing something else. complete article Full Article
you 7 Powerful Cash Flow Management Technologies to Keep Your Business Humming By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 19 Aug 2019 13:26:06 -0400 Several customers owe you money, but you have no idea when those payments will arrive. Meanwhile, your vendors and contractors are contacting you daily to pay your own invoices. For small-to-midsize businesses (SMBs), this is an all-too-common cash-flow conundrum. A recent Kabbage survey of 500 successful entrepreneurs showed cash-flow issues are front of mind for SMB owners. Of the respondents surveyed, 63 percent said they are regularly stressed or have anxiety due to cash-flow concerns. Yet, respondents have run successful companies for an average of 10.5 years. complete article Full Article
you 11 Networking Tips When You Are Crunched for Time By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 21 Aug 2019 13:28:07 -0400 Regardless of your industry, if you want to thrive, then you need to network. Although you already know the catch: How can an entrepreneur or founder possibly fit networking into their already hectic schedules? Here are 11 tips to resolve the networking issue when you're crunched for time. 1. Make networking a habit. complete article Full Article
you How Accessibility Can Make (or Break) Your Small-Business Website By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Thu, 26 Sep 2019 16:26:31 -0400 Web accessibility may not be the first thing you think of when designing a website for your small business, but in the long run, few things could prove more important. Just like how a brick-and-mortar store must comply with ADA guidelines to ensure that all individuals can access their facilities regardless of whether they have a disability, business owners, as well as web design and digital agencies, must also ensure that those with disabilities have equal access to web content. Failure to make web accessibility a priority when designing your website could have significant long-term consequences. complete article Full Article
you 3 Purpose-Driven Ways to Increase Your Companys Productivity By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 16 Oct 2019 16:43:30 -0400 Adaptability, hustle and momentum are everything, especially in todays competitive, ever-changing technological environment. If only your employees would spend fewer hours on social media and more time perfecting their individual crafts, your business would easily outpace less efficient competitors, allowing you to live the entrepreneurial dream you’ve always wanted. But how can you instill a greater sense of urgency without making everyone miserable at work? complete article Full Article
you How Googles Youngest-Ever Hire Launched an AI Company Backed by Mark Cuban By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 23 Oct 2019 16:48:06 -0400 The daughter of two entrepreneurs who immigrated to the U.S. during the Iranian Revolution, Falon Fatemi became known as Google's youngest-ever hire at the age of 19. After leaving Google, she founded her own AI company, Node — and secured famed investor Mark Cuban as a backer. Node aims to use deep learning to analyze relationships between people and companies, then pinpoint how clients can leverage those relationships into sales, marketing and recruiting opportunities. In this episode of How Success Happens, Fatemi spoke with Entrepreneur about landing a job in big tech, AI and data policies and how to give a top-quality pitch. complete article Full Article
you Collecting on Your Invoices Does Not Need to Be a Nightmare: 3 Tips for Getting Paid By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 25 Oct 2019 16:50:10 -0400 Eleni Gianopulos spent more than 15 years selling her handmade sugar cookies to a famous gourmet grocery chain. Then Dean & DeLuca stopped paying its bills. By January 2018, Gianopulos, founder and owner of New York City-based bakery Elenis Cookies, realized that she might never be paid for $86,000 worth of 2017 custom holiday orders. complete article Full Article
you Can Too Much Cybersecurity Be Bad for Your Small Business? By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 16:54:52 -0400 If you run a small business, security is probably near the top of your priority list—and if it’s not, it should be. Businesses are the most common targets for cyberattacks, and the consequences of having data stolen can be huge ever since the passage, implementation, and consequences of the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) in Europe. complete article Full Article
you Keep These 4 Things in Mind Before Selling Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 11 Nov 2019 19:13:38 -0400 Selling a small business for the maximum value to the right purchasers on the right terms can be a tremendous challenge, even for experienced business owners. Buying and selling an existing company is a complex process, but one that should be demystified. At its most basic level, the process is straightforward, just like the purchase of a single item. The small-business owner sells the object (in this case, their own business) to a potential buyer for an agreed-upon price and mutually acceptable terms. Yet, as always, the devil is in the details -- in this case how the deal is structured. complete article Full Article
you If You Say Yes to Any of These 6 Questions, Your Emotional Intelligence May Be Higher Than Most People By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 15 Nov 2019 19:17:20 -0400 The World Economic Forum recently uncovered something that would not have registered on the radar screen of most HR leaders even ten years ago. One of the top 10 job skills required for workers to thrive--a skill projected to trend in the year 2022--is emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence (EQ) has embedded itself in the business lexicon as a force to be reckoned with; it is by far one of the most desired qualities for personal and professional development. Managers are hiring workers with more right-brained skills like EQ because they know these people contribute to the workplace on a relational and interpersonal level that is unmatched. complete article Full Article
you 16 Creative Ways to Get Press Coverage for Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 18 Nov 2019 19:19:58 -0400 In other words, press coverage is priceless, but where do you start? To find out more, we asked 16 marketing experts and entrepreneurs to share interesting and cost-effective ways to get media coverage. complete article Full Article
you 10 Tips for Making Major Changes in Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 22 Nov 2019 19:28:35 -0400 If you run a small business for a long time, you will probably need to navigate through a lot of major changes. Members of the online small business community are very familiar with these shifts. From getting started to deciding when to retire, here are some valuable insights for making big changes in your business. complete article Full Article
you 10 Resolutions and Improvements for Your Small Business to Consider in 2020 By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Fri, 17 Jan 2020 19:28:14 -0500 The start of a new year provides the perfect opportunity for business owners to set new goals and find unique ways to improve their operations. There are plenty of different options for your 2020 resolutions, from shoring up your finances to organizing your online presence. Here are some suggestions and tips from members of the online small business community. Grow Your Savings with Money New Mindset If one of your resolutions for 2020 is to save more money for your business, you may need to shift your mindset. So how can you look at things a bit differently in the new year? Jamie T. Wiseman of Miss Millennia Magazine explores a handful of mindset shifts in this post. complete article Full Article
you Small Business Owners to Big Brands: You Do Not Get It By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 18 Mar 2020 14:11:21 -0500 Insiders say the ability to appeal to the emotional side of the SBO will become more important, as so-called Millennials – those born between the years 1980-2000 – are the fastest-growing segment of SBOs and may be more inclined to own a small business than members of older age groups. A study released in 2017 found, among other favorable statistics, that Millennials have more experience with small business and greater desire to start businesses than previous generations. complete article Full Article
you Why Trade Shows Are Important For Your Small Business By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Thu, 26 Mar 2020 14:15:52 -0500 In our hyperconnected digital world, trade shows can be seen as a bit of a relic, an outmoded business building tool that entrepreneurs shouldn’t waste their time on. Nothing could be further from the truth. complete article Full Article
you 7 Ways to Train Your Brain to Make Better Decisions By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Mon, 13 Apr 2020 12:13:10 -0400 Every day brings a tidal wave of choices, from hiring to product features to marketing plans. As the founder and CEO of JotForm, I know that decision-making is one of the toughest parts of my job. Technology and markets evolve at lightning speed, and there’s endless data to weigh with every choice. On the bright side, learning to make smart decisions can help you work more productively, manage stress, dodge burnout and feel more satisfied in your business and your life. complete article Full Article
you What it is like to lose your small business to coronavirus By www.small-business-software.net Published On :: Wed, 15 Apr 2020 12:14:59 -0400 We had to terminate all of our employees. We talked about different options, like furloughing employees, which is a temporary termination. We talked to tons of other business founders and really leaned on legal advice to the extent that we could. In the end, we had to terminate all of our employees, which we thought was the best for them, because they could file for unemployment very quickly. When the seven-day wait period for filing for unemployment was waived, we felt that was the best way forward. complete article Full Article