Haolun Shi, Guosheng Yin.

Source: Bayesian Analysis, Volume 14, Number 2, 399--425.

Abstract:
Bayesian approaches to phase II clinical trial designs are usually based on the posterior distribution of the parameter of interest and calibration of certain threshold for decision making. If the posterior probability is computed and assessed in a sequential manner, the design may involve the problem of multiplicity, which, however, is often a neglected aspect in Bayesian trial designs. To effectively maintain the overall type I error rate, we propose solutions to the problem of multiplicity for Bayesian sequential designs and, in particular, the determination of the cutoff boundaries for the posterior probabilities. We present both theoretical and numerical methods for finding the optimal posterior probability boundaries with $alpha$ -spending functions that mimic those of the frequentist group sequential designs. The theoretical approach is based on the asymptotic properties of the posterior probability, which establishes a connection between the Bayesian trial design and the frequentist group sequential method. The numerical approach uses a sandwich-type searching algorithm, which immensely reduces the computational burden. We apply least-square fitting to find the $alpha$ -spending function closest to the target. We discuss the application of our method to single-arm and double-arm cases with binary and normal endpoints, respectively, and provide a real trial example for each case.

Traditional views of sensorimotor adaptation (i.e., adaptation of movements to perturbed sensory feedback) emphasize the role of automatic, implicit correction of sensory prediction errors. However, latent memories formed during sensorimotor adaptation, manifest as improved relearning (e.g., savings), have recently been attributed to strategic corrections of task errors (failures to achieve task goals). To dissociate contributions of task errors and sensory prediction errors to latent sensorimotor memories, we perturbed target locations to remove or enforce task errors during learning and/or test, with male/female human participants. Adaptation improved after learning in all conditions where participants were permitted to correct task errors, and did not improve whenever we prevented correction of task errors. Thus, previous correction of task errors was both necessary and sufficient to improve adaptation. In contrast, a history of sensory prediction errors was neither sufficient nor obligatory for improved adaptation. Limiting movement preparation time showed that the latent memories driven by learning to correct task errors take at least two forms: a time-consuming but flexible component, and a rapidly expressible, inflexible component. The results provide strong support for the idea that movement corrections driven by a failure to successfully achieve movement goals underpin motor memories that manifest as savings. Such persistent memories are not exclusively mediated by time-consuming strategic processes but also comprise a rapidly expressible but inflexible component. The distinct characteristics of these putative processes suggest dissociable underlying mechanisms, and imply that identification of the neural basis for adaptation and savings will require methods that allow such dissociations.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Latent motor memories formed during sensorimotor adaptation manifest as improved adaptation when sensorimotor perturbations are reencountered. Conflicting theories suggest that this "savings" is underpinned by different mechanisms, including a memory of successful actions, a memory of errors, or an aiming strategy to correct task errors. Here we show that learning to correct task errors is sufficient to show improved subsequent adaptation with respect to naive performance, even when tested in the absence of task errors. In contrast, a history of sensory prediction errors is neither sufficient nor obligatory for improved adaptation. Finally, we show that latent sensorimotor memories driven by task errors comprise at least two distinct components: a time-consuming, flexible component, and a rapidly expressible, inflexible component.

Reward has a remarkable ability to invigorate motor behavior, enabling individuals to select and execute actions with greater precision and speed. However, if reward is to be exploited in applied settings, such as rehabilitation, a thorough understanding of its underlying mechanisms is required. In a series of experiments, we first demonstrate that reward simultaneously improves the selection and execution components of a reaching movement. Specifically, reward promoted the selection of the correct action in the presence of distractors, while also improving execution through increased speed and maintenance of accuracy. These results led to a shift in the speed-accuracy functions for both selection and execution. In addition, punishment had a similar impact on action selection and execution, although it enhanced execution performance across all trials within a block, that is, its impact was noncontingent to trial value. Although the reward-driven enhancement of movement execution has been proposed to occur through enhanced feedback control, an untested possibility is that it is also driven by increased arm stiffness, an energy-consuming process that enhances limb stability. Computational analysis revealed that reward led to both an increase in feedback correction in the middle of the movement and a reduction in motor noise near the target. In line with our hypothesis, we provide novel evidence that this noise reduction is driven by a reward-dependent increase in arm stiffness. Therefore, reward drives multiple error-reduction mechanisms which enable individuals to invigorate motor performance without compromising accuracy.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While reward is well-known for enhancing motor performance, how the nervous system generates these improvements is unclear. Despite recent work indicating that reward leads to enhanced feedback control, an untested possibility is that it also increases arm stiffness. We demonstrate that reward simultaneously improves the selection and execution components of a reaching movement. Furthermore, we show that punishment has a similar positive impact on performance. Importantly, by combining computational and biomechanical approaches, we show that reward leads to both improved feedback correction and an increase in stiffness. Therefore, reward drives multiple error-reduction mechanisms which enable individuals to invigorate performance without compromising accuracy. This work suggests that stiffness control plays a vital, and underappreciated, role in the reward-based imporvemenets in motor control.

Awareness for surprising sensory events is shaped by prior belief inferred from past experience. Here, we combined hierarchical Bayesian modeling with fMRI on an associative learning task in 28 male human participants to characterize the effect of the prior belief of tactile events on connections mediating the outcome of perceptual decisions. Activity in anterior insular cortex (AIC), premotor cortex (PMd), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) were modulated by prior belief on unexpected targets compared with expected targets. On expected targets, prior belief decreased the connection strength from AIC to IPL, whereas it increased the connection strength from AIC to PMd when targets were unexpected. Individual differences in the modulatory strength of prior belief on insular projections correlated with the precision that increases the influence of prediction errors on belief updating. These results suggest complementary effects of prior belief on insular-frontoparietal projections mediating the precision of prediction during probabilistic tactile learning.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In a probabilistic environment, the prior belief of sensory events can be inferred from past experiences. How this prior belief modulates effective brain connectivity for updating expectations for future decision-making remains unexplored. Combining hierarchical Bayesian modeling with fMRI, we show that during tactile associative learning, prior expectations modulate connections originating in the anterior insula cortex and targeting salience-related and attention-related frontoparietal areas (i.e., parietal and premotor cortex). These connections seem to be involved in updating evidence based on the precision of ascending inputs to guide future decision-making.

Traditionalist "two-spacers" can still disable the function

Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers by Eleonora Granziera and Markus Sihvonen

This is the first blog post regarding the SOLIDWORKS activation error message. I will briefly try to go through the four most common activation error messages when using a standalone license. I will in a later blog post cover the

Author information

The post Activation error message, standalone license appeared first on SOLIDWORKS Tech Blog.

Working with SOLIDWORKS on an SNL server, you can sometimes experience an Activation error message. Often these messages are not the same as the activation error messages you recieve when performing standalone activation What is SNL? SNL is short for

Author information

The post Activation Error message – SNL appeared first on SOLIDWORKS Tech Blog.

“Scotland”, declared a young Alex Salmond in May 1975, “knows from bitter experience what treatment is in store for a powerless region of a common market.”

Tenfold medication error is a well-recognized risk of pharmacotherapy in pediatric practice but little evidence describes the circumstances of such errors.

This study identified 252 tenfold medication errors, 22 of which resulted in patient harm. We identified opioids and other high-risk medications to be associated with tenfold medication error and frequent, recurrent causes, mechanisms, and error enablers that suggest areas for future improvements. (Read the full article)

Percentile charts for birth weight are used to assess the somatic development of neonates (small, appropriate, or large for gestational age).

A systematic error was identified in the majority of birth weight percentile charts. As a consequence, small for gestational age rates are overestimated and large for gestational age rates are underestimated; ~5% of neonates are misclassified. (Read the full article)

Iatrogenic medical errors are an important medical care issue in the United States. Errors may be particularly important in children with chronic health conditions, especially as the prevalence of chronic conditions is increasing in children.

In a nationally representative sample, we found that pediatric inpatients with chronic conditions were at a significantly higher risk for medical errors than inpatient children without chronic conditions, controlling for severity of illness, length of stay, and other potential confounders. (Read the full article)

Children are taking more medications than ever before. Medication errors in the hospital are common. Less is known about the medication errors that occur in children's homes, and there are no studies that examine the entire process.

We reviewed 963 medications in the homes of children with cancer at 3 sites. We found 3.6 errors with injury and 36 errors with potential for injury per 100 patients. Interventions should target common and dangerous errors at home. (Read the full article)

Medication errors occur frequently among pediatric patients, particularly those treated in rural emergency departments (EDs). Although telemedicine has been proposed as a potential solution, there are few data supporting its clinical effectiveness and its effect on medication errors.

The use of telemedicine to provide pediatric critical care consultations to rural EDs is associated with less frequent physician-related ED medication errors among seriously ill and injured children. Therefore, this model of care may improve patient safety in rural hospital EDs. (Read the full article)

There is growing support for adopting the milliliter as the standard unit for liquid medication instruction; teaspoon and tablespoon units can be confusing and may endorse kitchen spoon use. There are concerns that parents may not understand milliliter-based instructions.

Parents who used milliliter-only units made fewer dosing errors than those who used teaspoon or tablespoon units. Moving to a milliliter-only standard could reduce confusion and decrease medication errors, especially for parents with low health literacy and non-English speakers. (Read the full article)

Medication errors involving children represent a frequently occurring public health problem. Since 2003, >200 000 out-of-hospital medication errors have been reported to US poison control centers annually, and ~30% of these involve children <6 years of age.

During 2002–2012, an average of 63 358 children <6 years experienced out-of-hospital medication errors annually, or 1 child every 8 minutes. There was a significant increase in the number and rate of non–cough and cold medication errors during the study period. (Read the full article)

Successful intervention for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) is a triumph of modern medicine. For many of these conditions, medical foods are the cornerstone of therapy and the only effective interventions preventing disability or death. Medical foods are designed for patients with limited or impaired capacity to ingest, digest, absorb, or metabolize ordinary foods or nutrients, whereby dietary management cannot be achieved by modification of the normal diet alone. In the United States today, access to medical foods is not ensured for many individuals who are affected despite their proven efficacy in the treatment of IEMs, their universal use as the mainstay of IEM management, the endorsement of their use by professional medical organizations, and the obvious desire of families for effective care. Medical foods are not sufficiently covered by many health insurance plans in the United States and, without insurance coverage, many families cannot afford their high cost. In this review, we outline the history of medical foods, define their medical necessity, discuss the barriers to access and reimbursement resulting from the regulatory status of medical foods, and summarize previous efforts to improve access. The Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children asserts that it is time to provide stable and affordable access to the effective management required for optimal outcomes through the life span of patients affected with IEMs. Medical foods as defined by the US Food and Drug Administration should be covered as required medical benefits for persons of all ages diagnosed with an IEM.

Venezuela has charged two former US soldiers with "terrorism" and "conspiracy" for allegedly taking part in a failed invasion bid to topple President Nicolas Maduro, the attorney general said on...

After being on the run for nearly a year, the National Investigation Agency on Saturday arrested Ranjit Singh, a "notorious narco-terrorist", from Sirsa as he was acting as a conduit of Pakistan-based...

President Obama today ordered American flags at all U.S. government buildings and facilities to be flown at half-staff “as a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on March 22, 2016, in Brussels, Belgium.” In concurrence with the President’s order and as an expression of Delaware’s sympathy for the […]

Road mishaps cost India 3-5% of its gross domestic product every year. India amounts to one percent of the vehicles across the world, yet it contributes almost 6% of the road fatalities on the road.

Venezuela has charged two former US soldiers with terrorism and conspiracy offences for taking part in a botched bid to oust President Nicolas Maduro, the country’s top prosecutor said on Friday.
Read Full Article at RT.com

Hi, I am new to cadence. I started out designing an inverter and ran LVS. I made sure that the labels are matching in both schematic and layout. But I run into the following error while LVS  stating that "No matching sub-ckt found for NFET and PFET". Can someone provide insight into this?

hi all, 

          what wrong with the error "param_write.log does not exist" when i export parameters in allegro 16.6 pcb board.

          someone can provide suggestions, thanks.

best regards.

Hello

The document I referenced is https://filebox.ece.vt.edu/~symort/rfworkshop/Mixer_workshop_instruction.pdf. (This is cadence workshop document)

While following the pxf simulation in the above article, the results are different and I have a question.

My result picture is shown below.

<my result error>

<document result>

<my direct plot>

<document direct plot>

The difference with the documentation is that in the direct plot screen after the pxf simulation,

1.output harmonics-> input sideband

2.Frequency axis: out-> frequency axis: absin

3.The results for port0 (RF port) are also different (see photo below).

4.The frequency values in the box are different.

My screen shows 5G, 10G, 1K ~ 10M, but the document is the same as 1K ~ 10M.

Ask for a solution. Thank you.

Hi, all

Recently, I meet the simulation error as the picture shows when I simulate my circuit with transient.  how can I solve this problem?

thank you~

I am trying to create NoProbeTop using skill language for the chip component.

My code snippet is :
thisNPTShape2 = axlDBCreateOpenShape(path t "MANUFACTURING/NO_PROBE_TOP" nil )

I am getting the below output values:
path = _axlPath@0x24399f41d28.

*WARNING* (axlDBCreateOpenShape): Not a floating-point number! - nil

Can you guide me on how to convert to floating-point/get out of the floating-point error?

Hi  all,

          I am getting this warning in while generating the coverage report, can you help me to clear this warning?

ncsim: *W,COVOPM: Coverage configuration file command "set_covergroup -optimize_model" can be specified to improve the performance and scalability of coverage model containing SV covergroups. It may be noted that subsequent merging of a coverage database saved with this command and a coverage database saved without this command is not allowed.

xmsim is not exiting the simulation for this error. It is unusual for the simulator to not exit for an error. I have just started using uvm and this is occurring during the randomization step for a sequencer item.

xmsim: *E,RNDCNSTE

I am using -EXIT on the command line.

I am using Xcelium 19.03-s013.

Any insights are appreciated. Thanks.

-Jim

I'm trying to compile a simple verilog file using xmvlog. I run the following command,

"xmvlog myfile.v"

Then I get the following error,

"xmvlog: *F,DIRDEC: Can't save decompressed versions of compressed files."

I used to use xmvlog with no issues, this error started to come up now. The message is not helpful either. How can I solve this?

I appreciate any help, thanks in advance.

Hi, I am in the middle of a design and had no problem going back and forth between schematics and layout. Now I am getting the error message below. I am using Cadence 17.2.

ERROR: Layout database has probably been reverted to an earlier version than that, which was used in the latest flow or the schematic database was synchronized with another board.

The basecopy file generated by the last back-to-front flow not found.

ERROR: Layout database has probably been reverted to an earlier version than that, which was used in the latest flow or the schematic database was synchronized with another board.

The basecopy file generated by the last back-to-front flow not found.

Error: CMFBC-1: The schematic and the layout constraints were not synchronized as the changes done since the last sync up could not be reconciled. Syncing the current version of the schematic or layout databases with a previous version would result in this issue. The  constraint difference report is displayed.

Continuing with "changes-only" processing may result in incorrect constraint updates.

Thanks for your input

Claudia

I've redesigned a custom TO220FLAT Package

First I created a TO220shape.ssm  with PCB Editor. Then I created a surface mount T220build.pad in Padstack Editor using TO220shape.ssm. Then I created a TO220FLAT.psm in PCB Editor. I placed 3 Connect pins and 9 Mechanical pins for the TO220 TAB, using standard through-hole pads for better current handling.

Adding those Mechanical pins created many DRC errors caused by the proximity of those pads attached to the TO220shape.

Thru Pin to SMD Pin Spacing (-200.0 0.0) 5 MIL OVERLAP DEFAULT NET SPACING CONSTRAINTS Mechanical Pin "Pad50sq30d" Pin "T220build, 2"

I corrected the situation (so I though) by Waiving those DRC errors, thinking that they could not cause any problem and because that’s what I want, i.e.: 9 through-holes under the TO220 device. The idea being that when this device is mounted flat on the PCB it could carry lots of current via 9 pads that could make a good high current conductor to inner layers.

I then saved the Package and updated all related footprint schematic parts  in Capture. Created a new Netlist. Then I imported the new logic into PCB Editor to reflect that change. When the File > Import > Logic is finished I get no feedback error! (which, for me is a substantial achievement in itself)

Now, in the Design Window I see all those DRC errors popping up again, despite the fact that I waived those DRCs back in the Padstack edition. If I run a Design Rule Check (DRC) Report I will see all those DRC listed again. Now, I understand that I can go ahead and waive all those DRCs (100 in total) but I’m thinking there is got to be a better way of doing this.

Please, any advise is welcome. Thanks

Hello all,

We are designing a backplane and in the design we are using some custom prefixes using the Advance Annotation tool. When annotating the occurances I get the following error:

ERROR(ORDBDLL-1224): The total number of components for prefix J0C exceeds the range supplied for it.
Increase the End value of the range.

Thanks in advance for the help

--Tom

I'm trying to re-install ORCAD 17.2  in a PC from a DVD which I have upgraded from Win 7 to Win 10 and  now has a new 500GB SSD. While installing I got a Windows Application Error  0xc000007b. When I try to run ORCAD I get the same Error.

Looking for ways to fix this problem.

 hi,

i am doing a project on synchronous fifo design using verilog. below written is my coding. after simulation the waveform is showing error regarding its not giving value of rdata_valid and is showing a red line in waveform and due to it address is also not being taken.i have attached the waveform also. the logic for write logic is also not accepting the address(no change occurs while changing value of read_ptr). i have attached my file with it so plz refer to it.

plz help me out in this. your guidance and solns will help me in completing my project work.

thank you

lov sareen

Hi

I have this error when I run the simulation 

SPECTRE_DEFAULTS=-I/CMC/kits/tsmc_130nm/CR013G/PDK_OA/PDKOA33/models/spectre -f psfbin
Command line:
/CMC/tools/cadence/MMSIM15.10.801_lnx86/tools.lnx86/bin/spectre -64
input.scs +escchars +log ../psf/spectre.out +inter=mpsc
+mpssession=spectre0_28131_1 -format psfxl -raw ../psf
-I/CMC/kits/cmosp13.V1.8.0.0DM/IBM_PDK/cmrf8sf/V1.8.0.4DM/Spectre/models
-I/CMC/kits/tsmc_130nm/CR013G/PDK_OA/PDKOA33/models/spectre
+lqtimeout 900 -maxw 5 -maxn 5

ERROR (SPECTRE-308): Unable to open input directory '/CMC/kits/tsmc_130nm/CR013G/PDK_OA/PDKOA33/models/spectre'.
Permission denied or no such directory. ERROR (SPECTRE-308): Unable to open input directory '/CMC/kits/tsmc_130nm/CR013G/PDK_OA/PDKOA33/models/spectre'.
Permission denied or no such directory.spectre pid = 29312

Loading /CMC/tools/cadence/MMSIM15.10.801_lnx86/tools.lnx86/cmi/lib/64bit/5.0/libinfineon_sh.so ...
Loading /CMC/tools/cadence/MMSIM15.10.801_lnx86/tools.lnx86/cmi/lib/64bit/5.0/libphilips_o_sh.so ...

Could someone suggest any solution.

Thank you in advance,

Sali

Dear All,
When I want to start simulation with spectre the error says:
Fatal error: Illegal library definition found in netlist
I set the model file correctly, but I don't know why it errors!
I opened the ADE>>Setup>>Model library
and I tried to modify the path of models file (SCS files)
It gives me "Illegal library definition found in netlist"
Thanks.

I put some stimulus in the simulation file section : 

_vpd_data_enb (pu_data_enb 0) vsource wave=[0 0 1n 0 1.015n vcchbm 3n vcchbm] dc=0 type=pwl
_vpu_data_enb (pd_data_enb 0) vsource dc=pu_enb type=dc

I get the following error. 

ERROR (OSSGLD-18): The command character after '[' in the NLP expression '[0 0 1n 0 1.015n vcchbm 3n vcchbm] dc=0 type=pwl

' is not a valid

character. The command character is the first character after '[' in the NLP

expression. It must be '?', '!', '#', '$', 'n', '@', '.', '~' or '+'. Enter a

valid character as the command character.

si: simin did not complete successfully.

I dont see anything wrong with the stimulus syntax

The Reserve Bank of India on Sept. 22, 2011, issued a letter to financial institutions regarding anti-money laundering and the combating of financing of terrorism standards.

The Reserve Bank of India on Sept. 22, 2011, issued a letter to financial institutions regarding anti-money laundering and the combating of financing of terrorism standards.