Blog article on the complex and multi-dimensional challenges faced by city policy-makers in addressing urban issues at all levels of government.

The OECD Governance and Territorial Development Directorate has worked closely with United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) on urban development issues. This webpage highlights the complex governance challenges that cities present and offers guidance on how they may be overcome.

To investigate how public finances could best be designed to promote long-run growth and address inequality, it is essential to have comprehensive, cross-country comparable data on government spending and revenues, along with structural and policy indicators.

A roundup of OECD news & events on regional issues - December 2016

As part of efforts to deepen co-operation between the OECD and Argentina and contribute to the country’s public policy and reform agenda, Argentina’s Finance Minister Nicolás Dujovne has presented an Action Plan to OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría.

This may come as a surprise to most serious policymakers, but here’s a fact: not all that is “news” is fact-checked information. Worse, non-facts are frequently introduced into stories and passed off as facts. Welcome to the new information world. It is unsettling, and hardly augurs well for robust policymaking. So what can be done about it?

Democracy is a living organism; it is made by and for the people. And encouraging more people to participate surely strengthens democracy.

The 2011 annual report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises focuses on adhering countries' committment to new, stronger standards of corporate behaviour in the updated OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.

In 2014, many countries implemented the latest international guidelines for compiling FDI statistics. The new standards have resulted in significant changes in FDI statistics, including new measures of FDI at the global level.

The G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance provide recommendations for national policymakers on shareholder rights, executive remuneration, financial disclosure, the behaviour of institutional investors and how stock markets should function.

As part of continuing efforts to support market confidence and business integrity, the OECD has launched in Asia a new set of corporate governance principles that were endorsed at the G20 Finance Ministers meeting in September 2015.

Milan, Italy - 4 December 2015: Last month in Antalya, G20 Leaders endorsed the new G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. This speech by OECD Deputy Secretary-General Rintaro Tamaki presents the objectives and the scope of corporate governance and an overview of the revised Principles.

8/2/2017 - The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains in the Garment and Footwear Sector will help enterprises to identify and prevent potential negative impacts related to human rights, labour, the environment and corruption in garment and footwear supply chains worldwide.

Brazil is steadily investing in the creation of rules and regulations to converge to governance standards already consolidated in developed countries. Complying with these international standards is indispensable if Brazilian companies intend to operate on a global scale.

Ministers from OECD and developing economies have committed to step up their efforts to promote responsible business conduct by companies in order to drive more inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

Imports from Papua New Guinea in Germany increased to 18631 EUR THO in February from 18439 EUR THO in January of 2020. Imports from Papua New Guinea in Germany averaged 17626.90 EUR THO from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 75807 EUR THO in November of 2018 and a record low of 2890 EUR THO in March of 2008. This page includes a chart with historical data for Germany Imports from Papua New Guinea.

Imports from New Zealand in Germany decreased to 32336 EUR THO in February from 41272 EUR THO in January of 2020. Imports from New Zealand in Germany averaged 50328.63 EUR THO from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 91141 EUR THO in July of 2018 and a record low of 21147 EUR THO in February of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for Germany Imports from New Zealand.

Imports from New Caledonia in Germany increased to 113 EUR THO in February from 1 EUR THO in January of 2020. Imports from New Caledonia in Germany averaged 83.54 EUR THO from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2015 EUR THO in August of 2002 and a record low of 0 EUR THO in September of 2010. This page includes a chart with historical data for Germany Imports from New Caledonia.

Industrial Production in New Zealand increased 1.50 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 over the same quarter in the previous year. Industrial Production in New Zealand averaged 1.47 percent from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 17.60 percent in the second quarter of 1995 and a record low of -10.50 percent in the second quarter of 2009. In New Zealand, manufacturing sales refer to the year-on-year change in the volume of sales in the manufacturing sector of the economy. The survey includes 13 industries: meat and dairy product; seafood processing; fruit, oil, cereal, and other food; beverages and tobacco; textile, leather, clothing, and footwear; wood and paper products; printing; petroleum and coal product; chemical, polymer, and rubber products; non-metallic mineral products; metal products; transport equipment, machinery, and equipment; and furniture. This page provides - New Zealand Manufacturing Production - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Transport in New Zealand increased to 2804 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 2763 NZD Million in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Transport in New Zealand averaged 1816.66 NZD Million from 1987 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2822 NZD Million in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 941 NZD Million in the second quarter of 1987. This page provides - New Zealand Gdp From Transport, Postal, and Warehousing- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Production in Spain decreased to 1154 Hundred Units in March from 2081 Hundred Units in February of 2020. Car Production in Spain averaged 1519.60 Hundred Units from 1980 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2504 Hundred Units in June of 2004 and a record low of 139 Hundred Units in August of 1981. This page provides - Spain Car Production- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

New Zealand 10Y Bond Yield was 0.60 percent on Friday May 8, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. Historically, the New Zealand Government Bond 10Y reached an all time high of 19.20 in May of 1985. Generally, a government bond is issued by a national government and is denominated in the country`s own currency. Bonds issued by national governments in foreign currencies are normally referred to as sovereign bonds. The yield required by investors to loan funds to governments reflects inflation expectations and the likelihood that the debt will be repaid.

Import Prices in New Zealand increased to 846 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 844 points in the third quarter of 2019. Import Prices in New Zealand averaged 537.77 points from 1950 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1128 points in the fourth quarter of 2000 and a record low of 70.43 points in the first quarter of 1950. In New Zealand, Import Prices correspond to the rate of change in the prices of goods and services purchased by residents of that country from, and supplied by, foreign sellers. Import Prices are heavily affected by exchange rates. This page provides - New Zealand Import Prices - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Export Prices in New Zealand increased to 1268 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1231 points in the third quarter of 2019. Export Prices in New Zealand averaged 580.08 points from 1950 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1269 points in the fourth quarter of 2008 and a record low of 85.30 points in the first quarter of 1950. In New Zealand, Export Prices correspond to the rate of change in the prices of goods and services sold by residents of that country to foreign buyers. Export Prices are heavily affected by exchange rates. This page provides - New Zealand Export Prices - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Mining in New Zealand increased to 774 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 755 NZD Million in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Mining in New Zealand averaged 708.59 NZD Million from 1987 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1187 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2007 and a record low of 437 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 1988. This page provides - New Zealand Gdp From Mining- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Utilities in New Zealand increased to 1729 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1714 NZD Million in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Utilities in New Zealand averaged 1384.78 NZD Million from 1987 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1729 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 1040 NZD Million in the third quarter of 1992. This page provides - New Zealand Gdp From Utilities- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Home Ownership Rate in New Zealand decreased to 64.80 percent in 2013 from 66.90 percent in 2006. Home Ownership Rate in New Zealand averaged 68.80 percent from 1991 until 2013, reaching an all time high of 73.80 percent in 1991 and a record low of 64.80 percent in 2013. Home Ownership Rate in New Zealand is reported by the Statistics New Zealand. This page provides the latest reported value for - New Zealand Home Ownership Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Terms of Trade in New Zealand increased to 1498 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 1460 points in the third quarter of 2019. Terms of Trade in New Zealand averaged 1075 points from 1957 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1498 points in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 796 points in the fourth quarter of 1975. In New Zealand, Terms of Trade (ToT) correspond to the ratio of Price of exportable goods to the Price of importable goods. This page provides - New Zealand Terms of Trade - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

New Zealand scored 76.75 points out of 100 on the 2018 Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. Competitiveness Index in New Zealand averaged 21.75 Points from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 78.09 Points in 2017 and a record low of 4.91 Points in 2011. The most recent 2018 edition of Global Competitiveness Report assesses 140 economies. The report is made up of 98 variables, from a combination of data from international organizations as well as from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey. The variables are organized into twelve pillars with the most important including: institutions; infrastructure; ICT adoption; macroeconomic stability; health; skills; product market; labour market; financial system; market size; business dynamism; and innovation capability. The GCI varies between 1 and 100, higher average score means higher degree of competitiveness. With the 2018 edition, the World Economic Forum introduced a new methodology, aiming to integrate the notion of the 4th Industrial Revolution into the definition of competitiveness. It emphasizes the role of human capital, innovation, resilience and agility, as not only drivers but also defining features of economic success in the 4th Industrial Revolution. This page provides the latest reported value for - New Zealand Competitiveness Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

GDP Constant Prices in New Zealand increased to 64399 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 64299 NZD Million in the third quarter of 2019. GDP Constant Prices in New Zealand averaged 42212.50 NZD Million from 1987 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 64399 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 26743 NZD Million in the first quarter of 1988. This page provides - New Zealand GDP Constant Prices - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Registrations in Canada decreased to 112845 Units in January from 114045 Units in December of 2019. Car Registrations in Canada averaged 101157.92 Units from 1950 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 220436 Units in May of 2017 and a record low of 19807 Units in December of 1951. In Canada, New Motor Vehicle Sales refers to the number of new motor vehicles sold during a month, including passenger cars and trucks. This page provides - Canada Total New Cars - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Registrations in Croatia decreased to 2716 in March from 3576 in February of 2020. Car Registrations in Croatia averaged 3655.22 from 2013 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9160 in May of 2019 and a record low of 1462 in August of 2014. This page provides - Croatia Car Registrations - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Registrations in Lithuania decreased to 2236 in March from 4254 in February of 2020. Car Registrations in Lithuania averaged 1478.17 from 2003 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4546 in June of 2019 and a record low of 435 in February of 2010. This page provides - Lithuania Car Sales Turnover - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Registrations in South Korea decreased to 139026 in March from 205595 in February of 2020. Car Registrations in South Korea averaged 104184.91 from 2001 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 205595 in February of 2020 and a record low of 49944 in December of 2003. This page provides the latest reported value for - South Korea New Car Registrations - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Car Registrations in the United States decreased to 351.45 Thousand in February from 356.45 Thousand in January of 2020. Car Registrations in the United States averaged 686.19 Thousand from 1975 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 1149 Thousand in September of 1986 and a record low of 331.50 Thousand in January of 2009. In the United States, car registrations refer to total registrations for new passenger cars. This page provides - United States Car Registrations - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Registrations in Malaysia remained unchanged at 104735 in February from 104735 in January of 2020. Car Registrations in Malaysia averaged 69210.85 from 1988 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 138727 in March of 2015 and a record low of 9732 in May of 1988. This page provides - Malaysia Car Registrations - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Car Registrations in Brazil decreased to 56 Thousand in April from 164 Thousand in March of 2020. Car Registrations in Brazil averaged 106.60 Thousand from 1957 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 420 Thousand in August of 2012 and a record low of 2 Thousand in February of 1957. In Brazil, New Vehicle Registrations refers to total registration of new vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks and buses. This page provides the latest reported value for - Brazil New Vehicle Registrations - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Car Registrations in Germany decreased to 120840 in April from 215119 in March of 2020. Car Registrations in Germany averaged 220366.81 from 1958 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 552865 in July of 1991 and a record low of 43460 in January of 1958. This page provides the latest reported value for - Germany New Car Registrations - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Car Registrations in South Africa decreased to 105 in April from 22200 in March of 2020. Car Registrations in South Africa averaged 20600.43 from 1960 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 43659 in August of 2006 and a record low of 105 in April of 2020. In South Africa, New Car Sales refers to total domestic sales of new passenger cars. This page provides - South Africa New Car Sales - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Social Security Rate For Employees in New Zealand stands at 8 percent. Social Security Rate For Employees in New Zealand averaged 6.40 percent from 2004 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8 percent in 2007 and a record low of 0 percent in 2005. In New Zealand, the Social Security Rate is a tax related with labor income charged to both companies and employees. Revenues from the Social Security Rate are an important source of income for the government of New Zealand because they help to pay for many social programs including welfare, health care and many other benefits. This page provides - New Zealand Social Security Rate For Employees - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Services in New Zealand increased to 42880 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 42620 NZD Million in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Services in New Zealand averaged 27407.57 NZD Million from 1987 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 42880 NZD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 16763 NZD Million in the second quarter of 1987. This page provides - New Zealand Gdp From Services- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Personal Income Tax Rate in New Zealand stands at 33 percent. Personal Income Tax Rate in New Zealand averaged 35.21 percent from 2004 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 39 percent in 2005 and a record low of 33 percent in 2011. In New Zealand, the Personal Income Tax Rate is a tax collected from individuals and is imposed on different sources of income like labour, pensions, interest and dividends. The benchmark we use refers to the Top Marginal Tax Rate for individuals. Revenues from the Personal Income Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of New Zealand. This page provides - New Zealand Personal Income Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

IP Addresses in Papua New Guinea increased to 3633 IP in the first quarter of 2017 from 3252 IP in the fourth quarter of 2016. IP Addresses in Papua New Guinea averaged 3600.51 IP from 2007 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 4749 IP in the fourth quarter of 2011 and a record low of 824 IP in the third quarter of 2007. This page includes a chart with historical data for Papua New GuineaIP Addresses.

Precipitation in Papua New Guinea increased to 292.23 mm in December from 228.09 mm in November of 2015. Precipitation in Papua New Guinea averaged 254.16 mm from 1901 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 508.33 mm in December of 1920 and a record low of 62.20 mm in August of 1972. This page includes a chart with historical data for Papua New Guinea Average Precipitation.

Temperature in Papua New Guinea decreased to 25.56 celsius in December from 25.60 celsius in November of 2015. Temperature in Papua New Guinea averaged 24.46 celsius from 1882 until 2015, reaching an all time high of 25.93 celsius in March of 1942 and a record low of 21.78 celsius in July of 1923. This page includes a chart with historical data for Papua New Guinea Average Temperature.

Deposit Interest Rate in Papua New Guinea decreased to 0.50 percent in 2017 from 0.60 percent in 2016. Deposit Interest Rate in Papua New Guinea averaged 5.16 percent from 1980 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 11.49 percent in 1986 and a record low of 0.33 percent in 2013. The Deposit Interest Rate is the average rate paid by commercial banks to individuals or corporations on deposits. This page includes a chart with historical data for Deposit Interest Rate in Papua New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea recorded a Government Budget deficit equal to 2.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Government Budget in Papua New Guinea averaged -2 percent of GDP from 1998 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.10 percent of GDP in 2006 and a record low of -7.80 percent of GDP in 2013. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments made by government (purchases and transfer payments). A budget deficit occurs when an government spends more money than it takes in. The opposite of a budget deficit is a budget surplus. This page provides - Papua New Guinea Government Budget - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Papua New Guinea recorded a Current Account surplus of 26.70 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Current Account to GDP in Papua New Guinea averaged 2.83 percent from 1994 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 26.70 percent in 2018 and a record low of -36.10 percent in 2012. The Current account balance as a percent of GDP provides an indication on the level of international competitiveness of a country. Usually, countries recording a strong current account surplus have an economy heavily dependent on exports revenues, with high savings ratings but weak domestic demand. On the other hand, countries recording a current account deficit have strong imports, a low saving rates and high personal consumption rates as a percentage of disposable incomes. This page provides - Papua New Guinea Current Account to GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Papua New Guinea recorded a government debt equivalent to 36.90 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Government Debt to GDP in Papua New Guinea averaged 32.86 percent from 1994 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 46.90 percent in 2001 and a record low of 16.30 percent in 2011. Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. This page provides - Papua New Guinea Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Military Expenditure in Papua New Guinea decreased to 59.90 USD Million in 2018 from 71.90 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Papua New Guinea averaged 86.91 USD Million from 1975 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 148 USD Million in 1994 and a record low of 31.80 USD Million in 1975.