Myriam Franzke, Christian Kraus, David Dreyer, Keram Pfeiffer, M. Jerome Beetz, Anna L. Stöckl, James J. Foster, Eric J. Warrant, and Basil el Jundi

Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are prominent for their annual long-distance migration from North America to their overwintering area in Central Mexico. To find their way on this long journey, they use a sun compass as their main orientation reference but will also adjust their migratory direction with respect to mountain ranges. This indicates that the migratory butterflies also attend to the panorama to guide their travels. While the compass has been studied in detail in migrating butterflies, little is known about the orientation abilities of non-migrating butterflies. Here we studied if non-migrating butterflies - that stay in a more restricted area to feed and breed - also use a similar compass system to guide their flights. Performing behavioral experiments on tethered flying butterflies in an indoor LED flight simulator, we found that the monarchs fly along straight tracks with respect to a simulated sun. When a panoramic skyline was presented as the only orientation cue, the butterflies maintained their flight direction only during short sequences suggesting that they potentially use it for flight stabilization. We further found that when we presented the two cues together, the butterflies incorporate both cues in their compass. Taken together, we here show that non-migrating monarch butterflies can combine multiple visual cues for robust orientation, an ability that may also aid them during their migration.

Shih-Jung Hsu and Bo Cheng

In the presence of wind or background image motion, flies are able to maintain a constant retinal slip velocity via regulating flight speed to the extent permitted by their locomotor capacity. Here we investigated the retinal slip compensation of tethered blue-bottle flies (Calliphora vomitoria) flying semi-freely along an annular corridor in a magnetically levitated flight mill enclosed by two motorized cylindrical walls. We perturbed the flies’ retinal slip via spinning the cylindrical walls, generating bilaterally averaged retinal slip perturbations from -0.3 to 0.3 m·s^–1 (or -116.4 to 116.4 deg.·s^–1) When the perturbation was less than ~0.1 m·s^–1 (38.4 deg.·s^–1), the flies successfully compensated the perturbations and maintained a retinal slip velocity by adjusting their airspeed up to 20%. However, with greater retinal slip perturbation, the flies’ compensation became saturated, as the flies’ airspeed plateaued, indicating that they were unable to further maintain a constant retinal slip velocity. The compensation gain, i.e., the ratio of airspeed compensation and retinal slip perturbation, depended on the spatial frequency of the grating patterns, being the largest at 12 m^–1 (0.04 deg.^–1).

The proteostasis network is regulated by transcellular communication to promote health and fitness in metazoans. In Caenorhabditis elegans, signals from the germline initiate the decline of proteostasis and repression of cell stress responses at reproductive maturity, indicating that commitment to reproduction is detrimental to somatic health. Here we show that proteostasis and stress resilience are also regulated by embryo-to-mother communication in reproductive adults. To identify genes that act directly in the reproductive system to regulate somatic proteostasis, we performed a tissue targeted genetic screen for germline modifiers of polyglutamine aggregation in muscle cells. We found that inhibiting the formation of the extracellular vitelline layer of the fertilized embryo inside the uterus suppresses aggregation, improves stress resilience in an HSF-1-dependent manner, and restores the heat-shock response in the somatic tissues of the parent. This pathway relies on DAF-16/FOXO activation in vulval tissues to maintain stress resilience in the mother, suggesting that the integrity of the embryo is monitored by the vulva to detect damage and initiate an organismal protective response. Our findings reveal a previously undescribed transcellular pathway that links the integrity of the developing progeny to proteostasis regulation in the parent.

There is a pressing need for new exploration tools to target and vector towards mineralization in covered terrains. Groundwater provides a valuable and under-utilized geochemical sampling medium, and represents an important and cost-effective tool to expose covered terrains to systematic exploration. For Au exploration, researchers agree the best hydrogeochemistry pathfinder is dissolved Au itself, with additional potential from other pathfinders (albeit non-unique) such as As, Ag, W and Mo. Despite Au's relatively low solubility, with rigorous field protocols and appropriate analytical methods, explorers can respond to dissolved Au directly with robust parts per trillion (ppt)-level analyses.

Even with ppt-level analyses, a practical implication of Au's low solubility is that a deposit's dissolved Au signature is generally weaker than seen in other more mobile pathfinders, producing a smaller detectable footprint, which must be considered when designing exploration programmes. Using purpose-drilled groundwater sampling bores, explorers can collect groundwater samples at the density required to respond to dissolved Au where existing borehole coverage is otherwise insufficient. In addition to its use at the regional scale, with even tighter sample density, hydrogeochemistry also shows promise at the project scale, allowing the 3D modelling of pathfinder dispersion.

For hydrogeochemistry to be widely adopted for Au exploration, explorers need confidence in ppt-level dissolved Au analyses, and the context to understand their significance. This paper aims to address these topics and provide a straightforward starting point for Au explorers interested in applying hydrogeochemistry by: (i) summarizing examples of regional sampling programmes and more focused case studies to illustrate how covered Au deposits create measurable dissolved Au footprints distinguishable from background; and (ii) sharing examples of dissolved Au analyses that are being integrated into exploration at the regional and project scales.

As seen in the results, the distributions of dissolved Au in the regional- and project-scale programmes show remarkably similar and easy to interpret high-contrast, low-frequency anomalies against relatively low backgrounds. These are desirable attributes of any geochemical pathfinder. When combined with the benefits of hydrogeochemistry v. other geochemical exploration tools (e.g. groundwater can create larger footprints requiring fewer samples to detect, and groundwater can recharge from depth to reflect deeper mineralization), dissolved Au is a powerful pathfinder ideally suited for Au exploration in covered terrains.

While this paper focuses on the use of dissolved Au, additional pathfinders can provide valuable information, including indications of lithological changes, hydrothermal alteration and different styles of mineralization, as well as opportunities to use secondary pathfinders when sample density or local conditions may not result in detectable dissolved Au signatures.

Thematic collection: This article is part of the Exploration 17 collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/exploration-17

It is important to identify, assess, and address current barriers to implementation of post-approval changes that are intended to ensure continued (uninterrupted) operations and drive innovation and continual improvement in a maximally efficient, agile, and flexible pharmaceutical manufacturing sector. Leveraging the International Conference for Harmonisation Quality Guideline Q10 provides regulatory relief when it comes to addressing changes related to excipients, specifically excipient supplier's name and address changes, which will ensure a sustainable, reliable global supply and the availability of high quality product to patients through the entire commercial lifecycle of a product without extensive regulatory oversight.

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Multimonth dispensing (MMD) of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a differentiated model of care that can help overcome health system challenges and reduce the burden of HIV care on clients. Although 3-month dispensing has been the standard of care, interest has increased in extending refill intervals to 6 months. We explored client and provider experiences with MMD in Malawi as part of a cluster randomized trial evaluating 3- versus 6-month ART dispensing.Methods:Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 ART providers and 62 stable, adult clients with HIV on ART. Clients and providers were evenly divided by arm and were eligible for an interview if they had been participating in the study for 1 year (clients) or 6 months (providers). Questions focused on perceived challenges and benefits of the 3- or 6-month amount of ART dispensing. Interviews were transcribed, and data were coded and analyzed using constant comparison.Results:Both clients and providers reported that the larger medication supply had benefits. Clients reported decreased costs due to less frequent travel to the clinic and increased time for income-generating activities. Clients in the 6-month dispensing arm reported a greater sense of personal freedom and normalcy. Providers felt that the 6-month dispensing interval reduced their workload. They also expressed concerned about clients' challenges with ART storage at home, but clients reported no storage problems. Although providers mentioned the potential risk of clients sharing the larger medication supply with family or friends, clients emphasized the value of ART and reported only rare, short-term sharing, mostly with their spouses. Providers mentioned clients' lack of motivation to seek care for illnesses that might occur between refill appointments.Conclusions:The 6-month ART dispensing arm was particularly beneficial to clients for decreased costs, increased time for income generation, and a greater sense of normalcy. Providers' concerns about storage, sharing, and return visits to the facility did not emerge in client interviews. Further data are needed on the feasibility of implementing a large-scale program with 6-month dispensing.

Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tracts (CAKUT) are disorders caused by defects in the development of the kidneys and their outflow tracts. The formation of the kidneys begins at week 3 and nephrogenesis continues until week 36, therefore, the kidneys and outflow tracts are susceptible to environmental risk factors that perturb development throughout gestation. Many genes have been implicated in kidney and outflow tract development, and mutations have been identified in patients with CAKUT. In severe cases of CAKUT, when the kidneys do not form, the fetus will not survive. However, in less severe cases, the baby can survive with combined kidney and outflow tract defects or they may only be identified in adulthood. In this review, we will cover the clinical presentation of CAKUT, its epidemiology, and its long-term outcomes. We will then discuss risk factors for CAKUT, including genetic and environmental contributions. Although severe CAKUT is rare, low nephron number is a much more common disorder with its effect on kidney function increasingly apparent as a person ages. Low nephron number appears to arise by the same mechanisms as CAKUT, but it differs in terms of the magnitude of the insult and the timing of when it occurs during gestation. By understanding the causes of CAKUT and low nephron number, we can begin to identify preventive treatments and establish clinical guidelines for how these patients should be followed.

Background:

The negative effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on physical and mental health has led to calls for routine screening for ACEs in primary care settings. We aimed to examine the association between maternal ACEs and children’s behaviour problems (externalizing and internalizing) at age 5 in the context of other known predictors.

Cushing syndrome results from chronic excessive exposure to glucocorticoids, impacting virtually every organ system with the most dominant effects on fat metabolism, immune function, and musculoskeletal systems. Endogenous Cushing syndrome is rare, most usually due to excess ACTH secretion from pituitary, and less frequently from ectopic tumors. Other cases result from ACTH-independent adrenal overproduction of cortisol.

This interesting case report from South Africa focuses on a difficult diagnostic challenge: apparent Cushing syndrome with inconsistent laboratory findings.

Cushing syndromeExogenousDexamethasoneSkinWhiteningCream

Backsplash (hay tấm chắn sau bếp) là yếu tố quan trọng đem lại sự tiện dụng cũng như vẻ đẹp của căn bếp. Một vài kiến thức hữu ích dưới đây sẽ giúp bạn lựa chọn vật liệu ốp bếp lý tưởng nhất.

Dốc hết vốn liếng vào đất để mong thành đại gia nhưng dịch bệnh khiến thu nhập bị cắt giảm, tiền mặt thiếu hụt trong khi có quá nhiều khoản phải chi nên nhiều nhà đầu tư quay cuồng trong nợ nần.

Không phải ai cũng có đủ điều kiện để mua một ngôi nhà mới nên nhiều người chọn mua nhà cũ để tiết kiệm chi phí. Nếu chưa có kinh nghiệm chọn mua nhà cũ, bạn hãy xem 6 lưu ý dưới đây để chọn được ngôi nhà ưng ý:

Ngôi nhà hướng Tây có nhiều khoảng thông tầng, cửa sổ, vườn trên cao, đồng thời được trang bị các thiết bị che nắng giúp giảm hấp thụ nhiệt, làm mát tự nhiên và tiết kiệm năng lượng.

Mặt bàn bếp – nơi chúng ta sơ chế thực phẩm và đặt các thiết bị, dụng cụ hỗ trợ nấu nướng nên vật liệu bàn bếp cần đảm bảo yêu cầu chịu lực và vệ sinh. Ngoài ra, cũng cần chú ý đến tính thẩm mỹ và giá thành, đồng thời mang lại không gian năng động cho mỗi gia đình.

Những loại gỗ bền đẹp như xoan đào, óc chó, thông, căm xe... thường được chọn để làm bàn ghế ăn. Không chỉ tạo ra sức hút kỳ lạ, loại bàn ghế này còn giúp gia chủ yên tâm sử dụng lâu dài vì không phải lo lỗi mốt.

Mái nhà là kiến trúc quan trọng trong tổng thể công trình. Nắm rõ đặc tính của từng vật liệu lợp mái cụ thể sẽ giúp bạn dễ dàng tìm được loại vật liệu phù hợp nhất cho ngôi nhà của mình.

Vật liệu tái chế mang lại hiệu quả không thua kém các vật liệu mới và còn giúp làm giảm chi phí xây dựng, góp phần bảo vệ môi trường.

Pigeons feathers are remarkably complex and understanding how they work has led to the first robot that flies like a pigeon, dubbed PigeonBot

Telling Lies is a game where you sift through video calls to solve a mystery. Half the time you don't know what you should be doing, but that's part of the fun, says Jacob Aron

Two years ago, the voices of survivors of sexual harassment and assault launched an unprecedented movement the world over, using Tarana Burke’s MeToo framework. That one moment was a spark into the unknown, but the movement itself was no happy accident. It was built to fuel a reclamation of power for those who had been silenced for too long, a laborious undertaking by activists, advocates, and organizations including mine—the National Women’s Law Center, which also houses and administers the TIME’S UP Legal Defense Fund.

Since then, the #MeToo movement has enabled considerable progress, including making space for more and more people who have claims of sexual misconduct to come forward. People like Tara Reade.

But despite this dramatic cultural awakening, our institutions and systems are just beginning to stir. The lack of necessary legal and policy changes both in our government and in our workplaces, schools, houses of worship, and otherwise have created a world that very imperfectly serves the needs of survivors. Every domestic worker who is entirely unprotected by our federal and most state civil rights statutes, and every person who is classified as an independent contractor and left out of civil rights protections, have proven that our work must take on the reform and re-envisioning of the very systems that excluded them in the first place. 

Read more at The Daily Beast.

We may not have found alien life yet, but new methods and the discovery of exoplanets and extreme life on Earth is revolutionising the hunt, says the doyenne of SETI research

China’s Yutu-2 rover has used radar to peer 40 metres under the surface of the far side of the moon and revealed how past impacts have shaped its geology

A team of researchers say they have discovered a protein molecule inside a meteorite, the first extraterrestrial example ever found, but others are sceptical

Extraterrestrial oceans are an obvious place to search for alien life, but getting there and having a look won't be easy, says NASA's Kevin Hand in his book Alien Oceans