1 Croatian Kuna = 46.5714 Hungarian Forint

1 Croatian Kuna = 3.6074 Honduran Lempira

1 Croatian Kuna = 1.1194 Hong Kong Dollar

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.1162 British Pound Sterling

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.3247 Fiji Dollar

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.1314 Euro

1 Croatian Kuna = 2.243 Egyptian Pound

1 Croatian Kuna = 2.0555 Estonian Kroon

1 Croatian Kuna = 18.496 Algerian Dinar

1 Croatian Kuna = 7.9325 Dominican Peso

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.9917 Danish Krone

1 Croatian Kuna = 3.6221 Czech Republic Koruna

1 Croatian Kuna = 81.9961 Costa Rican Colon

1 Croatian Kuna = 561.5694 Colombian Peso

1 Croatian Kuna = 1.0195 Chinese Yuan Renminbi

1 Croatian Kuna = 119.0161 Chilean Peso

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.1399 Swiss Franc

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.202 Canadian Dollar

1 Croatian Kuna = 1.7503 Botswana Pula

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.8262 Brazilian Real

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.9938 Bolivian Boliviano

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.2037 Brunei Dollar

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.0545 Bahraini Dinar

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.2602 Bulgarian Lev

1 Croatian Kuna = 12.2495 Bangladeshi Taka

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.2206 Australian Dollar

1 Croatian Kuna = 9.5802 Argentine Peso

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.2587 Netherlands Antillean Guilder

1 Croatian Kuna = 0.5294 United Arab Emirates Dirham

1 Peruvian Nuevo Sol = 11.6828 Mauritian Rupee

1 Peruvian Nuevo Sol = 2.0413 Croatian Kuna

1 Peruvian Nuevo Sol = 4.5788 Egyptian Pound

1 Dominican Peso = 0.7215 Mauritian Rupee

1 Dominican Peso = 0.1261 Croatian Kuna

1 Dominican Peso = 0.2828 Egyptian Pound

1 Papua New Guinean Kina = 11.5761 Mauritian Rupee

1 Papua New Guinean Kina = 2.0227 Croatian Kuna

1 Papua New Guinean Kina = 4.537 Egyptian Pound

1 Brunei Dollar = 28.0984 Mauritian Rupee

1 Brunei Dollar = 4.9096 Croatian Kuna

1 Brunei Dollar = 11.0126 Egyptian Pound

Final Score: 71-53

The PCI-SIG finalized the PCIe 4.0 specification with doubling the data to 16GT/s from 8GT/s in PCIe 3.0 in 2017. Products implementing this technology have begun to hit the market in 2019. Earlier this year, AMD announced it X570 chipset would support the PCIe 4.0 interface and Phison also introduced the world’s first PCIe 4.0 SSD.  With the increasing companies are working on PCIe 4.0 related product development, Cadence, as the key and leading PCIe IP solution vendor in the market, has strived for continuous enhancement of its PCIe 4.0 to be the best in the class IP solution. From our initial PCIe 4.0 solution in 4 years ago (revealed in 2015), we have made many advancements and improvements adding features such as Multi-link with any lane assignment, U.2/U.3 connector, and Automotive support. The variety of applications that PCIe4 finds a home in require extensive robustness and reliability testing over and above the compliance tests mandated by the standard body, i.e., PCI-SIG.

PCIe 4.0 TX Eye-Diagram, Loop-back Test (Long-reach) and RX JTOL Margin Test

Cadence IP team has also implemented additional "stress tests" in conjunction to its already comprehensive IP characterization plan, covering electrical, functional, ESD, Latch-up, HTOL, and yield sorting. Take the Receiver Jitter Tolerance Test (JTOL) for instance. JTOL is a key index to test the quality of the receiver of a system. This test use data generator/analyzer to send data to a SerDes receiver which is then looped back through the transmitter back to the instrument. The data received is compared to the data generated and the errors are counted. The data generator introduce jitter into the transmit data pattern to see how well the receiver functions under non-ideal conditions. While PCI-SIG compliance can be obtained on a single lane implementation, real world scenarios require wider implementations under atypical operating conditions. Cadence’s PCIe 4.0 IP was tested against to additional stressed conditions, such as different combination of multi-lanes operations, “temperature drift” conditions, e.g., bring up the chip at room temperature and check the JTOL at high temperature. 

PCIe 4.0 Sub-system Stress Test Setup

Besides complying with electrical parameters and protocol requirements, real world systems have idiosyncrasies of their own. Cadence IP team also built a versatile “System test” setup in house to perform a system level stress test of its PCIe 4.0 sub-system. The Cadence PCIe 4.0 sub-system is connected to a large number of server and desktop motherboards. This set up is tested with 1000s of cycles of repeated stress under varying operating conditions. Stress tests include speed change from 2.5G all the way to 16G and down, link enable/disable, cold boot, warm boot, entering and exiting low power states, and BER test sweeping presets across different channels. Performing this level of stress test verifies that our IP will operate to spec robustly and reliably when presented with the occasional corner cases in the real world.

More Information

For the demonstration of Cadence PCIe4 PHY Receiver Test and Sub-system Stress Test, see the video:

• PCIe 4.0 Sub-system Stress Test
• PCIe 4.0 PHY Receiver JTOL Test

For more information on Cadence's PCIe IP offerings, see our PCI Express page.

For more information on PCIe in general, and on the various PCI standards, see the PCI-SIG website.

Related Posts

• Blog: PCIe Gen4: It’s Official, We’re Compliant
• Blog: PCIe 3.0 Still Shines While PCIe Keeps Evolving
• Blog: The PCIe 4.0 Era Continues at PCI-SIG Developers Conference 2016

All PCB designers know the importance of proper power delivery for successful board design. Integrated circuits need the power to turn on, and ICs with marginal power delivery will not operate reliably. Since power planes can...(read more)

Hi,

I am trying to characterize a D flip-flop for low voltage operation (0.6V) using Cadence Liberate (V16). This is a positive edge triggered D flip flop based on true-single-phase clocking scheme. After the characterization, the measurements reported for hold constraint arcs seem to deviate significantly from its (spectre) spice simulation.

The constraint and the power settings to the liberate are as follows : 

# -------------------------------------------- Timing Constraints --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Input waveform ###
set_var predriver_waveform 2;# 2=use pre-driver waveform
### Capacitance ###
set_var min_capacitance_for_outputs 1;# write min_capacitance attribute for output pins
### Timing ###
set_var force_condition 4
### Constraint ###
set_var constraint_info 2
#set_var constraint_search_time_abstol 1e-12 ;# 1ps resolution for bisection search
set_var nochange_mode 1 ;# enable nochange_* constraint characterization
### min_pulse_width ###
set_var conditional_mpw 0
set_var constraint_combinational 2

#---------------------------------------------- CCS Settings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
set_var ccsn_include_passgate_attr 1
set_var ccsn_model_related_node_attr 1
set_var write_library_is_unbuffered 1

set_var ccsp_min_pts 15 ;# CCSP accuracy
set_var ccsp_rel_tol 0.01 ;# CCSP accuracy
set_var ccsp_table_reduction 0 ;# CCSP accuracy
set_var ccsp_tail_tol 0.02 ;# CCSP accuracy
set_var ccsp_related_pin_mode 2 ;# use 3 for multiple input switching scnarios and Voltus only libraries

#----------------------------------------------- Power ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Leakage ###
set_var max_leakage_vector [expr 2**10]
set_var leakage_float_internal_supply 0 ;# get worst case leakage for power switch cells when off
set_var reset_negative_leakage_power 1 ;# convert negative leakage current to 0

### Power ###
set_var voltage_map 1 ;# create pg_pin groups, related_power_pin / related_ground_pin
set_var pin_based_power 0 ;# 0=based on VDD only; 1=power based on VDD and VSS (default);
set_var power_combinational_include_output 0 ;# do not include output pins in when conditions for combinational cells

set_var force_default_group 1
set_default_group -criteria {power avg} ;# use average for default power group

#set_var power_subtract_leakage 4 ;# use 4 for cells with exhaustive leakage states.
set_var subtract_hidden_power 2 ;# 1=subtract hidden power for all cells
set_var subtract_hidden_power_use_default 3 ;# 3=subtract hidden power from matched when condition then default group
set_var power_multi_output_binning_mode 1 ;# binning for multi-output cell considered for both timing and power arcs
set_var power_minimize_switching 1
set_var max_hidden_vector [expr 2**10]
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

I specifically used set_var constraint_combinational 2 in the settings, in case the Bisection pass/fail mode fails to capture the constraints. In my spice simulation, the hold_rise (D=1, CLK=R, Q=R) arc at-least requires ~250 ps for minimum CLK/D slew combination (for the  by default smallest capacitive load as per Liberate)  while Liberate reports only ~30 ps. The define_cell template to this flip flop is pretty generic, which does not have any user specified arcs. So which settings most likely affecting the constraint measurements in Liberate and how can I debug this issue ?

Thanks

Anuradha

visit News18 Urdu for latest news, breaking news, news headlines and updates from Patiala on politics, sports, entertainment, cricket, crime and more.

visit News18 Urdu for latest news, breaking news, news headlines and updates from Jaintia Hill on politics, sports, entertainment, cricket, crime and more.

visit News18 Urdu for latest news, breaking news, news headlines and updates from Datia on politics, sports, entertainment, cricket, crime and more.