London : J. Churchill, 1861.

Paris : Alcan, 1903.

Paris : F. Alcan, 1906.

Rockville, Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1984.

Rockville, Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979.

Rockville, Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979.

Helsinki : Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, 1985.

Durham, N.C. : [publisher not identified], [1946-1965]

[New York, N.Y.] : [The Foundation] [195-?]-1970.

Durham, North Carolina : [Duke Station, 1957-[197-?]

Danilo Covaes Nogarotto, Caio Lucidius Naberezny Azevedo, Jorge Luis Bazán.

Source: Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics, Volume 34, Number 2, 304--322.

Abstract:
The interest on the analysis of the zero–one augmented beta regression (ZOABR) model has been increasing over the last few years. In this work, we developed a Bayesian inference for the ZOABR model, providing some contributions, namely: we explored the use of Jeffreys-rule and independence Jeffreys prior for some of the parameters, performing a sensitivity study of prior choice, comparing the Bayesian estimates with the maximum likelihood ones and measuring the accuracy of the estimates under several scenarios of interest. The results indicate, in a general way, that: the Bayesian approach, under the Jeffreys-rule prior, was as accurate as the ML one. Also, different from other approaches, we use the predictive distribution of the response to implement Bayesian residuals. To further illustrate the advantages of our approach, we conduct an analysis of a real psychometric data set including a Bayesian residual analysis, where it is shown that misleading inference can be obtained when the data is transformed. That is, when the zeros and ones are transformed to suitable values and the usual beta regression model is considered, instead of the ZOABR model. Finally, future developments are discussed.

KH Britten
Dec 1, 1992; 12:4745-4765
Articles

The mullahs are cold calculators.

Join our Facebook live on Thursday at noon with Dr. Roselyn Wilson a psychiatrist at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton’s Youth Wellness Centre. She'll talk with us about how COVID-19 is heightening anxiety in some young people. We'll talk about how to help the young people in your life through the pandemic.

Amanda Moore, of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, is on track to graduate from Penn State Mont Alto this May with a degree in psychology. She credits her academic success with Mont Alto's strong focus on research and varied program offerings.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Guidelines suggest young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) receive intensive nonpharmacologic interventions. Additionally, associated symptoms may be treated with psychotropic medications. Actual intervention use by young children has not been well characterized. Our aim in this study was to describe interventions received by young children (3–6 years old) with ASD. The association with sociodemographic factors was also explored.

OM EAST is publishing Rodney “Gypsy” Smith’s autobiography to help inspire Roma believers in Serbia.

Epilepsy/seizure disorder is known to be associated with a range of mental health and neurodevelopmental comorbidities, based on clinical studies, and on population studies largely conducted outside the United States.

In a nationally representative sample of US children, estimated prevalence of reported lifetime epilepsy/seizure disorder was 1%, and of current epilepsy/seizure disorder was 6.3/1000. Developmental, mental health, and physical comorbidities are common, warranting enhanced surveillance, and an integrated service approach. (Read the full article)

Preterm infants are at increased risk of behavioral problems, which has been associated with maternal distress. Paternal psychological well-being is less studied. Parents’ concerns may affect their perceptions or attitudes and have negative effects on the behavior of the child.

Parents report more behavior problems in VLBW children at age 3 if they themselves have had symptoms of depression, parenting stress, or weak sense of coherence. Also, the paternal psychological well-being contributes to the behavioral development of a preterm child. (Read the full article)

Research has highlighted an important relationship between motor coordination and emotional functioning in children and adolescents. Few studies have provided support for this idea; research is therefore needed to further understand the relationship between the motor and emotional domains.

The results suggest that the relationship between motor coordination and emotional functioning (anxious and depressive symptoms) in an adolescent sample may be understood in terms of a mechanism whereby motor coordination has an indirect impact on emotional functioning via self-perceptions. (Read the full article)

Prevalence estimates for neurologic and neurodevelopmental disorders in children vary widely, and there is uncertainty as to what extent the individual disorders overlap. Most previous prevalence studies have been based on survey data and not on specialist-confirmed diagnoses.

This study used nationwide register data to determine the proportions of Norwegian children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy and to study how the disorders overlap. All diagnoses were specialist-confirmed. (Read the full article)

Dental composites composed of bisphenol A (BPA) derivatives are common alternatives to amalgam, but may release BPA. Gestational BPA exposure has been associated with poorer behavior in children. A safety trial of amalgam found worse psychosocial outcomes for children randomized to composites.

In the trial, greater exposure to bisphenol-A-glycidyl-methacrylate-based dental composite in children aged 6 to 10 years was associated with worse self-reported psychosocial functioning at 5-year follow-up. There were no such associations with exposure to dental amalgam or urethane-dimethacrylate-based polyacid-modified composite (compomer). (Read the full article)

The outcome of status epilepticus in children depends on the etiology. In otherwise normal children who have ≥1 episodes of unprovoked status epilepticus as part of the evolution of their epilepsy, the seizure and intellectual outcome is unclear.

Based on population-based data and 20 to 30 years’ follow-up of normal children with focal epilepsy, one-third with status epilepticus had recurrence of status. Reassuringly, intelligence, seizure control, and rate of remission were not altered compared with those without status epilepticus. (Read the full article)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been viewed as a neurodevelopmental disorder, adversely affecting behavior and school performance, with studies suggesting increased risk for poor adult outcomes. However, no prospective studies have examined long-term outcomes of childhood ADHD in an epidemiologic sample.

Our epidemiologic study indicates that adults with childhood ADHD are at increased risk for death from suicide. ADHD persists into adulthood in 29.3% of childhood ADHD cases, and 56.9% have ≥1 psychiatric disorder other than ADHD. (Read the full article)

Children with chronic illnesses are at risk for emotional and behavioral problems. Therefore, interventions that focus on coping with the negative consequences of the disease are needed. Evidence-based interventions are limited and often focus on a single diagnosis group.

This study demonstrates the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral group intervention for children with various chronic illnesses. The findings indicate that the involvement of parents is important to achieve long-term results. (Read the full article)

Konzo is an irreversible sudden-onset upper-motor neuron disorder affecting children dependent on bitter cassava for food. The neuroepidemiology of konzo is well characterized. Children subsisting on poorly processed bitter cassava without adequate dietary sulfur-based amino acids are especially at risk.

We found a pervasive subclinical neurocognitive effect in children with konzo. This study provides the first evidence we are aware of that a motor proficiency examination can effectively characterize konzo severity. (Read the full article)

Neuropsychiatric conditions comprise a substantial and growing disease burden among children. Pharmacotherapy represents an important treatment option for these conditions, although most drugs are not approved for use in children.

Very few drug trials studying neuropsychiatric conditions focus on children. Furthermore, these trials examine and provide pediatric evidence for only a fraction of all available drugs in the treatment of common neuropsychiatric conditions. (Read the full article)

Seizure-related death, including sudden death, is a frightening prospect. In part because risk and prevention are poorly understood, neurologists tend to avoid discussions of sudden death with families and young patients.

Most deaths in children with epilepsy are not seizure related. Relative to the population, however, sudden and seizure-related deaths alone double overall mortality. In uncomplicated epilepsy, such deaths occur at rates comparable to individual leading causes of death in young people. (Read the full article)

Studies of psychotropic use in very young US children in the last decade have been limited by the regions, insurance types, or medication classes examined. There is a paucity of recent, nationally representative investigations of US preschool psychotropic use.

In a national sample of 2 to 5 year olds, the likelihood of psychotropic prescription peaked in the mid-2000s, then stabilized in the late 2000s. Increased psychotropic use in boys, white children, and those lacking private health insurance was documented. (Read the full article)

Prenatal exposures to diverse pollutants and psychosocial stressors have been shown independently to adversely affect child development. Less is known about the potential interactions between these factors, although they commonly co-occur, especially in disadvantaged populations.

The combination of high prenatal exposure to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and maternal demoralization adversely affects child behavior, and maternal demoralization has a greater effect among children with high prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure for a majority of behavioral symptoms. (Read the full article)

Psychotropic use is common and increasing in children with mental disorders but little is known about the long-term patterns of psychotropic use and polypharmacy among commercially insured children with autism spectrum disorders.

Among 33 565 children with autism spectrum disorders, 64% used psychotropic medications and 35% had evidence of polypharmacy. Older children and those who had seizures, attention-deficit disorders, anxiety, bipolar disorder, or depression had increased risk of psychotropic use and polypharmacy. (Read the full article)

It has previously been shown that exposure to intimate partner violence and/or parental depression or anxiety may increase a child’s risk for specific adverse health outcomes.

By using a large pediatric primary care sample, this study examined associations of child exposure to intimate partner violence and parental psychological distress with developmental milestone attainment by analyzing their combined and separate effects while adjusting for other family factors. (Read the full article)

Several studies have suggested that very low birth weight young adults have increased risks of physical and health problems, educational underachievement, and poorer social functioning than their peers, but there are limited population-based and longitudinal data.

Former VLBW young adults in this national cohort scored as well as term controls on many measures of health and social functioning, including quality-of-life scores, with some differences largely confined to those with disability at age 7 to 8 years. (Read the full article)

Initial studies in children and young adults have identified higher levels of anxiety and lower quality of life scores in patients with implantable cardioverter–defibrillators. Few studies are available looking at the same questions in young patients with pacemakers.

Anxiety is highly prevalent in young patients with ICDs, but the higher rates can be attributed to medical disease severity and age at implantation rather than type of device. Patients with pacemakers have depression and anxiety but at lower rates. (Read the full article)

Injuries in children and young adults commonly cause morbidity and mortality. Epilepsy is common among children. Injury risk may be greater among those with epilepsy, but there are few large, population-based studies, making it difficult to estimate risk.

Children and young adults with epilepsy are at a greater risk of medicinal poisonings, thermal injuries, and fractures than those without epilepsy. Young adults with epilepsy are at particularly high risk of medicinal poisonings. (Read the full article)

In addition to seizures, school-aged children with epilepsy can have coexisting cognitive and behavioral difficulties, but the spectrum and prevalence of such difficulties are uncertain.

This study provides population-based data on the prevalence of common comorbid cognitive impairments and factors associated with such diagnoses in school-aged children with "active" epilepsy. (Read the full article)

Injuries sustained by parents in combat can also have a variety of psychological effects on children in the family. However, there has been little research on the effect of parental injury on children in the civilian setting.

The effects of injury of parents impacted children’s functioning by negatively affecting the health-related quality of life of the injured children, over and above the effect of any injury itself to the child. Injury to the parent also increased the likelihood of his or her uninjured children having PTSD symptoms 5 months after the parent’s injury. (Read the full article)

Concerns as well as hopes regarding electronic games have led researchers to study the influence of games on children, yet studies to date have largely examined potential positive and negative effects in isolation and using samples of convenience.

Results from this nationally representative study of children 10 to 15 years indicated low levels of regular daily play related to better psychosocial adjustment, compared with no play, whereas the opposite was true for those engaging in high daily play. (Read the full article)

Puberty suppression has rapidly become part of the standard clinical management protocols for transgender adolescents. To date, there is only limited evidence for the long-term effectiveness of this approach after gender reassignment (cross-sex hormones and surgery).

In young adulthood, gender dysphoria had resolved, psychological functioning had steadily improved, and well-being was comparable to same-age peers. The clinical protocol including puberty suppression had provided these formerly gender-dysphoric youth the opportunity to develop into well-functioning young adults. (Read the full article)

In 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration issued warnings about hyperglycemia and diabetes with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Since 2004, hyperglycemic and diabetes risk with SGAs has been stated in product labels, and published guidelines have recommended baseline metabolic screening.

Between 2006 and 2011, 11% of children 2 to 18 years starting an SGA had baseline glucose assessed. Youth at risk for diabetes may not be identified. Further, lack of screening impedes determining the contribution of SGAs to hyperglycemia. (Read the full article)

Prenatal alcohol exposure can cause congenital neuropsychological and behavioral disabilities in later life. These usually lead to secondary disabilities (adverse outcome when the individual interacts with environmental settings), such as problems with school, the law, alcohol, or drugs.

This was a 30-year psychosocial register–based follow-up on adults with fetal alcohol syndrome and state care comparison group. The FAS-group had lower education and higher rates of unemployment, social welfare, and mental health problems than peers. Rates of criminality did not differ. (Read the full article)

Although the rates of antipsychotic medication treatment are rising for children and adolescents, little is known about the factors associated with this practice.

This study provides some of the first data regarding when and why clinicians decide to use antipsychotic medications. It reveals clues as to how prescribing might better follow best practice guidelines. (Read the full article)

A program to support pediatric primary care providers in mental health care using point-of-care, telephone-based advice from specialists has been available since 2005 in Massachusetts. Other US states are implementing similar models. Little is known about how providers use this service.

There is wide variability in adoption and use of this program. Patterns are associated with panel size, enrollment timing, and assignment to the program team at the pilot site. Findings will help new programs establish expectations and design implementation interventions. (Read the full article)

Both obesity and developmental disabilities have increased in recent decades; however, the full long-term effects of prepregnancy obesity on a child’s psychosocial development remain unknown. Limited studies suggest associations between maternal prepregnancy obesity and child psychosocial development.

This study in 6-year-old children provides evidence that severe prepregnancy obesity is associated with adverse child psychosocial outcomes, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. These findings were not explained by many pregnancy and postpartum factors related to maternal obesity or child development. (Read the full article)

Early psychosocial exposures are increasingly recognized as crucial to health throughout life. A possible mechanism is physiologic dysregulation due to stress. Cortisol in hair is a new biomarker assessing long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.

Added early psychosocial exposures seem to increase infant long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and risk of common childhood diseases in a cumulative manner, supporting the model of physiologic dysregulation as a plausible mechanism through which early detrimental exposures determine health outcomes. (Read the full article)

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use in adolescence is increasing. E-cigarette use has been associated with cigarette use, but there has been little study of other psychosocial risk factors for e-cigarette use and their relationship with cigarette use.

Approval and use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among friends and family were strongly associated with cigarette and e-cigarette use in a cohort of adolescents in southern California. (Read the full article)

Selective eating is a common, burdensome eating pattern in young children. A significant subset remain selective eaters at least until adolescence and, for some, adulthood. The question is whether selective eating is a serious enough developmental pattern to warrant intervention.

This study examines whether selective eating, at 2 levels of severity, is associated with current and future psychological problems. Because moderate levels of selective eating were associated with impairment, selective eating falls within the diagnosis of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. (Read the full article)