civil

Sieges, the Law and Protecting Civilians

27 June 2019

Siege warfare has been employed throughout the ages and remains dramatically relevant today. Questions of the compatibility of this practice with international humanitarian law (IHL) arise when besieged areas contain civilians as well as enemy forces. This briefing addresses those rules of IHL that are particularly relevant to sieges. 

Emanuela-Chiara Gillard

Associate Fellow, International Law Programme

2019-06-27-Syrian-Family.jpg

A Syrian family gather to eat a plate of corn and cabbage in Saqba, in the besieged rebel-held Eastern Ghouta area near Damascus on 6 November 2017. Photo: Getty Images

Summary

  • Although sieges may conjure up images of medieval warfare, they are still used by armed forces today, in international and non-international armed conflicts.
  • International law does not define sieges, but their essence is the isolation of enemy forces from reinforcements and supplies. Sieges typically combine two elements: ‘encirclement’ of an area for the purpose of isolating it, and bombardment.
  • Questions of the compatibility of sieges with modern rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) arise when besieged areas contain civilians as well as enemy forces.
  • Sieges are not prohibited as such by either IHL or other areas of public international law.
  • Three sets of rules of IHL are relevant to sieges. The first comprises the rules regulating the conduct of hostilities. The second is the prohibition of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, along with the rules regulating humanitarian relief operations. The third comprises the rules on evacuation of civilians.
  • The application of IHL to sieges is unsettled in some respects. This briefing does not purport to resolve all the difficulties or address all the issues in detail.
  • While it may go too far to say that it is now impossible to conduct a siege that complies with IHL, the significant vulnerability of civilians caught up in sieges puts particular emphasis on the need for both besieging and besieged forces to comply scrupulously with the legal provisions for the protection of civilians and to conclude agreements for their evacuation.




civil

Cyber Insurance for Civil Nuclear Facilities: Risks and Opportunities

8 May 2019

This paper sets out a roadmap for how organizations in the civil nuclear sector can explore their options and review their cyber risk exposure.

Éireann Leverett

Senior Risk Researcher, University of Cambridge

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The control room inside the Paks nuclear power plant in Hungary, 10 April 2017. Photo: Getty Images
  • Civil nuclear facilities and organizations hold sensitive information on security clearances, national security, health and safety, nuclear regulatory issues and international inspection obligations. The sensitivity and variety of such data mean that products tailored for insuring the civil nuclear industry have evolved independently and are likely to continue to do so.
  • ‘Air-gaps’ – measures designed to isolate computer systems from the internet – need to be continually maintained for industrial systems. Yet years of evidence indicate that proper maintenance of such protections is often lacking (mainly because very real economic drivers exist that push users towards keeping infrastructure connected). Indeed, even when air-gaps are maintained, security breaches can still occur.
  • Even if a particular organization has staff that are highly trained, ready and capable of handling a technological accident, hacking attack or incidence of insider sabotage, it still has to do business and/or communicate with other organizations that may not have the essentials of cybersecurity in place.
  • Regardless of whether the choice is made to buy external insurance or put aside revenues in preparation for costly incidents, the approach to cyber risk calculation should be the same. Prevention is one part of the equation, but an organization will also need to consider the resources and contingency measures available to it should prevention strategies fail. Can it balance the likelihood of a hacker’s success against the maximum cost to the organization, and put aside enough capital and manpower to get it through a crisis?
  • All civil nuclear facilities should consider the establishment of computer security incident response (CSIR) teams as a relevant concern, if such arrangements are not already in place. The existence of a CSIR team will be a prerequisite for any facility seeking to obtain civil nuclear cyber insurance.
  • Preventing attacks such as those involving phishing and ransomware requires good cyber hygiene practices throughout the workforce. Reducing an organization’s ‘time to recovery’ takes training and dedication. Practising the necessary tasks in crisis simulations greatly reduces the likelihood of friction and the potential for error in a crisis.




civil

Cybersecurity by Design in Civil Nuclear Power Plants

24 July 2019

Cyberattacks are increasingly challenging critical national infrastructure. This paper considers the security by design approach for civil nuclear power plants and analyses areas of risk and opportunities for the nuclear industry.

Dr Beyza Unal

Senior Research Fellow, International Security Programme

Roger Brunt

Managing Director, Grosmont Howe Ltd

2019-07-24-NuclearPlant.jpg

An employee climbs into the cooling tower of the third and fourth unit at Mochovce nuclear power plant in Slovakia on 2 July 2019. Photo: Getty Images

Summary

  • The application of ‘security by design’ in nuclear new builds could provide operators with the opportunity to establish a robust and resilient security architecture at the beginning of a nuclear power plant’s life cycle. This will enhance the protection of the plant and reduce the need for costly security improvements during its operating life.
  • Security by design cannot fully protect a nuclear power plant from rapidly evolving cyberattacks, which expose previously unsuspected or unknown vulnerabilities.
  • Careful design of security systems and architecture can – and should – achieve levels of protection that exceed current norms and expectations. However, the sourcing of components from a global supply chain means that the integrity of even the most skilfully designed security regime cannot be guaranteed without exhaustive checks of its components.
  • Security by design may well include a requirement for a technical support organization to conduct quality assurance of cyber defences and practices, and this regime should be endorsed by a facility’s executive board and continued at regular intervals after the new build facility has been commissioned.
  • Given the years it takes to design, plan and build a new nuclear power plant, it is important to recognize that from the point of ‘design freeze’ onwards, the operator will be building in vulnerabilities, as technology continues to evolve rapidly while construction fails to keep pace with it. Security by design cannot be a panacea, but it is an important factor in the establishment of a robust nuclear security – and cybersecurity – culture.




civil

Freedom in the World 2020: Political Rights and Civil Liberties in Africa

Research Event

5 March 2020 - 3:30pm to 4:30pm

Chatham House | 10 St James's Square | London | SW1Y 4LE

Event participants

Jon Temin, Director, Africa Programs, Freedom House
Chair: Rachael Jolley, Editor-in-chief, Index on Censorship 

Freedom House’s annual report,  Freedom in the World, assesses the condition of political rights and civil liberties around the world. Its next report, to be published on 4 March, will examine trends and changes since its previous assessment which found that political rights and civil liberties have declined globally over 13 consecutive years. This event will launch the Africa findings of its forthcoming report, highlighting positive and negative changes, and why different regions are diverging.

Jon Temin, Director of Africa Programs at Freedom House, will examine trends in political freedoms in Africa in the global context, discussing the causes and potential consequences of the shifts being seen, and what needs to be done to protect positive shifts and prevent further decline elsewhere.

Please note that this event is at capacity and registration is now closed. 

Sahar Eljack

Programme Administrator, Africa Programme
+ 44 (0) 20 7314 3660




civil

Sieges, the Law and Protecting Civilians

27 June 2019

Siege warfare has been employed throughout the ages and remains dramatically relevant today. Questions of the compatibility of this practice with international humanitarian law (IHL) arise when besieged areas contain civilians as well as enemy forces. This briefing addresses those rules of IHL that are particularly relevant to sieges. 

Emanuela-Chiara Gillard

Associate Fellow, International Law Programme

2019-06-27-Syrian-Family.jpg

A Syrian family gather to eat a plate of corn and cabbage in Saqba, in the besieged rebel-held Eastern Ghouta area near Damascus on 6 November 2017. Photo: Getty Images

Summary

  • Although sieges may conjure up images of medieval warfare, they are still used by armed forces today, in international and non-international armed conflicts.
  • International law does not define sieges, but their essence is the isolation of enemy forces from reinforcements and supplies. Sieges typically combine two elements: ‘encirclement’ of an area for the purpose of isolating it, and bombardment.
  • Questions of the compatibility of sieges with modern rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) arise when besieged areas contain civilians as well as enemy forces.
  • Sieges are not prohibited as such by either IHL or other areas of public international law.
  • Three sets of rules of IHL are relevant to sieges. The first comprises the rules regulating the conduct of hostilities. The second is the prohibition of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, along with the rules regulating humanitarian relief operations. The third comprises the rules on evacuation of civilians.
  • The application of IHL to sieges is unsettled in some respects. This briefing does not purport to resolve all the difficulties or address all the issues in detail.
  • While it may go too far to say that it is now impossible to conduct a siege that complies with IHL, the significant vulnerability of civilians caught up in sieges puts particular emphasis on the need for both besieging and besieged forces to comply scrupulously with the legal provisions for the protection of civilians and to conclude agreements for their evacuation.




civil

Civilians under siege in Eastern Ghouta

In 2016, from an estimated pre-war population of 22 million, the United Nations (UN) identified 13.5 million Syrians requiring humanitarian assistance, of which more than 6 million are internally displaced within Syria, and around 5 million are refugees outside of Syria. In this podcast, Aula Abarra, consultant in infectious disease from London,...




civil

El Salvador: Civil War, Natural Disasters, and Gang Violence Drive Migration

El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America yet the most densely populated. A stagnant economy, high levels of crime and violence, and natural disasters have pushed growing numbers of people to migrate without authorization or seek asylum abroad, mostly in the United States. This article explores historical and contemporary emigration from El Salvador.




civil

Wariness, Not Hatred, Keeps Civil Wars Raging

Here is a measure of the state of the war in Iraq: The number of Iraqis dying each month now rivals the total number of people who died in the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.




civil

More Civil Wars, And More Players, Too

A few days ago, Hamas fighters stormed Fatah strongholds in Gaza that were allied with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and effectively took control of one of the two pillars of the evolving Palestinian state. Fatah groups struck back in the West Bank, the other Palestinian pillar, and...




civil

South Australian Civil and Administrative Tribunal significant decisions / presented by the Hon. Justice Greg Parker PSM.




civil

What SACAT does and recent developments / presented by Barbara Johns, Executive Senior Member, Housing and Civil Stream SACAT.




civil

CTP Update - Claims for Loss of Dependency under part 5 of the Civil Liability Act 1936.




civil

Forum 2019 : 7B Privilege : recent developments as to privilege self: incrimination and stay of civil proceedings, privilege over investigative reports and privilege over instructions to experts / paper presented by Alex Lazarevich, Anthony Mason Chambers




civil

Mississippi Textbooks Gloss Over Civil Rights Struggle

Mississippi’s outdated textbooks teach an abbreviated version of civil rights, undermining the state’s new ‘innovative’ standards.




civil

An evaluation of the California civil addict program / by William H. McGlothlin, M. Douglas Anglin, Bruce D. Wilson.

Rockville, Maryland : National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1977.




civil

DICTIONARY OF CONSTRUCTION, SURVEYING, AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

9780192568632 (electronic bk.)




civil

Alaska Native Sisterhood civil rights leader Amy Hallingstad--a glimpse to 1947




civil

Clashing Views on Civil Rights Data Proposal

Proposed changes to the massive trove of civil rights data the U.S. Department of Education collects from every public school in the country has drawn organized praise from advocates concerned about anti-Semitism in schools.




civil

Allowing people to be who and what they are, without fear of prejudice, is the hallmark of a civilised society

If you have never given your gender much thought, count yourself lucky. If that tick in the box on almost every form requires no more effort than a flick of the wrist, be aware that for many people gender is not so straightforward.




civil

How can we call ourselves civilised if we leave these poor refugee children to starve?

How desperate would you have to be to put your child onto a rubber dinghy and wave them off to the mercy of the world? It beggars belief that people are doing it but they are. Some are parents who can afford only one fare so they buy a way out for their child.




civil

Hundreds of Advocates Tell Betsy DeVos: Don't Toss Civil Rights Regulations

Amid the Trump administration's push to slash federal red tape, educators, advocates, and parents tell the U.S. secretary of education they're worried about the effect that could have on historically overlooked groups of students.




civil

Civil engineering student’s success earned through service

Penn State senior Abigail Cowser was recently named one of 10 American Society of Civil Engineers "2020 New Faces of Civil Engineering - College Edition."




civil

Teachers Prepare for Tough Classroom Conversations on the Civil War

About two dozen teachers from across the country spent a week wrestling with questions about how to remember the Confederacy.




civil

Penn State Law Civil Rights Clinic files amicus brief in Supreme Court case

The Penn State Law in University Park Civil Rights Appellate Clinic recently filed an amicus brief in the U.S. Supreme Court. Biel v. St. James, a religious liberty case that was granted certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court.




civil

MSPs pronounce support for civil partnerships for different sex couples

A proposal to make civil partnerships available to different sex couples will strengthen equality and advance human rights in Scotland, according to a Holyrood Committee.




civil

Civil engineering faculty receives CAREER Award to enhance fracture simulation

Michael Hillman, L. Robert and Mary L. Kimball Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Penn State, received a NSF CAREER Award to develop new computational methods to simulate fracture.




civil

New Magazine Seeks to Bring 'Civil Discourse' to Education Debate

Headed up by former Los Angeles superintendent John E. Deasy, The Line will feature a variety of viewpoints on major K-12 issues.




civil

Program on George Washington’s 110 rules of civility at Dover, Del.’s Old State House on Feb. 17, 2019

Program explores Washington’s 110 Rules of Civility and Decent Behavior and discusses how they were practiced by subsequent American presidents together with their relevance to contemporary American politics.




civil

Srinagar Grenade Attack: 1 Civilian Killed, 2 Critical Among 20 Injured Near Lal Chowk

<strong>New Delhi:</strong> At least one civilian was killed while 20 people were injured on Monday in a grenade attack in Kashmir’s main city of Srinagar. The grenade attack took place in a market on Maulana Azad road of the city. People who have sustained injuries have been admitted to




civil

Attorney General Jennings Announces New Director of Division of Civil Rights & Public Trust

Carney signs legislation permanently elevating former Office of Civil Rights & Public Trust Attorney General Kathy Jennings announced Monday that Deputy Attorney General Mark Denney will be tapped to lead the Department of Justice’s new Division of Civil Rights & Public Trust. “The DOJ is the people’s law firm, and the Division of Civil Rights […]



  • Department of Justice
  • Department of Justice Press Releases
  • News

civil

Nearly $7 million in civil penalties secured against criminal enterprises involving human trafficking

A group of Superior Court judgments issued on April 22 impose a total of $6.79 million in civil penalties against a Middletown pawn shop and its operators for violations of Delaware’s racketeering statute. The Department of Justice’s Civil Division secured the judgment as the outcome of a 2017 civil racketeering complaint filed against Gold Fever […]



  • Department of Justice
  • Department of Justice Press Releases
  • News

civil

Cuts no ice: Why Alexandra Trusova’s 'betrayal' brought Russian figure skating to the brink of civil war

When Russian quad-jumping prodigy Alexandra Trusova parted ways with her famed coach, Eteri Tutberidze, she was quickly denounced as a traitor by some of her former colleagues.
Read Full Article at RT.com




civil

COVID-19 lockdown: Civil Aviation minister advises airlines to wait for govt’s decision before booking flights

Civil Aviation Minister Hardeep Singh Puri tweeted that the Ministry of Civil Aviation is yet to decide on opening domestic or international operations




civil

Pakistan confers highest civilian award on Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman

Pakistan on Monday conferred its highest civilian award Nishan-e-Pakistan on Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman for his “outstanding support” in reinvigorating the ties between the two countries.




civil

Trade and commerce in Sindhu-Saraswati civilisation: Know about the Srenis or guilds of ancient India

Since our FM mentioned the Sindhu-Saraswati civilisation or the Harappan culture, it is prudent that we start our journey from there.




civil

RBI extends ECB window for Civil Aviation Sector

RBI extends window for External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) for Civil Aviation Sector




civil

Verisk Maplecroft report predicts civil unrest to continue in 2020

Escalation in protests across the globe in 2019 are forecast to persist into the new decade, according to Verisk Maplecroft report.




civil

Civil procedure – important changes in April 2009

There are some important changes to the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) coming into effect in April this year. The CPR is a set of rules that govern all civil court cases in England and Wales. General pre–action conduct The use of pre-action pro...




civil

Radical changes to the civil litigation costs regime?

Over the past decade various attempts have been made to ensure civil litigation and "access to justice" are affordable to all. Indeed when the Woolf reforms were introduced over ten years ago one fundamental tenet of these reforms was to make the co...




civil

Changes to the civil procedure rules affecting mortgage repossession claims

Currently CPR 55.10 provides that where a mortgagee seeks possession of land which consists of or includes residential property the claimant must send a notice to the property addressed to 'the occupiers' within 5 days of receiving notification of t...




civil

In the spotlight: How witness evidence may change in civil cases

Civil cases are usually built around two cornerstones: contemporaneous documents and witness statements. In 2019 the Business and Property Courts implemented a pilot with the aim of streamlining the process for the disclosure of contemporaneous docu...




civil

Coronavirus - New regulations on the use of unmanned aircrafts introduced by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority – Italy

Introduction In this briefing we look at the regulatory framework applicable to remotely piloted aircrafts in Italy, as recently updated by the Italian Civil Aviation Authority. In particular, this Authority, in line with the Government’s deci...




civil

Rep. Omar Leads Letter Calling for Increased Transparency and Accountability for Civilian Casualties from AFRICOM

[U.S. House] Washington, DC -Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) led a letter to General Stephen J. Townsend today calling for increased transparency and public accountability of civilian causalities from the United States Defense Department's Africa Command (AFRICOM). The letter was signed by Rep. Adam Smith, Chair, House Committee on Armed Services; Rep. Adam Schiff, Chair, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence; Rep. Eliot Engel, Chair, House Committee on Foreign Affairs; Rep. André Carson, Chair, Subcommittee on Counterterrori




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Initial AFRICOM Civilian Casualty Assessment Quarterly Report

[Africom] As part of the command's commitment to transparency, U.S. Africa Command is implementing a quarterly report on the status of ongoing and completed civilian casualty allegations and assessments. This initiative was directed by U.S. Army Gen. Stephen Townsend, commander, U.S. Africa Command, to increase transparency regarding civilian casualty allegations that are reported to the command while demonstrating the U.S. military's constant commitment to minimizing collateral damage in the pursuit of




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U.S. Military Operations Leave 132 Civilians Dead in 2019

[Dalsan Radio] US military operations in four countries in 2019 left 132 civilians dead, according to a report released Wednesday by the Pentagon.




civil

Civilian killings in Syria are a ‘ticking time bomb,’ UN commissioner says

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet warned of a "ticking time bomb" in Syria amid an uptick of civilian attacks and human rights violations.




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Hong Kong civil servant in charge of reusable mask giveaway admits transparency shortcomings, promises replacement filter production will go out to tender

A senior civil servant overseeing the distribution of reusable masks to all Hongkongers has promised to put the production of their replacement filters out to tender after admitting to shortcomings in the transparency of the original contract awarded by the government.Annie Choi Suk-han, permanent secretary of the Innovation and Technology Bureau, on Friday rejected suggestions the government had intentionally hidden the identity of the manufacturer chosen for the HK$320 million (US$41 million)…




civil

Enforced Disappearances, Arbitrary Detentions, Hate Speech & Attacks on Civilians – ICC Report on Libya

The International Criminal Court (ICC) on Tuesday highlighted crimes against humanity and grave mismanagement of the law in Libya during a release of their latest report on the North African nation.  Fatou Bensouda, Chief Prosecutor of the ICC, said enforced disappearances, arbitrary detentions, hate speech, and severe maltreatment of detainees remains a massive concern in […]

The post Enforced Disappearances, Arbitrary Detentions, Hate Speech & Attacks on Civilians – ICC Report on Libya appeared first on Inter Press Service.




civil

The Role of Civil Society in Times of Crisis

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has shown us something that most of us haven’t seen in our lifetimes: Large numbers of people unable to have two meals a day.  The tragedy is that the government has enough and more foodgrains to feed people during this time; the real issue is of distribution—both in terms of broken […]

The post The Role of Civil Society in Times of Crisis appeared first on Inter Press Service.




civil

Syrian fighters upping attacks on civilians: UN

GENEVA: The UN on Friday accused the Islamic State group and others in Syria of exploiting the Covid-19 pandemic to step up violence on civilians, describing the situation as a “ticking time-bomb”.United Nations rights chief Michelle Bachelet lamented a surge in violence in the country...