AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and other applications powered by large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity, leading a number of companies to explore LLM-driven robots. However, a new study now reveals an automated way to hack into such machines with 100 percent success. By…
A unique population of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons co-transmits glutamate and GABA. However, the circuit inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons are unknown, limiting our understanding of their functional capabilities. By coupling monosynaptic rabies tracing with intersectional genetic targeting in male and female mice, we found that VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons received diverse brainwide inputs. The largest numbers of monosynaptic inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons were from superior colliculus (SC), lateral hypothalamus (LH), midbrain reticular nucleus, and periaqueductal gray, whereas the densest inputs relative to brain region volume were from the dorsal raphe nucleus, lateral habenula, and VTA. Based on these and prior data, we hypothesized that LH and SC inputs were from glutamatergic neurons. Optical activation of glutamatergic LH neurons activated VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons regardless of stimulation frequency and resulted in flee-like ambulatory behavior. In contrast, optical activation of glutamatergic SC neurons activated VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons for a brief period of time at high frequency and resulted in head rotation and arrested ambulatory behavior (freezing). Stimulation of glutamatergic LH neurons, but not glutamatergic SC neurons, was associated with VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ footshock-induced activity and inhibition of LH glutamatergic neurons disrupted VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ tailshock-induced activity. We interpret these results such that inputs to VTA VGluT2+VGaT+ neurons may integrate diverse signals related to the detection and processing of motivationally salient outcomes.
Without sensor data, you can’t control a process—much less begin a digital transformation at your facility. KPIs (Key performance indicators) are a way to measure how your process, packaging or even your palletizing areas are performing, but to get these KPIs requires sensor data.
Nearly 85 percent of the 29 million gallons of petroleum that enter North American ocean waters each year as a result of human activities comes from land-based runoff, polluted rivers, airplanes, and small boats and jet skis, while less than 8 percent comes from tanker or pipeline spills.
Insights into buying behavior.
The post How much does take-up timing for agricultural inputs depend on price? Evidence from an experiment in Nigeria appeared first on IFPRI.
Examining the effectiveness of vouchers and marketing information.
The post Does conflict-driven internal displacement influence demand for agricultural inputs? Evidence from Nigeria appeared first on IFPRI.
Impact on ICT equipment architecture of multiple AC, -48VDC or up to 400 VDC power inputs
We used virus-mediated anterograde and retrograde tracing, optogenetic modulation, immunostaining, in situ hybridization, and patch-clamp recordings in acute brain slices to study the release mechanism and μ-opioid modulation of the dual glutamatergic/GABAergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area and supramammillary nucleus to the granule cells of the dorsal hippocampus of male and female mice. In keeping with previous reports showing that the two transmitters are released by separate active zones within the same terminals, we found that the short-term plasticity and pharmacological modulation of the glutamatergic and GABAergic currents are indistinguishable. We further found that glutamate and GABA release at these synapses are both virtually completely mediated by N- and P/Q-type calcium channels. We then investigated μ-opioid modulation of these synapses and found that activation of μ-opioid receptors (MORs) strongly inhibits the glutamate and GABA release, mostly through inhibition of presynaptic N-type channels. However, the modulation by MORs of these dual synapses is complex, as it likely includes also a disinhibition due to downmodulation of local GABAergic interneurons which make direct axo-axonic contacts with the dual glutamatergic/GABAergic terminals. We discuss how this opioid modulation may enhance LTP at the perforant path inputs, potentially contributing to reinforce memories of drug-associated contexts.
Global energy prices have eased, but Australian farmers will continue to pay elevated prices for fertiliser and diesel.
These ideas may be taken up by an internal committee of the Income Tax Department that has been formed to oversee the review of the 1961 law.
Nearly 85 percent of the 29 million gallons of petroleum that enter North American ocean waters each year as a result of human activities comes from land-based runoff, polluted rivers, airplanes, and small boats and jet skis, while less than 8 percent comes from tanker or pipeline spills.
A method for performing relational analysis of parsed input is employed to create a visual map of knowledge information. A title, header or subject line for an input item of information is parsed into syntactical components of at least a subject component and any predicate component(s) relationally linked as topic and subtopics. A search of topics and subtopics is carried out for each parsed component. If a match is found, then the parsed component is taken as a chosen topic/subtopic label. If no match is found, then the parsed component is formatted as a new entry in the knowledge map. A translation function for translating topics and subtopics from an original language into one or more target languages is enabled by user request or indicated user preference for display on a generated visual map of knowledge information.
A boost converter with a multiple input and with improved efficiency has two or more inputs. A DC voltage source can be connected to each input. A common output carries a DC voltage whose value is greater than or equal to that of the input voltages. The common output is in each case connected to each of the plurality of inputs via a positive lead branch and a negative lead branch. At least one inductor is arranged in the positive lead branch and/or the negative lead branch from each input, and at least one rectification element is arranged in the positive lead branch and/or the negative lead branch from each input. Furthermore, the inputs can be connected in series by means of two or more switching elements via the inductors, wherein at least two of the inductors can in each case be connected in parallel.
Systems and methods of measuring feet and designing and creating orthopedic inserts are described. The method can include measuring a pressure the foot exerts during a stride at a plurality of points over a period of time, and analyzing a pressure at the plurality of points over the period of time and designing the orthopedic inserter based on the analysis. The system can include a device that measures a pressure exerted by foot at a plurality of times at each of a plurality of points and a computer connected to the device, the computer having a memory that stores the measured pressures and a program operable to analyze the measured pressures to create a design of an orthopedic insert.
(रागिनी कौशल)पंजाब एग्रीकल्चरल यूनिवर्सिटी (पीएयू) द्वारा लॉकडाउन के दौरान किसानों को बीजों लेने में आ रही समस्याओं को हल करने के लिए एक मोबाइल एप्लीकेशन तैयार की है। जिसके माध्यम से किसान पीएयू के बीज बिक्री केंद्रों से जुड़ कर अपनी ज़रुरत के मुताबिक बीज हासिल कर सकते हैं। पीएयू के डायरेक्टर एक्सटेंशन एजुकेशन के कुशल निर्देशन में फार्म इनपुट्स (Farm Inputs) नाम से मोबाइल एप्लीकेशन तैयार की गई है। जिसे मोबाइल पर डाउनलोड कर जानकारी हासिल की जा सकती है।
पीएयू बीज बिक्री केंद्र व किसानों को मिलाने का काम करेगा। जिससे कि किसानों को घर बैठे जानकारी मिल सके कि कौन सा बीज किस केंद्र में उपलब्ध है। बुकिंग करने के बाद किसान को तय समय दिया जाएगा जिससे कि किसान बीज बिक्री केंद्र में जाकर बीज ला सकें। पीएयू की इस मोबाइल एप को विभिन्न दफ्तरों के जरिए किसानों तक पहुंचाया जा रहा है। वहीं, जल्द ही इसे औपचारिक तौर पर रिलीज भी किया जाएगा। जानकारी के मुताबिक अब तक 700 से ज्यादा किसानों द्वारा इसे डाउनलोड भी कर लिया गया है।
किस केंद्र में कौन सा बीज उपलब्ध मिल जाएगी जानकारी
डायरेक्टर एक्सटेंशन एजुकेशन डॉ. जसकरन सिंह माहल ने बताया कि इस मोबाइल एप्लीकेशन को डाउनलोड करने के बाद किसान को अपनी रजिस्ट्रेशन करवानी होगी। किसान ये देख सकेगा कि किस जिले में कौन से बीज उपलब्ध हैं। घर बैठे बीज की बुकिंग हो जाएगी। लेकिन किसान को बीज स्टोर पर जाकर बीज लाना होगा और पेमेंट इत्यादि भी वहीं होगी। इसमें पीएयू का रोल नहीं होगा। अभी हमने होम डिलीवरी का सिस्टम शुरू नहीं किया है। किसानों को रियल टाइम इंफॉर्मेशन मिलेगी। किसान अपने जिले के अलावा अन्य जिलों में भी बीजों की उपलब्धता देख सकेंगे। इसमें वैरायटी के मुताबिक बीज का रेट भी मालूम हो जाएगा। फसलों में सभी अहम फसलों के बीजों की उपलब्धता की जानकारी मिलेगी। इसी तरह सब्जियों में भी बीजों की जानकारी हासिल की जा सकती है।
प्राइवेट फर्म के साथ भी होगा लिंक
डॉ. माहल ने बताया कि पहले फेज में हमने पीएयू से संबंधित बीज बिक्री केंद्रों को ही इस एप में जोड़ा है। दूसरे फेज में हम प्राइवेट फर्म के साथ जोड़ेंगे। जिससे कि किसान ये चुनाव कर सकेंगे कि उन्हें पीएयू रिकमंडेड बीज लेने हैं या प्राइवेट फर्म के। लेकिन इसके लिए प्राइवेट फर्मों को रजिस्ट्रेशन करवानी होगी। जिसके बाद किसान अपनी ज़रुरत के मुताबिक दोनों में से किसी भी जगह से बीज की जानकारी लेने के अलावा बुकिंग कर सकेंगे।
The outfit, which was not taken seriously by the Bengal Police in last few years, is now said to have considerable fire power.
And so it happened that I published the latest post of mine on Codrops, not here this time. It’s about styling <input type="file" /> by taking the advantage of <label>. The technique is not perfect – nothing is perfect that imitates native HTML elements – but having in mind its pros & cons, I found it to be the most appropriate solution for styling file inputs.
Jamal, who hailed from Gujarat was arrested by Mumbai police, when he arrived from Dubai.