science and technology

Drop deformation in a planar elongational flow: impact of surfactant dynamics

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00642A, Paper
Julian Wailliez, Paul Regazzi, Anniina Salonen, Paul G. Chen, Marc Jaeger, Marc Leonetti, Emmanuelle Rio
We measure the deformation of a drop under an extensional flow. The drop is less deformed than for a pure liquid because of the depletion of surfactants at the tips, which we attribute to the adsorption/desorption dynamics of the surfactants.
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science and technology

Telephone cord blister formation in solvent swollen elastomer films

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01035C, Paper
Open Access
James S. Sharp, Nathaniel M. Roberts, Sam Walker
Telephone cord blister formation is studied in PDMS films swollen in four different solvents. Buckling and fracture mechanics theories are developed to interpret blister morphology and growth rates. A simple surface patterning method is introduced.
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science and technology

Network interactions simultaneously enhance stiffness and lubricity of triple-network hydrogels

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00969J, Paper
Nabila Ali, Connor J. Demott, Olivia F. Dingus, Melissa A. Grunlan, Alison C. Dunn
Tough hydrogels with a charge-variable third network were assessed for biomimicking lubricity in both water and FBS solution.
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science and technology

Long range signature of liquid's inertia in nanoscale drainage flows

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01006J, Paper
Nathan Bigan, Mathieu Lizée, Marc Pascual, Antoine Niguès, Lydéric Bocquet, Alessandro Siria
In confinement, liquid flows are governed by a complex interplay of molecular, viscous and elastic forces.
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science and technology

Microrheology of gemini surfactants at interfaces and in solutions in the dilute and semidilute regimes

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00860J, Paper
Mayssa Medfai, Antonio Stocco, Christophe Blanc, Maurizio Nobili, Martin In
The interface of semidilute Gemini surfactant solutions remains fluid and is less viscous than the bulk. Depletion of the viscosity near the interface plays a key role in microrheology.
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science and technology

Carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized calcium phosphate particles for injectable hydrogel-based bone tissue engineering

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00670D, Paper
Piyaporn Srisura, Yuwaporn Pinyakit, Umphan Ngoensawat, Pongsakorn Yuntasiri, Khoiria Nur Atika Putri, Theerapat Chanamuangkon, Waranyoo Phoolcharoen, Varol Intasanta, Voravee P. Hoven
Carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized calcium phosphate particles well-dispersed in aqueous solution can be integrated into an injectable hydrogel made of methacrylated hyaluronic acid which is a promising material for bone regeneration applications.
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science and technology

Bubble dynamics manipulation in polymeric foaming

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01040J, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Lorenzo Miele, Antonio Abate, Kentaro Taki, Ernesto Di Maio
The inverse pressure quenching treatment is proposed to decouple bubble nucleation from growth, advancing our understanding of the physics governing bubble growth and evolution in polymer foaming.
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science and technology

Nature of barriers determines first passage times in heterogeneous media

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8353-8362
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00908H, Paper
Moumita Dasgupta, Sougata Guha, Leon Armbruster, Dibyendu Das, Mithun K. Mitra
The nature of barriers control the first passage times in heterogenous media. For entropic barriers, the first passage times increases monotonically with increasing number of barriers, while for energetic barriers, passage times show a non-monotonic behaviour with increasing barriers.
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science and technology

A macroscopic magneto-optical response resulting from local effects in ferronematic liquid crystals

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8363-8372
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00577E, Paper
Xiangshen Meng, Xiaowei Li, Jian Li, Yueqiang Lin, Xiaodong Liu, Zhenghong He
The dynamic rotational behavior of composite chains under a rotating magnetic field was observed. The birefringence and dichroism variations in FNLCs mainly stem from the magnetic response of the composite chains, indicating local effects.
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science and technology

Emulsifying mechanisms of phospholipids in high-pressure homogenization of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8373-8384
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00828F, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Larissa J. Lubitz, Harden Rieger, Gero Leneweit
An optimized PFC/W emulsion contains 1 mM lipid per 1% (v/v) dispersed phase for an emulsifying monolayer; higher ratios result in triple layers. Low viscosity ratios ηD/ηC ≤ 5 and low PFC volume fractions lead to smaller monodisperse droplets.
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science and technology

The cellular Potts model on disordered lattices

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8337-8352
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00445K, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Hossein Nemati, J. de Graaf
Extending the cellular Potts model to disordered Voronoi lattices reduces artifacts observed on regular lattices. An order–disorder transition is observed as a function of surface tension on the disordered lattice and the regular lattices.
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science and technology

Chemo-mechanical model of cell polarization initiated by structural polarity

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8407-8419
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00800F, Paper
Hexiang Wang, Zhimeng Jia, Yuqiang Fang
We establish a multiscale model of a cell to explore the chemomechanical mechanisms of cell polarization initiated by structural polarity. The two-dimensional vertex model is built by coupling the cytoskeletal reorganization and the Cdc42 activation.
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science and technology

Bubbles and drops between circular frames: shape, force and stability analysis

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8420-8435
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00919C, Paper
Open Access
Friedrich Walzel, Jonathan Dijoux, Leandro Jacomine, Élodie Harle, Pierre Muller, Thierry Charitat, Wiebke Drenckhan
Combining experiments, simulations and theory, we provide a complete shape analysis of two bubbles held by circular frames in the parameter space of different frame radii, distances between frames and contact angle between bubbles (0°, 60° and 90°).
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science and technology

Controlling wall–particle interactions with activity

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8395-8406
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00634H, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Luke Neville, Jens Eggers, Tanniemola B. Liverpool
The interaction between a disk and wall in an active nematic depends on a combination of activity and anchoring, with contractile nematics repelling disks with planar anchoring.
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science and technology

Nanoconfinement effects on the dynamics of an ionic liquid-based electrolyte probed by multinuclear NMR

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8436-8445
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01058B, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Andrei Filippov, Maiia Rudakova, Victor P. Archipov, Faiz Ullah Shah
Diffusivity is controlled by exchange of ions between “narrow” and “large” pores that results in an abnormal temperature variation. Li+ ions are solvated inside the porous glasses and their diffusivity remains slower as compared to the organic ions.
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science and technology

Development of a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model for poly(dimethyl-co-diphenyl)siloxane

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8480-8492
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00875H, Paper
Weikang Xian, Amitesh Maiti, Andrew P. Saab, Ying Li
Polydimethylsiloxane and its copolymer systems have a wide range of application. We systematically develop a coarse-grained MD model for PDMS-co-PDPS system. The model preserves the structural and dynamic properties of the material quantitatively.
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science and technology

Effective patchiness from critical points of a coarse-grained protein model with explicit shape and charge anisotropy

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8455-8467
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00867G, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Jens Weimar, Frank Hirschmann, Martin Oettel
Critical points of an anisotropic, coarse-grained protein model are used to detemine an “effective patchiness” by comparison to the Kern–Frenkel patchy model.
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science and technology

The surface diffusivity of nanoparticles physically adsorbed at a solid–liquid interface

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8446-8454
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00992D, Paper
Troy Singletary, Nima Iranmanesh, Carlos E. Colosqui
This work proposes an analytical model considering the effects of hydrodynamic drag and energy barriers induced by liquid solvation forces to predict the in-plane translational diffusivity of a nanoparticle physically adsorbed on a wetted surface.
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science and technology

Segregative phase separation of strong polyelectrolyte complexes at high salt and high polymer concentrations

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8505-8514
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00994K, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Conner H. Chee, Rotem Benharush, Lexi R. Knight, Jennifer E. Laaser
Complexes of strong polyelectrolytes prepared well above the binodal are shown to undergo hydrophobicity-driven segregative phase separation.
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science and technology

Self-assembly of amphiphilic homopolymers grafted onto spherical nanoparticles: complete embedded minimal surfaces and a machine learning algorithm for their recognition

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8385-8394
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00616J, Paper
D. A. Mitkovskiy, A. A. Lazutin, A. L. Talis, V. V. Vasilevskaya
Amphiphilic macromolecules grafted onto spherical nanoparticles can self-assemble into morphological structures corresponding to the family of complete embedded minimal surfaces. They arise situationally, can coexist and transform into each other.
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science and technology

Optimality and cooperativity in superselective surface binding by multivalent DNA nanostars

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8515-8523
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00704B, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Christine Linne, Eva Heemskerk, Jos W. Zwanikken, Daniela J. Kraft, Liedewij Laan
Our study shows that DNA nanostars with three binding sites (ligands) can (1) bind superselectively to surfaces based on receptor density, and (2) that interactions between ligands affect the optimum number of ligands required for superselectivity.
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science and technology

Random field reconstruction of three-phase polymer structures with anisotropy from 2D-small-angle scattering data

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8493-8504
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00721B, Paper
Open Access
Stephen Kronenberger, Nitant Gupta, Benjamin Gould, Colin Peterson, Arthi Jayaraman
We present a computational method to analyze 2D small-angle scattering data from three-phase soft materials systems with structural anisotropy and output representative real-space structures of the three phases.
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science and technology

Strain rate controls alignment in growing bacterial monolayers

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8468-8479
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00625A, Paper
Blake Langeslay, Gabriel Juarez
A model of cell alignment in confined growing bacterial monolayers connecting net monolayer deformation to the behavior of individual cells.
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science and technology

Cell shape and orientation control galvanotactic accuracy

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00952E, Paper
Ifunanya Nwogbaga, Brian A. Camley
We study the physical factors that control the accuracy with which elongated cells can sense the direction of an electric field, exploring whether cells are more accurate sensors when oriented parallel to the field or perpendicular to it.
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science and technology

Mechanical characterization of freestanding lipid bilayers with temperature-controlled phase

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8524-8537
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00706A, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Arash Yahyazadeh Shourabi, Roland Kieffer, Djanick de Jong, Daniel Tam, Marie-Eve Aubin-Tam
Lipid membranes formed in a microfluidic device are studied with temperature-controlled optical tweezers, revealing how mechanical properties of ripple phase and gel-fluid phase-separated membranes change when heated above the transition temperature.
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science and technology

pH and glucose dual-responsive phenylboronic acid hydrogels for smart insulin delivery

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01004C, Paper
Keke Yang, Hou Bo, Dewei Ma, Mingwei Peng, Qinglong Liu, Ziwen Heng, Zhongwei Gu, Xuhan Liu, Siyuan Chen
Phenylboronic acid (PBA) is a widely exploited glucose-sensitive element for constructing glucose-responsive hydrogels to enable smart insulin delivery.
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science and technology

Jamming crossovers in a confined driven polymer in solution

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00761A, Paper
Setarehalsadat Changizrezaei, Mikko Karttunen, Colin Denniston
A polymer confined in a nanochannel undergoes a crossover to a jammed state when pushed by a large spherical colloid. We examine the system using simulations that incorporate the full hydrodynamic driving and fluctuating forces.
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science and technology

Retraction: Self-assembled organic nanotubes embedding hydrophobic molecules within solid bilayer membranes

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM90171A, Retraction
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Naohiro Kameta, Masumi Asakawa, Mitsutoshi Masuda, Toshimi Shimizu
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science and technology

Retraction: Supramolecular organic nanotubes: how to utilize the inner nanospace and the outer space

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM90172J, Retraction
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Naohiro Kameta, Hiroyuki Minamikawa, Mitsutoshi Masuda
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science and technology

Linking local microstructure to fracture location in a two-dimensional amorphous solid under isotropic strain

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00486H, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Max Huisman, Axel Huerre, Saikat Saha, John C. Crocker, Valeria Garbin
Machine learning predicts possible crack location in experiments of a fracturing colloid monolayer, shown along with the actual crack path.
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science and technology

Rolling and ordering of micro rods in shear flow induced by rod wall interactions

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00999A, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Martin Wittmann, Igor M. Kulić, Antonio Stocco, Juliane Simmchen
We use experiments and theoretical models to investigate the rolling and translational motion of rod-shaped micro particles close to a solid wall in the presence or absence of shear flow.
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science and technology

Modeling nematic phase main-chain liquid crystal elastomer synthesis, mechanics, and thermal actuation via coarse-grained molecular dynamics

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00528G, Paper
Nicolas Herard, Raja Annapooranan, Todd Henry, Martin Kroger, Shengqiang Cai, Nicholas Boechler, Yelena Sliozberg
This paper presents a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation study of the synthesis, mechanics, and thermal actuation of nematic phase main-chain liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), a type of soft, temperature-responsive, polymeric...
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science and technology

Coupled dynamics in binary mixtures of model colloidal Yukawa systems

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01123F, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Daniel Weidig, Joachim Wagner
Self- and collective dynamics in mixtures of highly charged binary colloidal particles is analyzed by Brownian dynamics simulations. For equally charged, but differently sized particles coupling effects in their long-time dynamics are observed.
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science and technology

Src kinase slows collective rotation of confined epithelial cell monolayers

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00827H, Paper
Nastassia Pricoupenko, Flavia Marsigliesi, Philippe Marcq, Carles Blanch-Mercader, Isabelle A Bonnet
Collective cell migration is key during development, wound healing and metastasis and relies on coordinated cell behaviors at the group level. Src kinase is a key signalling protein for physiological...
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science and technology

Enhanced gravitational trapping of bottom-heavy Janus particles over parallel microgrooves

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00989D, Paper
Yan Wen, Jiayu Liu, Wei Wang, Pik-Yin Lai, Penger Tong
We report a systematic study of barrier-crossing dynamics of bottom-heavy self-propelled particles (SPPs) over a one-dimensional periodic potential landscape $U_0(x)$, which is fabricated on a microgroove-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. From...
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science and technology

Thickness-dependent response of aerosol-jet-printed ultrathin high-aspect-ratio electrochemical microactuators

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00886C, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Ji Zhang, Jeremy J. Baumberg, Sohini Kar-Narayan
Trilayer electrochemical actuators comprising an electrolyte layer sandwiched between two electrode layers have been shown to exhibit large deformations at low actuation voltages. Here we report aerosol-jet printing (AJP) of...
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science and technology

Long-lived unidirectional flow of active particles within long narrow channels

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00879K, Paper
Man Xu, Ying Lan, Yuehua Yang, Hongyuan Jiang
We present the dynamics of particles in a device divided into two chambers by V-shaped barriers and connected by a narrow channel. Here three distinct movement modes occur, including stochastic movement, oscillation and unidirectional flows.
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science and technology

Mapping deformation dynamics to composition of topologically-active DNA blends

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01065E, Paper
Karthik R. Peddireddy, Ryan McGorty, Rae M. Robertson-Anderson
We leverage in situ enzymatic topological conversion and OpTiDDM to map the deformation dynamics of DNA blends with over 70 fractions of linear, ring and supercoiled molecules that span the phase space of possible topological compositions.
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science and technology

Scale-dependent interactions enable emergent microrheological stress response of actin–vimentin composites

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00988F, Paper
Julie Pinchiaroli, Renita Saldanha, Alison E. Patteson, Rae M. Robertson-Anderson, Bekele J. Gurmessa
The unique mechanical behaviors of actin–vimentin composites in both linear and nonlinear regimes are shaped by the complex interactions among actin entanglements, vimentin crosslinking, and poroelastic properties.
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science and technology

Liquid crystalline collagen assemblies as substrates for directed alignment of human Schwann cells

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00534A, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Homa Ghaiedi, Luis Carlos Pinzon Herrera, Saja Alshafeay, Leonard Harris, Jorge Almodovar, Karthik Nayani
Collagen is a key component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and well-oriented domains of collagen are important for mimicking the local cell environment in vitro. Here, we demonstrate macroscopic alignment on collagen in 2-D substrates and 3-D hydrogels.
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science and technology

Towards a universal model for the foaming behavior of surfactants: a case study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00931B, Paper
Muchu Zhou, Reza Foudazi
Foam fractionation offers a promising solution for the separation of surface-active contaminants from water.
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science and technology

Aging iridium oxide catalyst inks: a formulation strategy to enhance ink processability for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00987H, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Sunilkumar Khandavalli, Jae Hyung Park, Robin Rice, Diana Y. Zhang, Sarah A. Berlinger, Guido Bender, Deborah J. Myers, Michael Ulsh, Scott A. Mauger
Steady-shear rheology showing evolution of the microstructure of iridium oxide catalyst inks of PEM water electrolyzers with aging time.
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science and technology

Morphology and line tension of twist disclinations in a nematic liquid crystal

Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM01076K, Paper
Open Access
Yihao Chen, Mina Mandić, Charlotte G. Slaughter, Michio Tanaka, James M. Kikkawa, Peter J. Collings, A. G. Yodh
This work characterizes twist disclinations in nematic liquid crystals, using confocal microscopy to measure their 3D profile and test theoretical predictions, and using magnetic fields to deform the disclinations and measure their line tension.
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science and technology

Active nematic coherence probed under spatial patterns of distributed activity

Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00651H, Paper
Ignasi Vélez Cerón, Jordi Ignes-Mullol, Francesc Sagues
A photoresponsive variant of the paradigmatic active nematic fluid made of microtubules and powered by kinesin motors is studied in the conventional two-dimensional interfaced form when forced under blue-light illumination....
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science and technology

Banana DNA derivatives as homeotropic alignment layers in optical devices

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8561-8569
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00322E, Paper
Rafał Węgłowski, Anna Spadło, Dorota Węgłowska
In this study, DNA extracted from bananas was functionalized and used as a homeotropic alignment layer for liquid crystals.
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science and technology

Dynamical crossovers and correlations in a harmonic chain of active particles

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8638-8653
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00350K, Paper
Subhajit Paul, Abhishek Dhar, Debasish Chaudhuri
We explore the dynamics of a tracer in a harmonic chain of active particles, investigating the influence of interactions. Depending upon the time-scales governed by the interaction and the persistence of activity, we explore crossovers between different scaling behaviors of its dynamics.
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science and technology

Revealing microscale bulk structures in polymer–carbon nanocomposites using spin-echo SANS

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8663-8674
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00578C, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
L. V. Tiihonen, M. P. Weir, A. J. Parnell, S. C. Boothroyd, D. W. Johnson, R. M. Dalgliesh, M. Bleuel, C. P. Duif, W. G. Bouwman, R. L. Thompson, K. S. Coleman, N. Clarke, W. A. Hamilton, A. L. Washington, S. R. Parnell
Spin-echo small-angle neutron scattering (SESANS) revealed structure in polymer–carbon nanocomposites over multiple length scales with unprecedented range (10 nm–16 μm). Data from two SESANS instruments and other methods were analysed with SasView.
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science and technology

Model predictive control of non-interacting active Brownian particles

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8581-8588
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00902A, Paper
Titus Quah, Kevin J. Modica, James B. Rawlings, Sho C. Takatori
Model predictive control is used to guide the spatiotemporal distribution of active Brownian particles by forecasting future states and optimizing control inputs to achieve tasks like dividing a population into two groups.
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science and technology

Tuning collective actuation of active solids by optimizing activity localization

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8570-8580
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00868E, Paper
Davi Lazzari, Olivier Dauchot, Carolina Brito
Active solids, more specifically elastic lattices embedded with polar active units, exhibit collective actuation when the elasto-active feedback, generically present in such systems, exceeds some critical value.
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science and technology

Pickering emulsions for stimuli-responsive transdermal drug delivery: effect of rheology and microstructure on performance

Soft Matter, 2024, 20,8621-8637
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00993B, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Simona Migliozzi, Yiting He, Maryam Parhizkar, Yang Lan, Panagiota Angeli
Elucidating the impact of microgels attributes on the microstructure, rheology and functionality of Pickering emulsions.
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