This paper reviews different explanations for apparent underinvestment in energy efficiency that have been put forward in the literature. It also provides new evidence regarding barriers to investment in energy efficiency based on the OECD Survey on Household Environmental Behaviour and Attitudes.

This paper offers an overview of developments in household debt over the past decades across a large sample of OECD countries, highlighting both common trends and country specificities. It examines the vulnerabilities associated with high household debt for households, the financial system and the wider economy.

Governments must deploy policy packages that take advantage of the synergies between labour, product and financial market reforms to escape the low-growth trap and ensure that benefits are broadly shared by the vast majority of citizens, according to the OECD’s annual Going for Growth report.

This paper focusses on the link between urbanisation and consumption behaviour in China.

Personal Savings in Taiwan increased to 1944200 TWD Million in 2018 from 1774100 TWD Million in 2017. Personal Savings in Taiwan averaged 895827.45 TWD Million from 1964 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1944200 TWD Million in 2018 and a record low of 6900 TWD Million in 1964. In Taiwan, Households Savings correspond to the household income saved during a certain period of time. This page provides - Taiwan Households Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Personal Savings in India increased to 26099.21 INR Billion in 2016 from 25429.60 INR Billion in 2015. Personal Savings in India averaged 3811.44 INR Billion from 1951 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 26099.21 INR Billion in 2016 and a record low of 6.34 INR Billion in 1952. In India, Households Savings correspond to the total income saved by households during a certain period of time. This page provides - India Households Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Switzerland increased to 12.70 percent in 2018 from 12.50 percent in 2017. Personal Savings in Switzerland averaged 10.27 percent from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 13.90 percent in 2014 and a record low of 6.50 percent in 1992. In Switzerland, households' savings rate represents the fraction of disposable income that is not consumed by households and, as a consequence, is saved. This page provides - Switzerland Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in China decreased to 36.10 percent in 2016 from 37.10 percent in 2015. Personal Savings in China averaged 33.59 percent from 1992 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 39 percent in 2010 and a record low of 27.20 percent in 2002. In China, net household saving is defined as the subtraction of household consumption expenditure from household disposable income, plus the change in net equity of households in pension funds. Household saving is the main domestic source of funds to finance capital investment, a major impetus for long-term economic growth. This indicator is measured as a percentage of household disposable income. This page provides - China Deposits Interest Rates - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Thailand increased to 10.20 percent in 2016 from 9 percent in 2015. Personal Savings in Thailand averaged 9.75 percent from 1994 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 16.10 percent in 1999 and a record low of 5.50 percent in 2005. In Thailand, Personal Savings (Households Savings) correspond to the ratio of household income saved to household net disposable income during a certain period of time. This page provides - Thailand Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Luxembourg decreased to 21.41 percent in 2018 from 21.50 percent in 2017. Personal Savings in Luxembourg averaged 18.14 percent from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 21.50 percent in 2017 and a record low of 14.40 percent in 1999. This page provides - Luxembourg Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Cyprus decreased to 2.44 percent in 2018 from 3.67 percent in 2017. Personal Savings in Cyprus averaged 2.81 percent from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 10.58 percent in 2009 and a record low of -2.90 percent in 2014. This page provides - Cyprus Gross Household Saving Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Latvia increased to 6.34 percent in 2018 from 4.42 percent in 2017. Personal Savings in Latvia averaged -0.91 percent from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 13.28 percent in 2009 and a record low of -20.51 percent in 1995. This page provides - Latvia Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Hungary increased to 11.58 percent in 2018 from 11.38 percent in 2017. Personal Savings in Hungary averaged 11.84 percent from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 17.90 percent in 1995 and a record low of 6.73 percent in 2003. In Hungary, Households Savings correspond to the household income saved during a certain period of time. This page provides - Hungary Households Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Lithuania decreased to -1.23 percent in 2018 from 0.29 percent in 2017. Personal Savings in Lithuania averaged 2.93 percent from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8.42 percent in 2010 and a record low of -4.06 percent in 2007. This page provides - Lithuania Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in South Korea increased to 35 percent in the third quarter of 2019 from 34.60 percent in the second quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in South Korea averaged 32.57 percent from 1970 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 42.70 percent in the first quarter of 1988 and a record low of 13.40 percent in the third quarter of 1971. In South Korea, Households Savings correspond to the income saved during a certain period of time. This page provides - South Korea Households Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Portugal increased to 6.20 percent in the third quarter of 2019 from 6.10 percent in the second quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Portugal averaged 9.40 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 13.90 percent in the third quarter of 2002 and a record low of 5.10 percent in the second quarter of 2008. In Portugal, the households saving rate measures the part of the disposable income which is not spent as final consumption expenditure, and it is calculated as the ratio between gross saving and disposable income (includes the adjustment for the change in pension entitlements). This page provides - Portugal Gross Household Saving Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Belgium decreased to 12.30 percent in the third quarter of 2019 from 13.10 percent in the second quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Belgium averaged 15.48 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 20.10 percent in the first quarter of 2009 and a record low of 11.20 percent in the first quarter of 2018. In Belgium, Personal Savings (Households Savings) correspond to the ratio of household income saved to household net disposable income during a certain period of time. This page provides - Belgium Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Poland decreased to 4.18 percent in the third quarter of 2019 from 4.33 percent in the second quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Poland averaged 5.25 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 21.82 percent in the fourth quarter of 1999 and a record low of -11.11 percent in the first quarter of 2012. This page provides - Poland Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Canada decreased to 3 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 3.20 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Canada averaged 7.57 percent from 1961 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 21.60 percent in the first quarter of 1982 and a record low of 0.30 percent in the first quarter of 2005. In Canada, personal saving is personal disposable income less personal expenditure on consumer goods and services, less current transfers from persons to corporations and to non-residents as a percent of disposable income. This page provides - Canada Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in France increased to 14.88 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 14.78 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in France averaged 15.70 percent from 1950 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 21.82 percent in the fourth quarter of 1974 and a record low of 10.32 percent in the fourth quarter of 1987. In France, Households Savings correspond to the household income saved during a certain period of time. This page provides - France Households Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Australia decreased to 3.60 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 4.80 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Australia averaged 9.44 percent from 1959 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 20.30 percent in the second quarter of 1974 and a record low of -1.70 percent in the fourth quarter of 2002. In Australia, Households Savings correspond to the ratio of household income saved to household net disposable income during a certain period of time. This page provides - Australia Households Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in South Africa decreased to -0.20 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from -0.10 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in South Africa averaged 4.69 percent from 1960 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 23.80 percent in the second quarter of 1972 and a record low of -2.50 percent in the fourth quarter of 2013. In South Africa, household saving ratio refers to the income saved by household during a certain period of time. Based on current prices. This page provides the latest reported value for - South Africa Households Savings - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Household Saving Rate in the United Kingdom increased to 6.20 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 5.20 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in the United Kingdom averaged 8.56 percent from 1955 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 15.20 percent in the second quarter of 1993 and a record low of -0.90 percent in the fourth quarter of 1958. In the United Kingdom, the saving ratio estimates the amount of money households and NPISH have available to save (known as gross saving) as a percentage of their total disposable income (known as total available resources). This page provides - United Kingdom Households Saving Ratio - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Italy decreased to 8.20 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 8.90 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Italy averaged 10.30 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 13.50 percent in the second quarter of 2002 and a record low of 6.80 percent in the third quarter of 2012. This page provides the latest reported value for - Italy Personal Savings - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Household Saving Rate in Netherlands increased to 16.13 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 9.63 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Netherlands averaged 12.26 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 28.38 percent in the second quarter of 2009 and a record low of 1.97 percent in the first quarter of 2008. In Netherlands, Personal Savings correspond to the personal income saved during a certain period of time. This page provides - Netherlands Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Spain increased to 12.91 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from -1.26 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Spain averaged 7.73 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 20.14 percent in the second quarter of 2009 and a record low of -6.74 percent in the first quarter of 2008. In Spain, Personal Savings correspond to the income saved by persons during a certain period of time. This page provides - Spain Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate In the Euro Area remained unchanged at 13.04 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 13.04 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in the Euro Area averaged 12.83 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 14.18 percent in the first quarter of 1999 and a record low of 11.43 percent in the first quarter of 2018. This page provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area Personal Savings - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Household Saving Rate in Ireland increased to 11.50 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 10.70 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Ireland averaged 8.67 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 15.40 percent in the third quarter of 2009 and a record low of -1 percent in the second quarter of 1999. In Ireland, the derived gross saving ratio expresses saving as a percentage of gross disposable income. Seasonally adjusted estimates of Household Saving are compiled using the indirect seasonal adjustment approach. Under this approach the two main aggregates, Household Disposable Income and Final Consumption Expenditure of Households, are independently adjusted. The derived saving is the difference between the two adjusted series of Household Disposable Income and Final Expenditure of Households. This method for estimating the seasonally adjusted value for a small net residual of two large aggregates, such as Household Saving, is considered to be a more appropriate estimation procedure, according to the CSO. This page provides - Ireland Gross Household Saving Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Croatia decreased to 8.95 percent in the fourth quarter of 2016 from 17.90 percent in the third quarter of 2016. Personal Savings in Croatia averaged 10.29 percent from 2002 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 19.98 percent in the third quarter of 2015 and a record low of -5.18 percent in the fourth quarter of 2007. This page provides - Croatia Personal Savings - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Household Saving Rate in Czech Republic increased to 14.65 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 11.54 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Personal Savings in Czech Republic averaged 11.44 percent from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 15.69 percent in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 7.23 percent in the third quarter of 2001. This page provides - Czech Republic Personal and Households Deposits - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in China increased to 55.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 54.40 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in China averaged 32.39 percent of GDP from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 55.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 10.80 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 2006. This page provides - China Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Australia decreased to 119.50 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 119.80 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Australia averaged 73.02 percent of GDP from 1977 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 121.70 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2016 and a record low of 34.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 1977. This page provides - Australia Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Czech Republic increased to 32.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 32.10 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Czech Republic averaged 20.65 percent of GDP from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 32.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 6.70 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 2000. This page provides - Czech Republic Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in France increased to 61.90 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 61.40 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in France averaged 38.15 percent of GDP from 1977 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 61.90 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 18.60 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 1977. This page provides - France Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Germany increased to 54.40 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 54.30 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Germany averaged 54.50 percent of GDP from 1970 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 71.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2000 and a record low of 34.80 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 1971. This page provides - Germany Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Greece decreased to 53.30 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 54.40 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Greece averaged 39.44 percent of GDP from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 65.70 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 2014 and a record low of 5.50 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 1994. This page provides - Greece Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Ireland decreased to 38.50 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 39.70 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Ireland averaged 77.67 percent of GDP from 2002 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 116.30 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 38.50 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019. This page provides - Ireland Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Japan increased to 59 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 58.60 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Japan averaged 53.22 percent of GDP from 1964 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 72.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 1999 and a record low of 20.30 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 1965. This page provides - Japan Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Luxembourg decreased to 66.10 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 66.60 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Luxembourg averaged 55.59 percent of GDP from 2002 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 66.60 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 37.40 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2002. This page provides - Luxembourg Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Poland decreased to 34.80 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 35.30 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Poland averaged 22.10 percent of GDP from 1995 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 36.70 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 2015 and a record low of 2.20 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 1996. This page provides - Poland Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Portugal decreased to 63.90 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 64.90 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Portugal averaged 48.66 percent of GDP from 1979 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 92.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 7.60 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 1979. This page provides - Portugal Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in South Africa increased to 34.30 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 34.10 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in South Africa averaged 37.81 percent of GDP from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 43.90 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 2008 and a record low of 33.10 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2017. This page provides - South Africa Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Turkey increased to 14.70 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 14.20 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Turkey averaged 7.26 percent of GDP from 1986 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 19.60 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2013 and a record low of 0.10 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 1988. This page provides - Turkey Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in the United Kingdom decreased to 83.80 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 83.90 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in the United Kingdom averaged 57.29 percent of GDP from 1966 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 94.90 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 28.80 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 1971. This page provides - United Kingdom Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in the United States increased to 75.40 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 75.20 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in the United States averaged 58.59 percent of GDP from 1952 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 98.60 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2007 and a record low of 23.80 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 1952. This page provides - United States Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Mexico decreased to 16.20 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 16.50 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Mexico averaged 12.21 percent of GDP from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 16.50 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 7.70 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2000. This page provides - Mexico Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Argentina increased to 5.40 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 5.30 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Argentina averaged 4.99 percent of GDP from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 7.40 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 2018 and a record low of 2.50 percent of GDP in the first quarter of 2004. This page provides - Argentina Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Israel decreased to 41.70 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 41.80 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Israel averaged 37.95 percent of GDP from 1992 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 41.90 percent of GDP in the second quarter of 2018 and a record low of 28.80 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 1992. This page provides - Israel Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Brazil increased to 30.40 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 29.80 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Brazil averaged 19.08 percent of GDP from 1996 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 30.40 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 10.40 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2003. This page provides - Brazil Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Households Debt in Lithuania increased to 23.06 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 23.05 percent of GDP in the third quarter of 2019. Households Debt To GDP in Lithuania averaged 22.17 percent of GDP from 2003 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 32.60 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of 1.39 percent of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2003. This page provides - Lithuania Households Debt To Gdp- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.