[Edinburgh?] : [publisher not identified], 1840.

Edinburgh : Hodges and Smith, 1834-1840.

Boston : A. Williams, 1870.

Birmingham : printed by M. Billing, 1847.

Berlin : Coblentz, 1896.

Berlin : A. Hirschwald, 1893.

Wien : Wilhelm Braumuller, 1873.

[Wien] : [publisher not identified], 1853.

Leipzig : Deuticke, 1906.

Berlin : H. Steinitz, 1894.

Leipzig : W. Engelmann, 1870.

Braunschweig : F. Wreden, 1884.

Berlin : Köllner, 1899.

Braunschweig : F. Vieweg, 1865.

Berlin : J. Springer, 1895.

Hannover : Hahn, 1869.

Wien : K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1861.

Karlsbad : H. Feller, 1880.

Jena : G. Fischer, 1894.

Tubingen : E. Riecker, 1888.

Hannover : C. Rumpler, 1866.

Berolini : Typis Augusti Petschii, 1828.

Edinburgh : [publisher not identified], 1812.

London : J. Murray, 1879.

Edinburgh : Young J. Pentland, 1901.

If we want to work towards true inclusivity, we must show that perpetuating oppressive beliefs, intentional or not, has a consequence on something or someone other than those oppressed.

A Paris (rue du Cloître Notre Dame no. 4) : chez Tessari & Cie., [1829]

[Rome?]

[London] (Haymarket) : Published ... for the proprietors, by T McLean, Septr. 1. 1836 ([London?] : Printed by Lahee & Co.)

Entrepreneur and business founder Elon Musk will donate $423,000 for laptops in the Michigan district, a few months after making a gift focused on improving water quality in the school system.

The donation comes as Flint city and school leaders continue to grapple with the fallout from a contaminated-water crisis that began in 2015. The filtration systems, which will be installed by January, should allow students to once again district students and staff to drink from and fill up water bo

London (33 Stillness Rd, London, SE23 1NG) : Cleanair, Campaign for a Smoke-free Environment, [198-?]

London : Cleanair, [1988?]

Mathieu Wolff
Jan 2, 2019; 39:3-14
Viewpoints

Christian Gaser
Oct 8, 2003; 23:9240-9245
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

The septo-hippocampal cholinergic system is critical for hippocampal learning and memory. However, a quantitative description of the in vivo firing patterns and physiological function of medial septal (MS) cholinergic neurons is still missing. In this study, we combined optogenetics with multichannel in vivo recording and recorded MS cholinergic neuron firings in freely behaving male mice for 5.5–72 h. We found that their firing activities were highly correlated with hippocampal theta states. MS cholinergic neurons were highly active during theta-dominant epochs, such as active exploration and rapid eye movement sleep, but almost silent during non-theta epochs, such as slow-wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, optogenetic activation of these MS cholinergic neurons during SWS suppressed CA1 ripple oscillations. This suppression could be rescued by muscarinic M₂ or M₄ receptor antagonists. These results suggest the following important physiological function of MS cholinergic neurons: maintaining high hippocampal acetylcholine level by persistent firing during theta epochs, consequently suppressing ripples and allowing theta oscillations to dominate.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The major source of acetylcholine in the hippocampus comes from the medial septum. Early experiments found that lesions to the MS result in the disappearance of hippocampal theta oscillation, which leads to speculation that the septo-hippocampal cholinergic projection contributing to theta oscillation. In this article, by long-term recording of MS cholinergic neurons, we found that they show a theta state-related firing pattern. However, optogenetically activating these neurons shows little effect on theta rhythm in the hippocampus. Instead, we found that activating MS cholinergic neurons during slow-wave sleep could suppress hippocampal ripple oscillations. This suppression is mediated by muscarinic M₂ and M₄ receptors.

The tuberal hypothalamus is comprised of the dorsomedial, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei, as well as parts of the lateral hypothalamic area, and it governs a wide range of physiologies. During neurogenesis, tuberal hypothalamic neurons are thought to be born in a dorsal-to-ventral and outside-in pattern, although the accuracy of this description has been questioned over the years. Moreover, the intrinsic factors that control the timing of neurogenesis in this region are poorly characterized. Proneural genes, including Achate-scute-like 1 (Ascl1) and Neurogenin 3 (Neurog3) are widely expressed in hypothalamic progenitors and contribute to lineage commitment and subtype-specific neuronal identifies, but the potential role of Neurogenin 2 (Neurog2) remains unexplored. Birthdating in male and female mice showed that tuberal hypothalamic neurogenesis begins as early as E9.5 in the lateral hypothalamic and arcuate and rapidly expands to dorsomedial and ventromedial neurons by E10.5, peaking throughout the region by E11.5. We confirmed an outside-in trend, except for neurons born at E9.5, and uncovered a rostrocaudal progression but did not confirm a dorsal-ventral patterning to tuberal hypothalamic neuronal birth. In the absence of Neurog2, neurogenesis stalls, with a significant reduction in early-born BrdU⁺ cells but no change at later time points. Further, the loss of Ascl1 yielded a similar delay in neuronal birth, suggesting that Ascl1 cannot rescue the loss of Neurog2 and that these proneural genes act independently in the tuberal hypothalamus. Together, our findings show that Neurog2 functions as a classical proneural gene to regulate the temporal progression of tuberal hypothalamic neurogenesis.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we investigated the general timing and pattern of neurogenesis within the tuberal hypothalamus. Our results confirmed an outside-in trend of neurogenesis and uncovered a rostrocaudal progression. We also showed that Neurog2 acts as a classical proneural gene and is responsible for regulating the birth of early-born neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus, acting independently of Ascl1. In addition, we revealed a role for Neurog2 in cell fate specification and differentiation of ventromedial -specific neurons. Last, Neurog2 does not have cross-inhibitory effects on Neurog1, Neurog3, and Ascl1. These findings are the first to reveal a role for Neurog2 in hypothalamic development.

Dopaminergic neurons innervate extensive areas of the brain and release dopamine (DA) onto a wide range of target neurons. However, DA release is also precisely regulated. In Drosophila melanogaster brain explant preparations, DA is released specifically onto α3/α'3 compartments of mushroom body (MB) neurons that have been coincidentally activated by cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs. The mechanism for this precise release has been unclear. Here we found that coincidentally activated MB neurons generate carbon monoxide (CO), which functions as a retrograde signal evoking local DA release from presynaptic terminals. CO production depends on activity of heme oxygenase in postsynaptic MB neurons, and CO-evoked DA release requires Ca²⁺ efflux through ryanodine receptors in DA terminals. CO is only produced in MB areas receiving coincident activation, and removal of CO using scavengers blocks DA release. We propose that DA neurons use two distinct modes of transmission to produce global and local DA signaling.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine (DA) is needed for various higher brain functions, including memory formation. However, DA neurons form extensive synaptic connections, while memory formation requires highly specific and localized DA release. Here we identify a mechanism through which DA release from presynaptic terminals is controlled by postsynaptic activity. Postsynaptic neurons activated by cholinergic and glutamatergic inputs generate carbon monoxide, which acts as a retrograde messenger inducing presynaptic DA release. Released DA is required for memory-associated plasticity. Our work identifies a novel mechanism that restricts DA release to the specific postsynaptic sites that require DA during memory formation.

We will only achieve zero hunger if we speak on behalf of those unable to represent themselves. That was a key message during an event titled “Zero Hunger: are we ready?” at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy, on Friday, 11 October. “Hungry people have no voice, they are different from all others,” said FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva (pictured, left). “We [...]

On the frontline of climate change, effects are real and measurable. As climate change evolves, food and agriculture need to follow suit. Rising temperatures, changes in rainfall, erratic weather patterns and the prevalence of pests and diseases resulting from climate change threaten agricultural productivity and therefore undermine global food security. Simultaneously, the world’s population is growing steadily and expected to reach [...]