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The Getty's new $65M Manet: 'Spring' from an artist in the autumn of his life

The Getty spent $65m (and change) for this late Manet masterpiece, "Spring."

Marc Haefele

A  132-year-old vision of springtime has landed permanently at the Getty Museum, smack in the middle of this California autumn: "Spring (Jeanne Demarsy)," one of Impressionist painter Edouard Manet’s  last completed pictures.

Here's what Getty Director Timothy Potts had to say about the artist:

Manet was the ultimate painter’s painter: totally committed to his craft, solidly grounded in the history of painting and yet determined to carve out a new path for himself and for modern art. ... Alone of his contemporaries (the only one who comes near is Degas), Manet achieved this almost impossible balancing act, absorbing and channeling the achievements of the past into a radically new vision of what painting could be.

"Spring" somehow manages to be the evocation of youth itself and all its hopes. The subject is 16-year-old actress Jeanne Demarsy, just then seeing her stage career ascend at the same time Manet neared the end of his own career. (He died at age 51 in 1883,  soon after the painting went on display.) 

For most of the years since its creation, the picture has been in private hands. It was recently on loan to the National Gallery.

Getty Assistant Curator Scott Allan said that the Getty worked hard to acquire "Spring" and was lucky to get her. According to news reports, the Christie's auction price paid was an eyebrow-lifting $65 million — about double the top previous sale price for a Manet. "We don’t discuss the price," Potts said.

At the Getty, "Spring (Jeanne Demarsy)" hangs next to an early Manet in the museum's Impressionist-Post Impressionist gallery. It was intended to be one of the "Four Seasons" by the late-19th century French master. The series was never completed (although "Autumn" hangs in a museum in France).

 

(More seasoning: Manet's "Autumn." Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy, France)

Allan said that, unlike many of Manet's early works, "Spring" was intended to hang in the Salon, the French art establishment’s showplace of traditional painting, which had rejected innovators like the Impressionists for decades. That led most of the Impressionists to disdain the Salon. But Allan said Manet was extremely pleased that his late work was accepted there. 

Here's Potts again:

So popular was it that "Spring" became the subject of one of the first color photographs of a work of art. Its acquisition by the Getty brings to Los Angeles the most important — and beautiful! — painting by this artist left in private hands and one of the great masterpieces of late-19th-century art. 

The painting depicts a lovely teenager, dressed in the peak of 1880s fashion in a blue-on-white printed dress; a flowered, fringed hat; and a parasol balanced on her left shoulder. The background features white rhododendrons, barely in blossom.

Mlle. Demarsy stares off to the left, the demure image of a confident young woman at the earliest spring of her adulthood, with an entire creative life before her, already immortalized before the world by one of the century’s greatest artists.

But Manet was himself at the peak of his accomplishments,  just before his sudden demise.
 
"Spring" became one of Manet’s most popular works, deeply appreciated by art lovers young and old and by critics of both the old guard and the avant garde. It was his last picture to hang in the Salon. Manet’s powers would soon decline, and he devoted much of his last few months to watercolors, said Allan.

(Getty director Timothy Potts looks at the Getty's new painting, Manet's "Spring." Getty Museum)

This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org.




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Wil Wheaton and other Star Trek alumni perform in 'War of the Worlds' benefit

John Rabe

There are still a couple dozen tickets left for one of the most interestingly-cast performances of H.G. Wells, Orson Welles and Howard Koch's "War of the Worlds." On Saturday, Jan. 17,  generations of Star Trek actors will take on the world's most famous radio show.

The cast — directed by Jim Fall — features: René Auberjonois (“Star Trek: Deep Space Nine”), Michael Dorn (“Star Trek: TNG”), Dean Haglund (“The X-Files”), Walter Koenig ("Star Trek"), Linda Park ("Star Trek: Enterprise"), Jason Ritter (“The Event”), Tim Russ (“Star Trek: Voyager”), Armin Shimerman (“Star Trek: Deep Space Nine”) and Wil Wheaton, playing... Orson Welles.

The performance is a fundraiser for Sci-Fest LA, the new annual science fiction play festival, so tickets aren't cheap — but they're scarce, and this looks like a memorable night.

KPCC and "Off-Ramp" celebrated the 75th anniversary of the broadcast last year by distributing the original 1938 performance, and a new documentary, internationally... introduced by George Takei, another original Trek actor you might have heard of.

War of the Worlds: Sat., Jan. 17,  8 PM; The Acme Theatre, 135 North La Brea Ave. LA CA 90036

This content is from Southern California Public Radio. View the original story at SCPR.org.




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Insomnia Cookies unwraps LTO holiday collection

In preparation for cookie season, the late-night bakery is offering Insomniacs warm, indulgent flavors.




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Finland’s Suominen ‘s net sales increase to $120.53 mn in Q3 2024

Suominen Corporation has reported Q3 2024 net sales of €111.6 million (~$120.53 million), up from €106.4 million YoY. The company suffered a net loss of €3.2 million (~$3.4 million) due to operational challenges. YTD sales reached €343.8 million (~$370.9 million), and the company expects a full-year EBITDA increase. Sustainability efforts earned Suominen a Gold Medal from EcoVadis.




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Japan’s Wacoal Holdings reports $586.1 mn H1 revenue, down 5.2% YoY

Wacoal Holdings has reported revenue of ¥90,167 million (~$586.1 million) in H1 2024, down by 5.2 per cent YoY. Gross profit fell 4.9 per cent to ¥51,056 million (~$331.86 million). Domestic revenue dipped 4.8 per cent to ¥45,006 million, while overseas revenue declined 1.4 per cent to ¥34,549 million. The company’s business profit was ¥2,304 million, down 39.6 per cent YoY in its overseas segment.




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More Muslim voices in Europe condemning anti-Semitism needed, says Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office on Combating Anti-Semitism

Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office on Combating Anti-Semitism, Andrew Baker, stressed importance of different communities to join forces to tackle anti-semitism.

“We have witnessed important and moving symbolic actions such as the encircling of the synagogues in Oslo and Copenhagen by Muslims who want to show their solidarity with their fellow Jewish citizens. We must build on this,” said Baker speaking at the Third World Forum on Intercultural Dialogues that took place in Baku on 18-19 May 2015.

He noted that today many European Jews question their future in Europe. “An EU survey of Jews by the Agency for Fundamental Rights found that nearly 30 percent were considering emigration, while in some countries, notably Hungary, France and Belgium, this number was well over 40 percent,” Baker said.

Recalling the dangers the Jewish communities faced earlier this year as victims of terror attacks in Paris and Copenhagen, Baker applauded the French government for calling on the military to ensure that all Jewish schools and synagogues in France are protected. “But we know this is only a short-term solution and cannot be sustained indefinitely,” he said.

Underlining the important role that Muslim communities could play in this field, Baker called for more Muslim voices in Europe that will speak out and condemn anti-Semitism.

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OSCE Representative condemns murder of journalist Pavel Sheremet in Ukraine

VIENNA, 20 July 2016 – OSCE media freedom representative Dunja Mijatović today condemned the murder of journalist Pavel Sheremet in Kyiv, Ukraine.

This morning, Sheremet, a journalist with Radio Vesti and the Ukrainskaya Pravda online media outlet, was killed in a car explosion.

“This killing and its circumstances must be swiftly and thoroughly investigated, and the perpetrators brought to justice,” Mijatović said, noting President Petro Poroshenko’s strong condemnation of the act and immediate action to investigate. “We have lost a prominent and dedicated journalist and my sincere condolences go out to Sheremet’s family, friends and colleagues.”

Sheremet, originally of Belarus and recipient of the 2002 OSCE Parliamentary Assembly’s Prize for Journalism and Democracy (www.osce.org/pa/54293), worked as a journalist in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia during his career.

“This morning’s gruesome incident reminds us all that the safety situation for journalists in Ukraine must be addressed effectively and timely,” Mijatović said.  

The Representative recalled the murder of the prominent Ukrainian journalist Georgyi Gongadze in 2001, the founder of Ukrainskaya Pravda, and reiterated her call on the authorities to fully investigate that crime.                                              

The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media observes media developments in all 57 OSCE participating States. She provides early warning on violations of freedom of expression and media freedom and promotes full compliance with OSCE media freedom commitments. Learn more atwww.osce.org/fom, Twitter: @OSCE_RFoM and on www.facebook.com/osce.rfom

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OSCE Representative condemns incidents directed at journalists and independent voices in Bosnia and Herzegovina

VIENNA, 29 July 2016 – Continuing intimidation and violence against journalists and independent voices is unacceptable and could further weaken media freedom and freedom of expression in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Dunja Mijatović, OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, said today.

“I am following with great concern the extremely worrying situation in the country which could lead to self-censorship,” Mijatović said. “People engaged in investigative reporting and expressing different opinions, even provocative ones, should play a legitimate part in a healthy debate and their voices should not be restricted.”

Mijatović noted that the latest events open a very worrying chapter on the safety of journalists.

They include:

• Verbal attacks on writer and journalist Nenad Veličković;

• Verbal attacks on Borka Rudić, General Secretary of the Association of BiH Journalists; • Verbal threats on journalist Mirjana Radanović;

• Threats and insults against journalists of FTV Mreža magazine;

• Threats against Dragiša Sikimić, editor-in-chief and the owner of the web portal MojaHercegovina.info;

• Verbal and physical assaults on BN TV, ATV and HIT TV crews;

• A physical attack on a BN TV camera operator; • An assault on Nermin Bisa, editor-in-chief of 24sata.info;

• Verbal threats against freelance journalist Vuk Bačanović; and

• Offensive and discriminatory verbal attacks on Selma Učanbarlić, a journalist from the Centre for Investigative Reporting.

“This trend needs to be immediately reversed. Public condemnation at the highest level is needed in order to send a clear message that such threats, including hate speech, against journalists, academics and writers are not tolerated in a democratic society,” Mijatović said. “Investigations into these incidents, which include death threats transmitted by social media, need to be commenced immediately.”

The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media observes media developments in all 57 OSCE participating States. She provides early warning on violations of freedom of expression and media freedom and promotes full compliance with OSCE media freedom commitments. Learn more at www.osce.org/fom, Twitter: @OSCE_RFoM and on www.facebook.com/osce.rfom. For PDF attachments or links to sources of further information, please visit http: www.osce.org/fom/257086

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  • Representative on Freedom of the Media
  • Media freedom and development
  • South-Eastern Europe
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Press release

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TRUMP EFFECT: New York Times columnist: ‘Climate Change Is Losing Its Grip on Our Politics’ – Trump’s election ‘looks like a black dawn to climate activists’ – ‘Governments have retreated’ from climate ‘promises’ as world leaders skip COP29

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/13/opinion/climate-change-politics-trump-cop29.html By David Wallace-Wells When the COP29 climate conference comes to an end next week, it will have concluded without an appearance by President Biden. This is not because Donald Trump just won the election, supplanting the outgoing American head of state on the world stage. The president-elect isn’t attending, either. Neither is Vice President […]




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Shop the best early Black Friday 2-in-1 laptop deals, including the HP OmniBook Ultra Flip for $400 off

As of Nov. 13, a decent selection of 2-in-1 laptops are discounted ahead of Black Friday 2024. Check out our favorite deals across a variety of top brands.




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Cuando los problemas para dormir se hacen intolerables: causas del insomnio y cómo combatirlo (sin tantas pastillas)

Casi dos millones de españoles (6,1 %) sufre insomnio crónico, un problema que afecta más a las mujeresy que tiene una enorme repercusión social y económica. En España genera la pérdida de 10.703 millones de euros al año, el 0,8% del PIB. Visitamos las camas patrias en busca de aquello que nos quita el sueño. Leer




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Damnificados por el fútbol

Soy un gran aficionado al fútbol y el pasado miércoles, como media España,seguí con interés la final de la Copa del Rey entre el FC Barcelona y el Real Madrid. Lo dejo claro porque sé que mis palabras pueden resultar impopulares, aunque no por ello menos ciertas.




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Omnicom Media Group, Publicis Groupe, and dentsu Lead Forrester Media Wave Report

Omnicom Media Group (OMG), Publicis Groupe, and dentsu lead Forrester's media agency Wave report, released today. The research firm evaluated 12 media agencies, both holding company-owned and independents, based on three criteria: capabilities, strategy, and customer feedback. Agencies were then grouped into three categories based on their score: leaders, strong performers, and contenders. OMG, Publicis...




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AWARD / GRANT: 80+ New England Conservatory Alumni, Faculty Receive Grammy Nominations

More than 80 New England Conservatory alumni and faculty have been honored with 41 Grammy nominations, maintaining a longstanding presence among the world's leading musicians. NEC-affiliated artists have been nominated across 27 categories for this year’s Grammy Awards, with winners to be announced at the Los Angeles ceremony on Sunday, February 2, 2025....




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Column: Lindsay Simmons On Throne Speech

[Opinion column written by the PLP Senator Lindsay Simmons] In our 2024 Throne Speech, we made one thing clear: the PLP is here to protect and uplift Bermuda’s most vulnerable and to continue making steady progress towards a fairer Bermuda for all of us. From seniors and persons with disabilities to low-income families and those […]




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Column: Save Money, Drink Tap Water

[Written by Erich Hetzel & Katie Berry] Did you know that in the last five years Bermuda’s consumers have spent over $7 million buying bottled water, much of it contained in single-use plastic? That’s money we are spending for something that falls from the sky, for free. This is a huge amount of money to […]




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Column: Symonds On Single-Use Plastics & More

[Opinion column written by OBA candidate Malachi Symonds] We live in a world where, at times, convenience comes with a high cost. Single-use plastics have emerged as a major contributor to both environmental degradation and public health crises. A recent study revealed that plastics were responsible for producing 5.3% of greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 […]




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Column: Horner On Global Boundaries & More

[Column written by Patrice Horner] The earth has entered the Anthropocene Age, where humans have impacted all parts of planet and exceeded the global boundaries of what can support biodiversity and the climate. This year’s ILS Convergence Conference in Bermuda last week brought a battery of climate and insurance expertise to the island. Bermuda is […]




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For USMNT, Thursday's trip to Jamaica is about winning 'the game within the game'

With no high-stakes World Cup qualifying matches ahead of 2026, the USMNT will use its matches away from home to become truly battle-tested.




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Sport | Simnikiwe Xabanisa | Nuke Squad may get tongues wagging, but Bomb Squad gets the job done

About the only thing that could tip over the Nuke Squad frenzy gripping the north would be Rassie Erasmus deploying another 7-1 bench against England. But he'll probably go with the reliable Bomb Squad, writes Simnikwe Xabanisa.




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This hearty autumn stew highlights a Saskatchewan staple

Cozy, comfort food is the best food, and decidedly one of the best things about the weather getting colder. Cassoulet is a perfect example. It’s traditionally a hearty, rich, slow-cooked bean stew with several steps and a long ingredient list.



  • News/Canada/Saskatoon

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Government Condemns Genocide Disinformation Efforts

[SAnews.gov.za] The Government of South Africa has condemned the spreading of disinformation concerning its case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ).




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A Mn(III)-catalyzed arylboronic acid-based cascade reaction via a nonclassical organometallic-radical mechanism

Org. Chem. Front., 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4QO00244J, Research Article
Hui-Min Qian, Jian-Dong Zhang, Shun-Jun Ji, Xiao-Ping Xu
An efficient Mn(III)-catalyzed cascade reaction of arylboronic acids, o-cyanoaryl isocyanides, and indoles was developed. The mechanism was fully investigated and elucidated.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Enhanced photocatalytic activity in Mn-doped multiferroic BiFeO3

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA00886C, Paper
Jafar Hussain Shah, Zhi Huaqian, Rashid Mehmood, Ali Imran Channa, Jamal Kazmi, Liang Zhang, Federico Rosei, Zhiming Wang
Mn doping in ferroelectric BiFeO3 enhanced photocatalytic activity through the synergistic effect of the enhanced band bending on the surface as a result of internal screening of polarization bound charges and formation of inter-band energy levels while shifting the energy bands closer together.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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The Role of Mn in Boosting Wide Potential Window on Solid Solution Derived Electrodes for Aqueous Supercapacitors

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4TA00979G, Paper
Ziying Shi, Enzuo Liu, Biao Chen, Junwei Sha, Lihua Qian, Zhijia Zhang, Xiaopeng Han, Wenbin Hu, Chunnian He, Naiqin Zhao, Jianli Kang
The interaction mechanism of the multi-element oxide electrodes remains a challenge, despite the fact that their synergy can not only improve the electronic structure, but also broaden the working potential...
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Google.org awards USD 1 mn grant to Karya to boost ai-based economic opportunities for low-income communities




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'PM Modi's govt gives highest priority to over 35 mn Indian diaspora', says EAM Jaishankar on website launch for Pravasi Bharatiya Divas




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$19 mn Loss & Damage funding pledged by Sweden at COP29, bringing total pledged funding to $720 mn




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Prediction of synergistic gemcitabine-based combination treatment through a novel tumor stemness biomarker NANOG in pancreatic cancer

RSC Med. Chem., 2024, 15,3853-3861
DOI: 10.1039/D4MD00165F, Research Article
Jiongjia Cheng, Ting Zhu, Shaoxian Liu, Jiayu Zhou, Xiaofeng Wang, Guangxiang Liu
The synergistic effect observed in gemcitabine-based combination therapies targeting pancreatic cancer stem cells was correlated with the inhibiting effect on the expression of stemness-related gene NANOG.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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Leaders of various parties condemn attack on govt. doctor




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PUCL condemns opposition to Dalits’ entry into temple in Mandya village




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Allison Transmission to double Chennai facility with $100 mn+ investment amid rising global demand

The expansion aims to double the facility’s size, creating 167 new jobs, and enhance production capacity for automatic transmissions in response to growing global demand




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Vikarabad violence: KTR condemns former BRS MLA’s arrest, says farmers detained were ill-treated by police




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Fifty years ago | Tamil Nadu omnibus tax increase held valid




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IndiGrid forms $300 mn energy platform with 2 funds

Each partner will contribute around $100 million; capital will enable EnerGrid to target projects worth approximately $1.2 billion over the next few years




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The Joy of Autumn Leaves Hand Embellished Giclee on Canvas

The Joy of Autumn Leaves Hand Embellished Giclee on Canvas by Peter / Harrison Ellenshaw is a(n) Limited Edition. The Edition is Limited to 195 pcs




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Omniva: The growth we’ve achieved this quarter is a testament to our team’s commitment to enhancing services

Omniva Group, the logistics and parcel delivery service provider in the Baltics, announced a solid financial performance for the third quarter of 2024, with revenue up by 9% year-over-year to EUR 34.4 million.




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Omniva CEO: Parcel delivery and postal services are becoming more personal

Estonian last mile delivery start-up, Parcelsea is piloting a new innovative concept- Community Lockers, together with Omniva, Estonian national post company.




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BBA 50th Anniversary Omnium Results

The Bermuda Bicycle Association [BBA] marked its 50th Anniversary in style with a weekend of racing. A spokesperson said, “The 50th Anniversary Omnium, a three-stage cycling event, attracted riders of all ages and abilities, offering a fantastic showcase of Bermuda’s vibrant cycling community. “The Omnium consisted of three unique races: a Hill Climb in St. […]




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LEGO Horizon Adventures On Nintendo Switch Runs Pretty Damn Well - Press Start Australia

  1. LEGO Horizon Adventures On Nintendo Switch Runs Pretty Damn Well  Press Start Australia
  2. Lego Horizon Adventures Review  IGN
  3. How LEGO Horizon Adventures was built with real LEGO bricks, out Nov 14  PlayStation
  4. LEGO Horizon Adventures – The Cheapest Australian Day One Bargains  Press Start Australia
  5. Lego Horizon Adventures Review - For Buildin' Jest  GameSpot




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F*ck You Philippe Reiness, Somnambulist Of The Highest Order

The knives have come out. CNN is hosting many of these right wing Democrats who make millions off the party and its members and then use right wing rhetoric to take it down after their own failures.

I put up the entire transcript of his sleepwalking nonsense of what the Democratic party is. Reiness' version of what what he perceives the party is comes right out of the the dead hands of Roger Ailes.

It's ludicrous. Every "woke" complaint he has comes right out of the mouth of Christopher Rufo. Anus Reiness has taken Kellyanne Conway's alternative facts nonsense to the extreme. How CNN believes this man speaks for the party is beyond me.

REINESS: Either way, here's the problem, I'm not concerned right now what the right thinks about the Democratic Party.

I'm concerned about what I think about the Democratic Party. I don't like to echo the congressmen, all three of them, I don't like the fact that a small portion of our party is pretty much dictating where we are. That they are pretty much, we are being branded as the most extreme of us. It is not only politically problematic, as we just saw, because none of this stuff helped the other day.

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Either Reality is Broken or This Guy Really is This Good at Gymnastic Flips




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Why is Omnichannel Still a Question?

Marketers have a lot on their plate these days. Omnichannel shouldn't be an issue anymore




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Examining Recent Omnichannel Successes

Here's a collection of recent DMN content that exemplifies successful omnichannel strategies, as well as a few tips to help bring omnichannel mainstream




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3 Major Omnichannel Challenges Today

Fraud, privacy, and tracking the customer journey will continue to be key issues for marketers doing omnichannel.




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The Omnichannel Solution: One Platform to Rule Them All

4C aims at providing insight across campaign performance on all-channels in an easily accessed, self-serve package




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Evening brief: BJP asks Delhi govt to close schools amid rising AQI; IMA condemns attack on doctor in Chennai; and more - Hindustan Times

  1. Evening brief: BJP asks Delhi govt to close schools amid rising AQI; IMA condemns attack on doctor in Chennai; and more  Hindustan Times
  2. Smog Blanket Over North India, Air Quality Drops To "Severe" Level  NDTV
  3. BJP targets govt on pollution, AAP says don’t play politics  The Times of India
  4. Delhi overtakes Lahore to become world's most polluted city  The Economic Times
  5. City In Greyscale: Season’s First Fog, ‘Severe’ Air Day  The Times of India




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Startups Can Raise $3 Mn Via ECBs Annually: RBI

The Reserve Bank today permitted startups to raise external commercial borrowings (ECBs) of up to USD 3 million in a financial year, a move aimed at boosting innovation and promoting job creation.




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Revival Hymn a Call to Action (Video & Mp3 Downloads)

Have We No Tears for Revival? "They that sow in tears shall reap in joy." (Ps. 126:5). This is the divine edict. This is more than preaching with zeal. This is more than scholarly exposition. This is more than delivering sermons of exegetical exactitude and homiletic perfection. Such a man, whether preacher or pew dweller, is appalled at the shrinking authority of the Church in the present drama of cruelty in the world. And he cringes with sorrow that men turn a deaf ear to the Gospel and willingly risk eternal hell in the process. Under this complex burden, his heart is crushed to tears. The true man of God is heartsick, grieved at the worldliness of the Church, grieved at the blindness of the Church, grieved at the corruption in the Church, grieved at the toleration of sin in the Church, grieved at the prayerlessness in the Church. He is disturbed that the corporate prayer of the Church no longer pulls down the strongholds of the devil. He is embarrassed that the Church folks no longer cry in their despair before a devil-ridden, sin-mad society, "Why could we not cast him out?" (Matt. 17:19).



  • Christian Mp3's FREE
  • Christian Videos
  • Christian Church History Study
  • 4. 1881 A.D. to Present (2012) - Corrupt modern bible translations and compromised Seminaries and Universities

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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA - Crusades: The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny - The idea of the crusade corresponds to a political conception which was realized in Christendom

  • the first, 1095-1101;
  • the second, headed by Louis VII, 1145-47;
  • the third, conducted by Philip Augustus and Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 1188-92;
  • the fourth, during which Constantinople was taken, 1204;
  • the fifth, which included the conquest of Damietta, 1217;
  • the sixth, in which Frederick II took part (1228-29); also Thibaud de Champagne and Richard of Cornwall (1239);
  • the seventh, led by St. Louis, 1249-52;
  • the eighth, also under St. Louis, 1270.


    • Christian Church History Study
    • 2. 313 A.D. to 1521 A.D. - Revised Rome and the Holy Roman Empire