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A computational study of nematic core structure and disclination interactions in elastically anisotropic nematics

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,2900-2914
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01616A, Paper
Lucas Myers, Carter Swift, Jonas Rønning, Luiza Angheluta, Jorge Viñals
The structure of isolated disclinations and disclination dipoles in anisotropically elastic nematic liquid crystals is explored via a singular potential computational model.
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Preparation of modified humic acid/TiO2/P(AA-co-AM) nanocomposite hydrogels with enhanced dye adsorption and photocatalysis

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,2937-2954
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01749D, Paper
Xuankun Gong, Amatjan Sawut, Rena Simayi, Ziyue Wang, Yurou Feng
A novel composite hydrogel with exceptional adsorption and photocatalytic properties was synthesized using modified coal-based humic acid (HA-C), modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, acrylic acid (AA), and acrylamide (AM) as precursors.
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Self-adhesion of uncrosslinked poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), i.e. nitrile rubber, an inhomogeneous and associative polymer

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,2978-2985
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01630G, Paper
Valentine Hervio, Annie Brûlet, Costantino Creton, Gabriel E. Sanoja
The precursor of NBR, poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene), experiences thermodynamic forces for self-assembly and kinetic barriers for processing. We introduce three strategies to overcome such barriers and enable polymer self-adhesion in the bulk.
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Conformational and static properties of tagged chains in solvents: effect of chain connectivity in solvent molecules

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3073-3081
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01473H, Paper
Hong-Yao Li, Bokai Zhang, Zhi-Yong Wang
The radius of gyration of tagged polymer chain: effect of chain length in solvent molecules.
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The fractal geometry of polymeric materials surfaces: surface area and fractal length scales

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3082-3096
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01497E, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
H. Eduardo Roman, Federico Cesura, Rabia Maryam, Igor Levchenko, Katia Alexander, Claudia Riccardi
Non-treated (NT) and plasma-treated (PT) polymeric surfaces display self-affine fractal scaling. The plasma increases both the surface area and the fractal length scales, helping the design of PT interfaces with larger surface areas at the nm scale.
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Shear zones in granular mixtures of hard and soft particles with high and low friction

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3118-3130
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00100A, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Aditya Pratap Singh, Vasileios Angelidakis, Thorsten Pöschel, Sudeshna Roy
Granular materials show inhomogeneous flows characterized by strain localization.
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Dilute gel networks vs. clumpy gels in colloidal systems with a competition between repulsive and attractive interactions

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3143-3153
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01717F, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
M. Gimperlein, Jasper N. Immink, M. Schmiedeberg
Dilute and dense systems differ in the way structural properties emerge. Two regimes of percolation might be responsible for differences. Global and local structural properties give insights into these differences.
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Steering droplets on substrates with plane-wave wettability patterns and deformations

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3161-3174
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00213J, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Josua Grawitter, Holger Stark
Motivated by strategies for targeted microfluidic transport of droplets, we investigate how sessile droplets can be steered toward a preferred direction using travelling waves in substrate wettability or deformations of the substrate.
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Mechanical guidance to self-organization and pattern formation of stem cells

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00172A, Paper
Wei-Hua Zhou, Lin-Ru Qiao, She-Juan Xie, Zhuo Chang, Xu Yin, Guang-Kui Xu
We introduce a mechanical model based on the dynamic balance between cell-ECM-culture environment, and demonstrate that it can capture specific phenomena in stem cell pattern formation experiments guided by geometric constraints.
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A microrheological examination of insulin-secreting β-cells in healthy and diabetic-like conditions

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01141K, Paper
Open Access
Lukas Woolley, Adam Burbidge, Jan Vermant, Fotis Christakopoulos
We provide an insight into the compliance of β-cells and explore structural changes in conditions relevant to type-2 diabetes, showing an altered transport behavior and hindering the effective control of insulin secretion.
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A computational study of cell membrane damage and intracellular delivery in a cross-slot microchannel

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00047A, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Ruixin Lu, Peng Yu, Yi Sui
The inertial effect increases the cell deformation and membrane damage in the channel cross-slot; however, the enhancement can be reversed by the cell membrane viscosity.
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Adsorption of semiflexible wormlike polymers to a bar and their double-chain complex formation

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00188E, Paper
Open Access
A. N. Semenov, I. A. Nyrkova
The quantitative transfer matrix approach and scaling arguments in terms of trains, loops, tails and supertrains allowed us to characterize the main regimes of semiflexible chain adsorption on a bar and double-chain complex formation.
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Stable and permeable polyion complex vesicles designed as enzymatic nanoreactors

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00216D, Paper
Yuting Wan, Yuening Qiu, Jin Zhou, Jinbo Liu, Martien A. Cohen Stuart, Yangfeng Peng, Junyou Wang
Stable and permeable polyion complex vesicles designed as enzymatic nanoreactors.
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Spatiotemporal Mapping of Nanotopography and Thickness Transitions of Ultrathin Foam Films

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Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00048J, Tutorial Review
Chenxian Xu, Yiran Zhang, Vivek Sharma
Freshly formed soap films, soap bubbles, or foam films display iridescent colors due to thin film interference that changes as squeeze flow drives drainage and a steady decrease in film...
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Dynamic compaction of cohesive granular materials: scaling behavior and bonding structures

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01116J, Paper
Open Access
Max Sonzogni, Jean-Mathieu Vanson, Katerina Ioannidou, Yvan Reynier, Sébastien Martinet, Farhang Radjai
The compaction of cohesive granular materials is a common operation in powder-based manufacture of many products.
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Hydrogen bonding enhanced drug–polymer interaction for efficient drug loading and delivery

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00003J, Communication
Xiaotian Qu, Junran Li, Yishu Yu, Jie Yang
A carrier design strategy of hydrogen bonding enhanced drug–carrier interaction is developed to prepare a polymeric nanomedicine with high drug loading content and superb loading efficiency as well as tunable nanostructures.
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Self-healing polyacrylates based on dynamic disulfide and quadruple hydrogen bonds

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00257A, Paper
Longjin Du, Yuting Zhong, Linying Zhao, Chengzhen Hu, Liang Shen, Yuping Yang, Jiang Zhong
Herein, a self-healing polyacrylate system was successfully prepared by introducing crosslinking agents containing disulfide bonds and monomers capable of forming quadruple hydrogen bonds through free radical copolymerization.
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Novel turbulence and coarsening arrest in active-scalar fluids

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00163J, Paper
Nadia Bihari Padhan, Kolluru Venkata Kiran, Rahul Pandit
We uncover a new type of turbulence – activity-induced homogeneous and isotropic turbulence – in a model that has been employed to investigate motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) in a system of microswimmers.
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The effect of structural changes on the self-assembly of novel green pyridinium-carboxylate gemini surfactants in Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01671D, Paper
Ala’a F. Eftaiha, Abdussalam K. Qaroush, Dina M. Foudeh, Ahmad S. Abo-shunnar, Suhad B. Hammad, Khaleel I. Assaf, Matthew F. Paige
The synthesis and interfacial characterization of a series of gemini surfactants based on pyridine-n-carboxylic acids, including picolinic, nicotinic, and isonicotinic acids, in Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films have been reported.
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The interplay of chirality and restricted rotation: stabilisation of chiral, frustrated mesophases over a wide thermal range

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00126E, Paper
Sachin A. Bhat, Channabasaveshwara V. Yelamaggad
Chiral dimers formed by linking cholesterol to phenyl 3-(4-(n-alkoxy)phenyl)propiolate via ω-oxyalkanoyloxy spacer exhibit odd–even effect, stabilizing SmA, N*, BPI/II, & TGBC* phases. TGBC* phase width increases with longer terminal tails.
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Multiple physical crosslinked highly adhesive and conductive hydrogels for human motion and electrophysiological signal monitoring

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00195H, Paper
Qirui Wu, Anbang Chen, Yidan Xu, Songjiu Han, Jiayu Zhang, Yujia Chen, Jianren Hang, Xiaoxiang Yang, Lunhui Guan
Ionic conducting hydrogel (ICHgel) was synthesized by doping fumed SiO2, which exhibited superior stretchability, conductivity, and adhesiveness, making it a promising bridge for effective communication between electronic devices and human tissues.
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Deformation-dependent gel surface topography due to the elastocapillary and osmocapillary effects

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00139G, Paper
Open Access
Luochang Wang, Qihan Liu
Elastocapillary and osmocapillary effects can roughen a stretched surface although the elastic Poisson’s effect always flattens a stretched surface.
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Dynamics and phase behavior of metallo-dielectric rod-shaped microswimmers driven by Alternating Current electric field

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Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00206G, Paper
Suvendu Kumar Panda, Srikanta Debata, Nomaan Alam Kherani, Dhruv Pratap Singh
The ability to move and self-organize in response to external stimuli is a fascinating feature of living active matter. Here, the metallo-dielectric rod-shaped microswimmers are shown to have a similar...
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Achieving controllable and reversible snap-through in pre-strained strips of liquid crystalline elastomers

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3256-3270
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00037D, Paper
Open Access
James T. Waters, Anna C. Balazs
Deformable, elastic materials that buckle in response to external stimuli can display “snap-through”, which involves a transition between different, stable buckled states.
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Cosolvent incorporation modulates the thermal and structural response of PNIPAM/silyl methacrylate copolymers

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3322-3336
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00246F, Paper
Jason D. Linn, Fabian A. Rodriguez, Michelle A. Calabrese
The nanoscale structure formation and optical response of aqueous thermoresponsive polymers with reactive silane groups can be widely tuned via polymer architecture and organic cosolvent incorporation.
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Braiding, twisting, and weaving microscale fibers with capillary forces

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Soft Matter, 2024, 20,3337-3348
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01732J, Paper
Ahmed Sherif, Maya Winters Faaborg, Cheng Zeng, Michael P. Brenner, Vinothan N. Manoharan
We present a 3D-printed machine that uses repulsive capillary forces to programmably braid, twist, and weave micrometer-scale fibers.
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Strong, tough and conductive single-network hydrogels based on deswelling and the salting-out effect

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00298A, Paper
Xingyue Sun, Haiyi Liang, Lina Ye
By comparing the mechanical properties between salt-treated hydrogels and air-dried hydrogels, the synergistic effect in energy transfer and dissipation arising from increases in polymer fraction and cross-linking plays an indispensable role in toughening SN hydrogels.
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Particle-based and continuum models for confined nematics in two dimensions

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01684F, Paper
Humberto Híjar, Apala Majumdar
Particle-based mesoscopic simulations conduct 2D nematics confined in polygons through consistent defect annihilation dynamics and produce unstable structures that transform into equilibrium textures predicted by the Landau-de Gennes theory.
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Surface charge density and induced currents by self-charging sliding drops

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00205A, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Pravash Bista, Aaron D. Ratschow, Amy Z. Stetten, Hans-Jürgen Butt, Stefan A.L. Weber
Sliding drops induce a bipolar current in subsurface electrodes beneath a hydrophobic substrate. We show how it depends on substrate properties and how it can be optimized for energy harvesting.
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Ligand-dependent folding and unfolding dynamics and free energy landscapes of acylphosphatase

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00131A, Paper
Li Yuan, Hao Sun, Xuening Ma, Yang Wang, Zilong Guo, Xingyu Qi, Shimin Le, Hu Chen
The free energy landscapes of AcP in the absence and presence of Pi are constructed by using stable magnetic tweezers.
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Resource limitation and population fluctuation drive spatiotemporal order in microbial communities

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00066H, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Rohit Khandoori, Kaustav Mondal, Pushpita Ghosh
Resource-driven dynamics in bacterial colonies. Insights into cell length regulation and spatial organization reveal the complex interplay between resources and microbial community dynamics.
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Theory and simulation of ligand functionalized nanoparticles – a pedagogical overview

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00177J, Review Article
Thi Vo
Synthesizing reconfigurable nanoscale synthons with predictive control over shape, size, and interparticle interactions is a holy grail of bottom-up self-assembly.
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Flexible hydrogels connecting adhesion and wetting

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00022F, Paper
A-Reum Kim, Surjyasish Mitra, Sudip Shyam, Boxin Zhao, Sushanta K. Mitra
Soft, flexible hydrogels enable researchers to connect two discrete regimes: liquid wetting to contact adhesion in solids.
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Effect of equilibration time on the structural gradient in the vertical direction for bicontinuous microemulsions in Winsor-III and -IV systems

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM01741A, Paper
Douglas G. Hayes, Brian A. Barth, Sai Venkatesh Pingali
Both equilibration time and the transfer of Winsor-III microemulsion systems from one container to another affect the structure of the bicontinuous phase in the vertical direction.
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In situ aggregation and early states of gelation of gold nanoparticle dispersions

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Soft Matter, 2024, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D4SM00080C, Paper
Florian Schulz, Avni Jain, Francesco Dallari, Verena Markmann, Felix Lehmkühler
The aggregation and onset of gelation of PEGylated gold nanoparticles dispersed in a glycerol–water mixture is studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy.
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Effects of Monovalent and Divalent Cations on the Rheology of Entangled DNA

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Soft Matter, 2024, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM00957B, Paper
Open Access
Jennifer Harnett, Simon Weir, Davide Michieletto
In this paper we investigate the effects of varying cation valency and concentration on the rheology of entangled Lambda DNA solutions. We show that monovalent cations moderately increase the viscoelasticty...
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Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/hydrochar matrix composites for enhanced ammonia degradation

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12131-12141
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00671B, Paper
Open Access
Ling Zhao, Jiaxing Sun, Shuang E., Kuichuan Sheng, Kaiying Wang, Ximing Zhang
Development of a one-pot method for synthesizing TiO2/hydrochar matrix composites.
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Agri-waste derived electroactive carbon–iron oxide nanocomposite for oxygen reduction reaction: an experimental and theoretical study

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Published On ::

RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12171-12178
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01264J, Paper
Open Access
Pallavi B. Jagdale, Sai Rashmi Manippady, Rohit Anand, Geunsik Lee, Akshaya Kumar Samal, Ziyauddin Khan, Manav Saxena
Herein, we have utilized agri-waste and amalgamating low Fe3+, to develop an economic iron oxide–carbon hybrid-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with water as a main product following close to 4e− transfer process.
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Rice husk valorisation by in situ grown MoS2 nanoflowers: a dual-action catalyst for pollutant dye remediation and microbial decontamination

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12192-12203
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00862F, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Rahul Ranjan, Smruti B. Bhatt, Rohit Rai, Sanju Kumari Sharma, Rishabh Ranjan, Ankit Bharti, Prodyut Dhar
In this study, we carried out valorization of rice husk through in situ growth of MoS2 nanoflowers for simultaneous pollutant dye remediation and microbial decontamination.
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Discovery of new triterpene glycosides from Dendrobium officinale with their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity

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Published On ::

RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12147-12157
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01483A, Paper
Open Access
Pham Hai Yen, Bui Huu Tai, Dan Thi Thuy Hang, Le Doan Tung Lam, Duong Thi Dung, Do Thi Trang, Duong Thi Hai Yen, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Phan Thi Thanh Huong, Nguyen Viet Dung, Ngo Anh Bang, Nguyen Duc Duy, Phan Van Kiem
Seven new oleanane saponins were discovered from Dendrobium officinale. These saponins containing 29-noroleana-12,20(30)-dien-28-oic acid framework, caffeoyl, and coumaroyl moieties potentially inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities.
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Aluminum and polyanion-doping to improve structural and moisture stability of Ni-rich layered oxides for lithium-ion batteries

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12247-12254
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00879K, Paper
Open Access
Yan Mo, Yingke Wu, Guohui Yuan, ZiKun Li, Meng Zhang
The substitution of Al3+ and PO34− in LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material is favorable for stabilizing the layered structure against the undesired phase transition of H2 to H3 as well as the contamination of ambient air.
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Electric-field modulated energy transfer in phosphorescent material- and fluorescent material-codoped polymer light-emitting diodes

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12294-12302
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00669K, Paper
Open Access
  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.
Ling-Chuan Meng, Yan-Bing Hou
In this study, we find electric-field modulated energy transfer in phosphorescent material- and fluorescent material-codoped polymer that has never been reported.
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Synthesis and study of antibiofilm and antivirulence properties of flavonol analogues generated by palladium catalyzed ligand free Suzuki–Miyaura coupling against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

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Published On ::

RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12278-12293
DOI: 10.1039/D3RA08617H, Paper
Open Access
Anjitha Theres Benny, Masthan Thamim, Prakhar Srivastava, Sindoora Suresh, Krishnan Thirumoorthy, Loganathan Rangasamy, Karthikeyan S., Nalini Easwaran, Ethiraj Kannatt Radhakrishnan
An overview on the mechanism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm inhibition by Suzuki–Miyaura coupled flavonols.
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Catalytic pyrolysis and in situ carbonization of walnut shells: poly-generation and enhanced electrochemical performance of carbons

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12255-12264
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01608D, Paper
Open Access
Wenjing He, Keling Liu, Lanjun Zhang, Muxin Liu, Zhengjie Ni, Yueyang Li, Duoduo Xu, Minjie Cui, Yibo Zhao
Coupling catalytic pyrolysis and carbonization of walnut shells in one step can indeed lead to improvements in both the quality of bio-oil and gas produced, as well as the electrochemical performance of the resulting carbons.
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Selenosalicylate; a little-studied heavy-element analogue of the versatile thiosalicylate ligand

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12323-12336
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00926F, Paper
Open Access
Simeon Atiga, Graham C. Saunders, William Henderson
Selenosalicylic acid was synthesised by reacting 2-carboxybenzenediazonium chloride with Na2Se2 followed by reduction of the resulting diselenide with zinc and acetic acid. The deprotonated acid reacted with metal precursors to form selenosalicylate complexes.
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Reusable magnetic mixture of CuFe2O4–Fe2O3 and TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of pesticides in water

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12337-12348
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00094C, Paper
Open Access
Dmytro Danilian, Franziska Maria Bundrück, Arvo Kikas, Tanel Käämbre, Hugo Mändar, Sandro Lehner, Alexander Gogos, Jekaterina Kozlova, Mati Kook, Valter Kiisk, Joosep Link, Raivo Stern, Angela Ivask, Vambola Kisand, Rainer Pärna
Mixture of TiO2-P25 and magnetic CuFe2O4–Fe2O3 nanocomposites improves photocatalytic water treatment and enables easy catalyst recovery, effectively degrading pollutants like 2,4-D.
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Kinetic and reactivity of gas-phase reaction of acyclic dienes with hydroxyl radical in the 273–318 K temperature range

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12303-12312
DOI: 10.1039/D3RA08750F, Paper
Open Access
Chenyang Xue, Xinmiao Xu, Han Lyu, Yunfeng Li, Yangang Ren, Jinhe Wang, Yujing Mu, Abdelwahid Mellouki, Zongzheng Yang
The relative position of two CC on the acyclic dienes could determine its reactivity. The number and type of alkyl group and the number of addition sites on diene could also strongly affect its reactivity toward OH radical.
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Synergistic effects of the bimetallic Ni–Fe systems and their application in the reductive amination of polyether polyols

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,11885-11890
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00944D, Paper
Open Access
Ruiying He, Zhongpeng Zhu, Weiping Zheng, Dandan Jia, Zhaolin Fu, Mingqing Wu, Jie Zhao, Sheng Wang, Zhiping Tao
We report the synthesis of xNi–yFe/γ-Al2O3 catalysts which were applied to the reductive amination of polypropylene glycol (PPG) for the preparation of polyether amine (PEA).
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Polyvinyl alcohol as solid proton donor to modify g-C3N4 via hydrogen bonding enabling efficient photocatalytic H2O2 production from H2O and O2

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12407-12415
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA01746C, Paper
Open Access
Chen Chen, Fengtiao Liao, Xiangcheng Zhang, Silian Cheng, Yu Deng, Chao Chen, Mingce Long
PVA modifies graphitic carbon nitride via hydrogen bonds to boost H2O2 production by enhancing charge separation and acting as solid proton donor.
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Influence of potassium doping on the structural, conduction mechanism, and dielectric properties of CaFe2O4

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RSC Adv., 2024, 14,12464-12474
DOI: 10.1039/D4RA00260A, Paper
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Mohamed Mounir Bouzayani, Manel Ben Abdessalem, Ibtihel Soudani, Abderrazek Oueslati, Abdelhedi Aydi
The frequency and temperature-related dielectric relaxation and electrical conduction mechanisms in potassium-doped CaFe2O4 oxide ceramic were investigated in this study throughout a temperature range of 313–673 K.
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