Proposals to increase environmentally related taxes are often challenged on competitiveness grounds. The concern is that value creation in certain sectors might decline domestically if a country introduces environmentally related taxes unilaterally. This paper provides evidence on the short-term competitiveness impacts of the German electricity tax introduced unilaterally in 1999.

Governments are under-utilising taxation as a tool to curb the environmental consequences of energy use, foregoing revenue and weakening their attack on the principal source of greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change and air pollution, according to new OECD analysis.

Israel’s growing population and rising incomes have seen consumption increase substantially, bringing with it considerable pressure on the environment. One of the main environmental pressures is from the ever-increasing transport activity, especially the use of private vehicles. Although travelling in a private vehicle brings benefits to the individual using it, this entails costs to society as a whole.

Exports of (bop) - Iron Ores and Concentrates in Canada decreased to 468.90 CAD Million in March from 554.50 CAD Million in February of 2020. Exports of (bop) - Iron Ores and Concentrates in Canada averaged 190.82 CAD Million from 1988 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 709.40 CAD Million in August of 2019 and a record low of 37.20 CAD Million in September of 2004. This page includes a chart with historical data for Canada Exports of (bop) - Iron Ores And Concentrates.

Public financial institutions (PFIs) are well-positioned to act as a key leverage point for governments’ efforts to mobilise private investment in low-carbon projects and infrastructure. This study identifies the tools, instruments and approaches used by five PFIs to directly support and scale-up domestic private sector investment in sustainable transport, energy-efficiency and renewable energy in OECD countries.

This paper presents the findings of an international stocktaking of the regulatory frameworks that apply to institutional investment in different jurisdictions and how these frameworks are interpreted by institutional investors in terms of their ability or responsibility to integrate environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in their governance processes.

This paper explores the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the low-carbon transition in OECD and G20 countries. It tracks GHG emissions and energy investments and analyses the impact of on investments in renewable electricity. A descriptive analysis of SOEs’ role in the electricity sector shows the importance of SOEs, including investments in both renewables and fossil-fuel-based electricity generation.

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Australia. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is increasingly recognised worldwide as an efficient waste management policy to help improve recycling and reduce landfilling of products and materials. This Forum took place on 17-19 June 2014, in Tokyo, Japan, to identify key challenges and opportunities for further developing EPR policies.

Agriculture is a provider of commodities such as food, feed, fibre and fuel, and it can bring both positive and negative impacts on the environment. Yet most policy measures target farm systems, inputs and practices and agricultural infrastructure (driving forces) rather than the provision of agri-environmental public goods (environmental outcomes).

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Japan. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

Imports of Iron & Steel in South Africa increased to 1137996.68 ZAR THO in March from 1070996.61 ZAR THO in February of 2020. Imports of Iron & Steel in South Africa averaged 1280978.72 ZAR THO from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2232901.85 ZAR THO in March of 2017 and a record low of 710741.22 ZAR THO in December of 2019. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Iron & Steel.

Exports of Iron & Steel in South Africa increased to 6300161.13 ZAR THO in March from 5481032.26 ZAR THO in February of 2020. Exports of Iron & Steel in South Africa averaged 3508748.77 ZAR THO from 1992 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 13244339.89 ZAR THO in March of 2017 and a record low of 285728 ZAR THO in January of 1992. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Exports of Iron & Steel.

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Austria. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

This report advances a “green investment policy framework” taking infrastructure investment as a starting point and looking only at climate change mitigation and adaptation. It highlights the significant opportunities and many challenges that exist today in both developed and developing countries to transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient (LCR) development through investment in both renovated and in new infrastructure.

This paper addresses several broad issues for governments aiming to encourage private sector investment in low-carbon climate resilient (LCR) infrastructure, in both developed and developing world contexts.

This article summarises discussions from a financial roundtable addressing concerns about structural flaws in the way banks operate and are being regulated and supervised in the wake of on-going banking sector problems involving financial fraud and banking scandals.

This paper analyses the effects of government policies on flows of private finance for investment in renewable energy. It also examines whether direct provision of public finance for a project increases the volume of private finance raised. The analysis covers 87 countries, six renewable energy sectors (wind, solar, biomass, small hydropower, marine and geothermal).

This paper presents the findings of an international stocktaking of the regulatory frameworks that apply to institutional investment in different jurisdictions and how these frameworks are interpreted by institutional investors in terms of their ability or responsibility to integrate environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors in their governance processes.

The OECD, UN Environment and World Bank Group today called on leaders of G20 countries to do more to enable a radical shift of investment into low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure as a way to limit the impact of climate change.

This country note provides an environmental tax and carbon pricing profile for Belgium. It shows environmentally related tax revenues, taxes on energy use and effective carbon rates.

China’s exceptional economic expansion has led to rising energy demand and pollution as well as other environmental pressures. Strong efforts by the government have moderated emissions of some types of air and water pollution from high levels but others, including greenhouse gas emissions, continue to rise. Poor air and water quality threaten human health, create other costs and reduce well-being.

This paper reviews the empirical evidence on the link between environmental policy stringency and productivity growth, and the various channels through which such effects can take place.

Over the past decade, the growth potential of the Hungarian economy has declined substantially. Trend productivity has ceased to increase, and investment has fallen to historically low levels.

Many studies on household energy efficiency investments suggest that a wide range of seemingly profitable investments are not taken up. This paper provides novel evidence on the main factors behind consumer choices using the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes.

As environmental pressures continue to rise, governments throughout the OECD area have not been sitting back. If anything, the stringency of their policy measures has been increasing on the whole, not least to combat pollution and climate change. And as the evidence shows, stringent environmental policies can be introduced without hurting overall productivity.

Using a gravity model of bilateral trade in manufacturing industries for selected OECD and BRIICS countries over 1990s-2000s, this paper studies how exports are related to national environmental policies.

Countries that implement stringent environmental policies do not lose export competitiveness when compared against countries with more moderate regulations, according to a new OECD study that examines trade in manufactured goods between advanced and emerging economies.

This Global Forum, held on 24-25 October 2016, aimed to shed light on the links between environment and economic growth, and the toolkits to quantify these links. It provided a platform to explore how a well-managed natural environment can contribute to economic growth and how an effective and efficient regulatory system can best be designed?

A favourable business environment is crucial to boosting Belgium’s productivity and inclusiveness and to sustain improvements in long-term economic prosperity.

With still large government debt and interest payments in many OECD countries, actively adjusting debt maturity can help to minimise debt servicing costs.

The OECD and Ukraine today signed an Action Plan for strengthening co-operation to help tackle corruption, improve public governance and the rule of law, boost investment and foster a dynamic business environment.

Exports (Fob): Mfc Prds - Iron & Nonalloy Steel Flat Rolled Prds in Brazil increased to 228 USD Million in April from 159.77 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports (Fob): Mfc Prds - Iron & Nonalloy Steel Fl in Brazil averaged 129.79 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 315.58 USD Million in January of 2007 and a record low of 24.20 USD Million in June of 2002. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Mfc Prds - Iron & Nonalloy Stee.

Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Iron Ore & Concentrates in Brazil decreased to 105 USD Million in April from 1390.27 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Iron Ore & Concentra in Brazil averaged 624.63 USD Million from 1970 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4469.09 USD Million in August of 2011 and a record low of 11.79 USD Million in January of 1970. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Primary Prds - Iron Ore & Conce.

Exports (Fob): Semi Mfc Prds - Semi Iron & Non Alloy Steel in Brazil decreased to 295 USD Million in April from 429.67 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports (Fob): Semi Mfc Prds - Semi Iron & Non All in Brazil averaged 187.39 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 816.45 USD Million in October of 2018 and a record low of 23.88 USD Million in June of 2002. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Semi Mfc Prds - Semi Iron & Non.

Exports: Exports: Ferrous Metals (Without Iron Cast) (Cmlv) in Russia increased to 1936.40 USD Million in February from 967.20 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports: Exports: Ferrous Metals (Without Iron Cas in Russia averaged 6180.18 USD Million from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 22354.40 USD Million in December of 2008 and a record low of 333.70 USD Million in January of 1995. Russia accounts for Exports of Exports of Ferrous Metals (withou using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports of Exports of Ferrous Metals (without Iro.

Exports of Iron Orea & Concenttrates CMLV in Russia increased to 323.20 USD Million in February from 161.30 USD Million in January of 2020. Exports of Iron Orea & Concenttrates CMLV in Russia averaged 558.85 USD Million from 1994 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 3248 USD Million in December of 2011 and a record low of 6.70 USD Million in January of 1999. Russia accounts for Exports of Iron Orea & Concenttrates using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for Russia Exports of Iron Orea & Concenttrates CMLV.

Exports of Kcs - Iron and Steel Products in South Korea decreased to 2010000 USD THO in April from 2464000 USD THO in March of 2020. Exports of Kcs - Iron and Steel Products in South Korea averaged 2539627.91 USD THO from 2006 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 4654000 USD THO in September of 2017 and a record low of 1185000 USD THO in February of 2006. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Korea Exports of Kcs - Iron and Steel Products.

Imports of Intra EU - Iron & Steel in the United Kingdom decreased to 234.72 GBP Million in February from 262.22 GBP Million in January of 2020. Imports of Intra EU - Iron & Steel in the United Kingdom averaged 244.86 GBP Million from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 497.31 GBP Million in March of 2011 and a record low of 103.38 GBP Million in January of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Imports of Intra EU - Iron & Steel.

Exports of Iron & Steel in Singapore increased to 249.74 SGD Million in March from 240.64 SGD Million in February of 2020. Exports of Iron & Steel in Singapore averaged 269.77 SGD Million from 1999 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 572.28 SGD Million in August of 2008 and a record low of 54.92 SGD Million in February of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for Singapore Exports of Iron & Steel.

Iron Ore decreased 8.50 USD/MT or 9.24% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Historically, Iron Ore reached an all time high of 200 in November of 2007. Iron ore prices refer to Iron Ore Fine China Import 63.5 percent grade Spot Cost and Freight for the delivery at the Chinese port of Tianjin. Is used to make steel for infrastructure and other construction projects. The biggest producers of iron ore are China, Australia and Brazil. Others include India, Russia, Ukraine and South Africa.

Iron Ore 62% fe decreased 5.74 USD/MT or 6.20% since the beginning of 2020, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Historically, Iron Ore 62% FE reached an all time high of 188.90 in February of 2011. Iron ore prices refer to Iron Ore Fine China Import 62 percent grade Spot Cost and Freight for the delivery at the Chinese port of Tianjin. Is used to make steel for infrastructure and other construction projects. The biggest producers of iron ore are China, Australia and Brazil. Others include India, Russia, Ukraine and South Africa.

Exports of Iron & Steel in Switzerland decreased to 78.49 CHF Million in March from 82.34 CHF Million in February of 2020. Exports of Iron & Steel in Switzerland averaged 85.73 CHF Million from 1988 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 214.91 CHF Million in July of 2008 and a record low of 29.60 CHF Million in August of 1988. This page includes a chart with historical data for Switzerland Exports of Iron & Steel.

Imports of Iron Ores & Concentrate in China increased to 8547400 USD THO in April from 7711400 USD THO in March of 2020. Imports of Iron Ores & Concentrate in China averaged 4489829.16 USD THO from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 16054800 USD THO in February of 2020 and a record low of 125951 USD THO in February of 2000. This page includes a chart with historical data for China Imports of Iron Ores & Concentrate.

Imports of Iron Ore & Concentrates in China increased to 8547400 USD THO in April from 7711400 USD THO in March of 2020. Imports of Iron Ore & Concentrates in China averaged 3769179.35 USD THO from 1996 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 16054800 USD THO in February of 2020 and a record low of 64396 USD THO in February of 1999. This page includes a chart with historical data for China Imports of Iron Ore & Concentrates.

Imports: Manufacture Of Basic Iron & Steel & Of Ferro-Alloys in Italy increased to 1226.33 EUR Million in January from 856.55 EUR Million in December of 2019. Imports: Manufacture Of Basic Iron & Steel & Of Fe in Italy averaged 834.02 EUR Million from 1991 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2156.30 EUR Million in September of 2008 and a record low of 90.60 EUR Million in August of 1991. This page includes a chart with historical data for Italy Imports of Manufacture of Basic Iron & Steel & Of.

Artists responded vigorously to the confrontational politics of Margaret Thatcher’s premiership – but the vivid creativity of the time had its roots in an earlier era, argues the FT’s arts editor  

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Mel Stride, former Treasury minister, calls for help for business owners who pay themselves in dividends

Price of key steelmaking ingredient has held up, despite big drop in economic activity