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Sex MISSAE breviores et faciliores pro Choris ruralibus ab Organo, Canto, Alto, Basso, II Violinis obligatis; Tenore, Viola, Flauto, II Clarinettis, Fagotto, II Cornibus seu Clarinis, Tympanis et Violone non obligatis, Compositae per FRANCISCUM BÜHLE

Autor: Bühler, Franz, 1760-1824
Erschienen 1821
BSB-Signatur 4 Mus.pr. 45583

URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11148962-3
URL: http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11148962_00001.html/




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FONS SIGNATUS ... SEU VII. LYTANIAE DE VENERABILI, ET AUGUSTISSIMO ALTARIS SACRAMENTO Quarum primae quinque Solenniores, Ultimae Duae minùs Solennes, Omnes tamen non nimis longae, Per Annum secundùm consuetudinem locorum, ... Unà cum Cantic

Autor: Münster, Joseph Joachim Benedikt, 1694-1751
Erschienen 1751
BSB-Signatur 4 Mus.pr. 44603

URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11148808-2
URL: http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11148808_00001.html/






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Cymbala jubilationis sive 6 missae solemniores una cum hymno ambrosiano Te Deum laudamus ; à 4 vocibus oblig., 2 violinis necessariis, alto viola, 2 clarinis, vel cornibus & tympanis ad lib., ac duplici basso generali ; op. 10

Autor: Königsperger, Marianus, 1708-1769
Erschienen 1747
BSB-Signatur 4 Mus.pr. 44470

URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb11148805-6
URL: http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11148805_00001.html/








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Multifunctional sonosensitizers in sonodynamic cancer therapy

Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C9CS00648F, Tutorial Review
Subin Son, Ji Hyeon Kim, Xianwen Wang, Chuangli Zhang, Shin A Yoon, Jinwoo Shin, Amit Sharma, Min Hee Lee, Liang Cheng, Jiasheng Wu, Jong Seung Kim
Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, has the potential to treat several types of cancer.
To cite this article before page numbers are assigned, use the DOI form of citation above.
The content of this RSS Feed (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry




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The insult (2017) / written and directed by Ziad Doueiri [DVD].

[U.S.A.] : Cohen Media Group, [2018]




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Music, health, and wellbeing / edited by Raymond A.R. MacDonald, Gunter Kreutz, Laura Mitchell




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The aging body in dance : a cross-cultural perspective / edited by Nanako Nakajima and Gabriele Brandstetter




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Australian theatre after the New Wave : policy, subsidy and the alternative artist / by Julian Meyrick

Meyrick, Julian, author




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Musical imaginations : multidisciplinary perspectives on creativity, performance, and perception / edited by David J. Hargreaves, Dorothy Miell, Raymond A.R. MacDonald




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Cross-Cultural Design

When I first traveled to Japan as an exchange student in 2001, I lived in northern Kyoto, a block from the Kitayama subway station.

My first time using the train to get to my university was almost a disaster, even though it was only two subway stops away. I thought I had everything I needed to successfully make the trip. I double- and triple-checked that I had the correct change in one pocket and a computer printout of where I was supposed to go in the other. I was able to make it down into the station, but then I just stood at a ticket machine, dumbfounded, looking at all the flashing lights, buttons, and maps above my head (Fig 5.1). Everything was so impenetrable. I was overwhelmed by the architecture, the sounds, the signs, and the language.

Fig 5.1: Kyoto subway ticket machines—with many line maps and bilingual station names—can seem complicated, especially to newcomers.

My eyes craved something familiar—and there it was. The ticket machine had a small button that said English! I pushed it but became even more lost: the instructions were poorly translated, and anyway, they explained a system that I couldn’t use in the first place.

Guess what saved me? Two little old Japanese ladies. As they bought tickets, I casually looked over their shoulders to see how they were using the machines. First, they looked up at the map to find their desired destination. Then, they noted the fare written next to the station. Finally, they put some money into the machine, pushed the button that lit up with their correct fare, and out popped the tickets! Wow! I tried it myself after they left. And after a few tense moments, I got my ticket and headed through the gates to the train platform.

I pride myself on being a third-culture kid, meaning I was raised in a culture other than the country named on my passport. But even with a cultural upbringing in both Nigeria and the US, it was one of the first times I ever had to guess my way through a task with no previous reference points. And I did it!

Unfortunately, the same guesswork happens online a million times a day. People visit sites that offer them no cultural mental models or visual framework to fall back on, and they end up stumbling through links and pages. Effective visual systems can help eliminate that guesswork and uncertainty by creating layered sets of cues in the design and interface. Let’s look at a few core parts of these design systems and tease out how we can make them more culturally responsive and multifaceted.

Typography

If you work on the web, you deal with typography all the time. This isn’t a book about typography—others have written far more eloquently and technically on the subject. What I would like to do, however, is examine some of the ways culture and identity influence our perception of type and what typographic choices designers can make to help create rich cross-cultural experiences.

Stereotypography

I came across the word stereotypography a few years ago. Being African, I’m well aware of the way my continent is portrayed in Western media—a dirt-poor, rural monoculture with little in the way of technology, education, or urbanization. In the West, one of the most recognizable graphic markers for things African, tribal, or uncivilized (and no, they are not the same thing) is the typeface Neuland. Rob Giampietro calls it “the New Black Face,” a clever play on words. In an essay, he asks an important question:

How did [Neuland and Lithos] come to signify Africans and African-Americans, regardless of how a designer uses them, and regardless of the purpose for which their creators originally intended them? (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-01/)

From its release in 1923 and continued use through the 1940s in African-American-focused advertising, Neuland has carried heavy connotations and stereotypes of cheapness, ugliness, tribalism, and roughness. You see this even today. Neuland is used in posters for movies like Tarzan, Jurassic Park, and Jumanji—movies that are about jungles, wildness, and scary beasts lurking in the bush, all Western symbolism for the continent of Africa. Even MyFonts’ download page for Neuland (Fig 5.2) includes tags for “Africa,” “jungle fever,” and “primitive”—tags unconnected to anything else in the product besides that racist history.

Fig 5.2: On MyFonts, the Neuland typeface is tagged with “Africa”, “jungle fever”, and “primitive”, perpetuating an old and irrelevant typographic stereotype (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-02/).

Don’t make, use, or sell fonts this way. Here are some tips on how to avoid stereotypography when defining your digital experiences:

  • Be immediately suspicious of any typeface that “looks like” a culture or country. For example, so-called “wonton” or “chop-suey” fonts, whose visual style is thought to express “Asianness” or to suggest Chinese calligraphy, have long appeared on food cartons, signs, campaign websites, and even Abercrombie & Fitch T-shirts with racist caricatures of Asians (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-03/). Monotype’s website, where you can buy a version called Mandarin Regular (US$35), cringingly describes the typeface’s story as “an interpretation of artistically drawn Asian brush calligraphy” (Fig 5.3). Whether or not you immediately know its history, run away from any typeface that purports to represent an entire culture.
Fig 5.3: Fonts.com sells a typeface called Mandarin Regular with the following description: “The stylized Asian atmosphere is not created only by the forms of the figures but also by the very name of the typeface. A mandarin was a high official of the ancient Chinese empire” (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-04/).
  • Support type designers who are from the culture you are designing for. This might seem like it’s a difficult task, but the internet is a big place. I have found that, for clients who are sensitive to cultural issues, the inclusion of type designers’ names and backgrounds can be a powerful differentiator, even making its way into their branding packages as a point of pride.

The world wide webfont

Another common design tool you should consider is webfonts—fonts specifically designed for use on websites and apps. One of the main selling points of webfonts is that instead of putting text in images, clients can use live text on their sites, which is better for SEO and accessibility. They are simple to implement these days, a matter of adding a line of code or checking a box on a templating engine. The easiest way to get them on your site is by using a service like Google Fonts, Fontstand, or Adobe Fonts.

Or is it? That assumes those services are actually available to your users.

Google Fonts (and every other service using Google’s Developer API) is blocked in mainland China, which means that any of those nice free fonts you chose would simply not load (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-05/). You can work around this, but it also helps to have a fallback font—that’s what they’re for.

When you’re building your design system, why not take a few extra steps to define some webfonts that are visible in places with content blocks? Justfont is one of the first services focused on offering a wide range of Chinese webfonts (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-06/). They have both free and paid tiers of service, similar to Western font services. After setting up an account, you can grab whatever CSS and font-family information you need.

Multiple script systems

When your design work requires more than one script—for instance, a Korean typeface and a Latin typeface—your choices get much more difficult. Designs that incorporate more than one are called multiple script systems (multiscript systems for short). Combining them is an interesting design challenge, one that requires extra typographic sensitivity. Luckily, your multiscript choices will rarely appear on the same page together; you will usually be choosing fonts that work across the brand, not that work well next to one another visually.

Let’s take a look at an example of effective multiscript use. SurveyMonkey, an online survey and questionnaire tool, has their site localized into a variety of different languages (Fig 5.4). Take note of the headers, the structure of the text in the menu and buttons, and how both fonts feel like part of the same brand.

Fig 5.4: Compare the typographic choices in the Korean (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-07/) and US English (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-08/) versions of SurveyMonkey’s Take a Tour page. Do the header type and spacing retain the spirit of the brand while still accounting for typographic needs?

Some tips as you attempt to choose multiscript fonts for your project:

  • Inspect the overall weight and contrast level of the scripts. Take the time to examine how weight and contrast are used in the scripts you’re using. Find weights and sizes that give you a similar feel and give the page the right balance, regardless of the script.
  • Keep an eye on awkward script features. Character x-heights, descenders, ascenders, and spacing can throw off the overall brand effect. For instance, Japanese characters are always positioned within a grid with all characters designed to fit in squares of equal height and width. Standard Japanese typefaces also contain Latin characters, called romaji. Those Latin characters will, by default, be kerned according to that same grid pattern, often leaving their spacing awkward and ill-formed. Take the extra time to find a typeface that doesn’t have features that are awkward to work with.
  • Don’t automatically choose scripts based on superficial similarity. Initial impressions don’t always mean a typeface is the right one for your project. In an interview in the book Bi-Scriptual, Jeongmin Kwon, a typeface designer based in France, offers an example (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-09/). Nanum Myeongjo, a contemporary Hangul typeface, might at first glance look really similar to a seventeenth-century Latin old-style typeface—for instance, they both have angled serifs. However, Nanum Myeongjo was designed in 2008 with refined, modern strokes, whereas old-style typefaces were originally created centuries ago and echo handwritten letterforms (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-10/). Looking at the Google Fonts page for Nanum Myeongjo, though, none of that is clear (Fig 5.5). The page automatically generates a Latin Nn glyph in the top left of the page, instead of a more representative Hangul character sample. If I based my multiscript font choices on my initial reactions to that page, my pairings wouldn’t accurately capture the history and design of each typeface.
Fig 5.5: The Google Fonts page for Nanum Myeongjo shows a Latin character sample in the top left, rather than a more representative character sample.

Visual density

CSS can help you control visual density—how much text, image, and other content there is relative to the negative space on your page. As you read on, keep cultural variables in mind: different cultures value different levels of visual density.

Let’s compare what are commonly called CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) alphabets and Latin (English, French, Italian, etc.) alphabets. CJK alphabets have more complex characters, with shapes that are generally squarer than Latin letterforms. The glyphs also tend to be more detailed than Latin ones, resulting in a higher visual density.

Your instinct might be to create custom type sizes and line heights for each of your localized pages. That is a perfectly acceptable option, and if you are a typophile, it may drive you crazy not to do it. But I’m here to tell you that­ when adding CJK languages to a design system, you can update it to account for their visual density without ripping out a lot of your original CSS:

  1. Choose a font size that is slightly larger for CJK characters, because of their density.
  2. Choose a line height that gives you ample vertical space between each line of text (referred to as line-height in CSS).
  3. Look at your Latin text in the same sizes and see if it still works.
  4. Tweak them together to find a size that works well with both scripts.

The 2017 site for Typojanchi, the Korean Typography Biennale, follows this methodology (Fig 5.6). Both the English and Korean texts have a font-size of 1.25em, and a line-height of 1.5. The result? The English text takes up more space vertically, and the block of Korean text is visually denser, but both are readable and sit comfortably within the overall page design. It is useful to compare translated websites like this to see how CSS styling can be standardized across Latin and CJK pages.

Fig 5.6: The 2017 site for Typojanchi, the Korean Typography Biennale, shows differing visual density in action. It is useful to compare translated websites like this to see how CSS styling can be standardized across Latin and CJK pages (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-11/).

Text expansion factors

Expansion factors calculate how long strings of text will be in different languages. They use either a decimal (1.8) or a percentage (180%) to calculate the length of a text string in English versus a different language. Of course, letter-spacing depends on the actual word or phrase, but think of them as a very rough way to anticipate space for text when it gets translated.

Using expansion factors is best when planning for microcopy, calls to action, and menus, rather than long-form content like articles or blog posts that can freely expand down the page. The Salesforce Lightning Design System offers a detailed expansion-factor table to help designers roughly calculate space requirements for other languages in a UI (Fig 5.7).

Fig 5.7: This expansion-factor table from Salesforce lets designers and developers estimate the amount of text that will exist in different languages. Though dependent on the actual words, such calculations can give you a benchmark to design with content in mind (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-12/).

But wait! Like everything in cross-cultural design, nothing is ever that simple. Japanese, for example, has three scripts: Kanji, for characters of Chinese origin, hiragana, for words and sounds that are not represented in kanji, and katakana, for words borrowed from other languages.

The follow button is a core part of the Twitter experience. It has six characters in English (“Follow”) and four in Japanese (フォロー), but the Japanese version is twenty percent longer because it is in katakana, and those characters take up more space than kanji (Fig 5.8). Expansion tables can struggle to accommodate the complex diversity of human scripts and languages, so don’t look to them as a one-stop or infallible solution.

Fig 5.8: On Twitter, expansion is clearly visible: the English “Follow” button text comes in at about 47 pixels wide, while the Japanese text comes in at 60 pixels wide.

Here are a few things you can do keep expansion factors in mind as you design:

  • Generate dummy text in different languages for your design comps. Of course, you should make sure your text doesn’t contain any unintentional swearwords or improper language, but tools like Foreign Ipsum are a good place to start getting your head around expansion factors (http://bkaprt.com/ccd/05-13/).
  • Leave extra space around buttons, menu items, and other microcopy. As well as being general good practice in responsive design, this allows you to account for how text in your target languages expands.
  • Make sure your components are expandable. Stay away from assigning a fixed width to your UI elements unless it’s unavoidable.
  • Let longer text strings wrap to a second line. Just ensure that text is aligned correctly and is easy to scan.




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Grateful workers paint Arunachal school that sheltered them

Grateful workers paint Arunachal school that sheltered them




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COVID-19 disruptions and agriculture [electronic resource]: temporary foreign workers

[Ottawa] : Statistics Canada = Statistique Canada, 2020




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Multiparticulate drug delivery: formulation, processing and manufacturing / Ali R. Rajabi-Siahboomi, editor

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Clays and health: properties and therapeutic uses / Michel Rautureau, Celso de Sousa Figueiredo Gomes, Nicole Liewig, Mehrnaz Katouzian-Safadi

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Advancing healthcare through personalized medicine / Priya Hays

Hayden Library - RM301.3.G45 H39 2017




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Pharmacovigilance in the European Union: practical implementation across member states / Michael Kaeding, Julia Schmälter, Christoph Klika

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Healthy volunteers in commercial clinical drug trials: when human beings become guinea pigs / Shadreck Mwale

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The drug development paradigm in oncology: proceedings of a workshop / Amanda Wagner Gee, Erin Balogh, Margie Patlak, and Sharyl J. Nass, rapporteurs ; National Cancer Policy Forum, Board on Health Care Services, Health and Medicine Division, the National

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Drugs / editor, Ram N. Gupta ; consulting editor, Irving Sunshine

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The medical marijuana guide: cannabis and your health / by Patricia C. Frye with Dave Smitherman

Hayden Library - RM666.C266 F79 2018




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Adulteration in herbal drugs: a burning issue / Shabnum Shaheen, Sehrish Ramzan, Farah Khan, Mushtaq Ahmad

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Multiscale modeling of vascular dynamics of micro- and nano-particles: application to drug delivery system / Huilin Ye, Zhiqiang Shen and Ying Li

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The role of NIH in drug development innovation and its impact on patient access: proceedings of a workshop / Francis K. Amankwah, Alexandra Andrada, Sharyl J. Nass, and Theresa Wizemann, rapporteurs ; Board on Health Care Services ; Board on Health Scienc

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Strange trips: science, culture, and the regulation of drugs / Lucas Richert

Hayden Library - RM316.R53 2018




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The Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change 2: 30 Years of Multidisciplinary Study of the Ligurian Sea


 

Due to its particular characteristics, the Mediterranean Sea is often viewed as a microcosm of the World Ocean. Its proportionally-reduced dimensions and peculiar hydrological circulation render it susceptible to environmental and climatic constraints, which are rapidly evolving. The Mediterranean is therefore an ideal site to examine, in order to better understand a number of key oceanographic phenomena. This is especially true of the Ligurian Sea



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The Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change 1: 30 Years of Multidisciplinary Study of the Ligurian Sea


 

Due to its particular characteristics, the Mediterranean Sea is often viewed as a microcosm of the World Ocean. Its proportionally-reduced dimensions and peculiar hydrological circulation render it susceptible to environmental and climatic constraints, which are rapidly evolving. The Mediterranean is therefore an ideal site to examine, in order to better understand a number of key oceanographic phenomena. This is especially true of the Ligurian Sea



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Urban Environment, Travel Behavior, Health, and Resident Satisfaction / Anzhelika Antipova

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Imagery and GIS: best practices for extracting information from imagery / Kass Green, Russell G. Congalton, Mark Tukman

Rotch Library - G70.4.G743 2017




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Ecosystem Services for Well-Being in Deltas: Integrated Assessment for Policy Analysis / edited by Robert J. Nicholls, Craig W. Hutton, W. Neil Adger, Susan E. Hanson, Md. Munsur Rahman, Mashfiqus Salehin

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Space, knowledge and power: Foucault and geography / edited by Jeremy W. Crampton and Stuart Elden

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Understanding spatial media / edited by Rob Kitchin, Tracey P. Lauriault, Matthew W. Wilson

Rotch Library - G70.217.G46 U54 2017




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Asian Cultures and Contemporary Tourism / edited by Elaine Chiao Ling Yang, Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore

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The news at the ends of the earth: the print culture of polar exploration / Hester Blum

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Tourism in emerging economies: the way we green, sustainable, and healthy / Wei-Ta Fang

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Lying for the admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour voyage / Margaret Cameron-Ash ; foreword by John Howard

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Sensors and Systems for Space Applications IX: 18-19 April 2016, Baltimore, Maryland, United States / Khanh D. Pham, Genshe Chen, editors ; sponsored and published by SPIE

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