Despite having low government spending, Switzerland scores highly in various public policy outcomes, including health, education and transportation. But, as the population grows and ages, efficiency of public spending will have to rise to maintain low tax rates.

OECD countries have agreed to work towards greater gender equality in public life – including in governments, parliaments and judiciaries – with concrete measures to improve women’s access to leadership and decision-making roles and integrate more of a gender perspective into public policies.

In Hungary, young people want to have bigger families, but concerns over issues like housing and striking a work-life balance appear to be obstacles. In response, the government has introduced a range of family-friendly policies–a vital step in helping families fulfil their dreams and in meeting the challenge of a rapidly ageing population.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, and the 2008 financial meltdown—whose aftershocks are still reverberating globally—have at least one trait in common: they reflected breakdowns in the regulatory process. This is not to say that the principal industry actors in both catastrophes were mere bystanders, but with better regulatory oversight, the disasters could have been prevented.

To achieve a euro area fiscal stance that fosters the recovery, countries with fiscal space under the Stability and Growth Pact rules should use budgetary support to raise growth, and existing incentives and flexibility should be taken advantage of to pursue reforms of tax and spending policies.

The OECD Governance and Territorial Development Directorate has worked closely with United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) on urban development issues. This webpage highlights the complex governance challenges that cities present and offers guidance on how they may be overcome.

The Municipality of Torreon has reached 49% progress in implementing the 267 recommendations delivered by OECD to improve its regulatory framework.

The effect of the size and mix of public spending on growth and inequality

To investigate how public finances could best be designed to promote long-run growth and address inequality, it is essential to have comprehensive, cross-country comparable data on government spending and revenues, along with structural and policy indicators.

This paper provides evidence on the effects of the size and the composition of public spending on long-term growth and inequality.

This new report highlights the latest trends in government innovation. The topics identified through this review are not the only trends and examples in government innovation, but they do provide a glimpse of where government innovation stands today and where it may be going tomorrow.

Towards Gender Equality before the Law

Adopted by the OECD Council on 23 February 2017, this Recommendation provides high-level policy guidance for designing a strategy for addressing the financial impacts of disasters on individuals, businesses and sub-national levels of governments, as well as the implication for public finances.

Women’s representation in parliaments remains a global issue. In 2016, women constituted 23% of parliamentarians over both upper and lower houses combined, with the Pacific, Arab States and Asia having the lowest representation (16.4%, 18.2%, and 19.2% respectively).

Indonesia's fiscal position is generally sound and policy making prudent. However, the country still faces important challenges in terms of economic and social development.

Independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) serve to promote sound fiscal policy and sustainable public finances. This report outlines good practices for their effective design and operation.

This Experts Meeting took place in Reykjavik, Iceland on 18-19 May 2017. Delegates from OECD countries shared practical experiences – successes and challenges – in implementing Gender Budgeting.

Tax reforms are crucial to promoting inclusive growth in India.

This compendium of good practices was prepared by the OECD at the request of the G20 Anti-corruption Working Group (ACWG), to raise awareness of the benefits of the digital transformation in the public sector, including governance, productivity, economic development and social innovation.

The OECD is now developing a new Recommendation on Open Government, which aims to help the countries that will adhere to it design and implement successful open government reforms by identifying a clear, actionable, evidence-based, and common framework for the governance of open government* .

OECD work on the independence of regulators and how to protect them from undue influence. Information includes new data from a survey of 48 regulators across the world.

The 2011 annual report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises focuses on adhering countries' committment to new, stronger standards of corporate behaviour in the updated OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.

Recommendation of the OECD Council on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government

16 November 2015, Antalya - G20 Leaders today endorsed the new global standards on corporate governance that will help policy makers to evaluate and improve their national corporate governance frameworks with a view to promote market-based financing and to boost long-term investment.

A young boy named Kalu, who had been rescued from a carpet-weaving unit in Bihar, once raised a compelling and very significant question when he met then-President Bill Clinton. In conversation with the President, Kalu politely inquired about his plans and policies with regard to the world’s children and their condition.

Paris, 8 March 2017: Taking place on International Women's Day, this OECD-hosted conference considered questions such as gender differences in financial literacy and inclusion; women working in the informal economy and the role of business: gender differences in the changing pensions landscape; empowering women to fight back against corruption and engaging men to support gender equality in the workplace.

8 March 2018, Paris - On the occasion of International Woman's Day, senior decision-makers from the public and corporate worlds, experts, academics and stakeholders considered different policy approaches and implementation tools on how to close gender gaps in the private sector.

Drawing inspiration from 'Fearless Girl', the diminutive and plucky bronze statue that’s been staring down the 3-ton ‘Charging Bull’ on Wall Street for the past year, OECD’s Mathilde Mesnard and Bill Below highlight the importance of gender diversity in corporate leadership.

The OECD advises countries on how to meet future demand for health professionals and how to manage the supply of health workers. This report describes recent trends in the international migration of doctors and nurses in OECD countries.

Military Expenditure in Algeria decreased to 9459 USD Million in 2018 from 10073 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Algeria averaged 2838.20 USD Million from 1969 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 10637 USD Million in 2016 and a record low of 217 USD Million in 1972.

Consumer Spending in Algeria increased to 8568300 DZD Million in 2018 from 8034200 DZD Million in 2017. Consumer Spending in Algeria averaged 3714914.43 DZD Million from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8568300 DZD Million in 2018 and a record low of 1103081.90 DZD Million in 1995. This page provides - Algeria Consumer Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Spending in Algeria decreased to 527605.30 DZD Million in 2018 from 529164.90 DZD Million in 2017. Government Spending in Algeria averaged 366119.65 DZD Million from 1995 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 712707.40 DZD Million in 2015 and a record low of 85906.60 DZD Million in 1995. Government Spending refers to public expenditure on goods and services and is a major component of the GDP. Government spending policies like setting up budget targets, adjusting taxation, increasing public expenditure and public works are very effective tools in influencing economic growth. This page provides - Algeria Government Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Military Expenditure in Gabon decreased to 240 USD Million in 2018 from 267 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Gabon averaged 124.87 USD Million from 1967 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 267 USD Million in 2017 and a record low of 12.60 USD Million in 1968.

Military Expenditure in Afghanistan increased to 204 USD Million in 2018 from 191 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Afghanistan averaged 227.67 USD Million from 2004 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 296 USD Million in 2010 and a record low of 182 USD Million in 2005.

Military Expenditure in Madagascar increased to 72.90 USD Million in 2018 from 66.90 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Madagascar averaged 76.32 USD Million from 1964 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 133 USD Million in 1979 and a record low of 42.80 USD Million in 1964.

Military Expenditure in Namibia decreased to 436 USD Million in 2018 from 458 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Namibia averaged 246.57 USD Million from 1991 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 565 USD Million in 2015 and a record low of 75 USD Million in 1994.

Fiscal Expenditure in Qatar decreased to 192835 QAR Million in 2018 from 203265 QAR Million in 2017. Fiscal Expenditure in Qatar averaged 59512.33 QAR Million from 1974 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 250707 QAR Million in 2014 and a record low of 2464 QAR Million in 1974. Fiscal expenditure refers to the sum of government expenses, including spending on goods and services, investment and transfer payments like social security and unemployment benefits. Fiscal expenditure are part of government budget balance calculation. This page provides - Qatar Fiscal Expenditure- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Spending in Qatar increased to 110645 QAR Million in 2018 from 103350 QAR Million in 2017. Government Spending in Qatar averaged 38478.84 QAR Million from 1974 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 163227 QAR Million in 2013 and a record low of 1942 QAR Million in 1974. Government Spending refers to public expenditure on goods and services and is a major component of the GDP. Government spending policies like setting up budget targets, adjusting taxation, increasing public expenditure and public works are very effective tools in influencing economic growth. This page provides - Qatar Government Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Consumer Spending in Qatar increased to 153620 QAR Million in 2018 from 149491 QAR Million in 2017. Consumer Spending in Qatar averaged 38652.69 QAR Million from 1980 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 153620 QAR Million in 2018 and a record low of 4509 QAR Million in 1980. This page provides - Qatar Consumer Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Military Expenditure in Macedonia decreased to 109 USD Million in 2018 from 112 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Macedonia averaged 136.48 USD Million from 1996 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 370 USD Million in 2001 and a record low of 102 USD Million in 1999.

Personal Spending in the United States decreased 7.50 percent in March of 2020 over the previous month. Personal Spending in the United States averaged 0.52 percent from 1959 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2.80 percent in October of 2001 and a record low of -7.50 percent in March of 2020. Personal consumption expenditures (PCE) is the primary measure of consumer spending on goods and services in the U.S. economy. 1 It accounts for about two-thirds of domestic final spending, and thus it is the primary engine that drives future economic growth. PCE shows how much of the income earned by households is being spent on current consumption as opposed to how much is being saved for future consumption. PCE also provides a comprehensive measure of types of goods and services that are purchased by households. Thus, for example, it shows the portion of spending that is accounted for by discretionary items, such as motor vehicles, or the adjustments that consumers make to changes in prices, such as a sharp run-up in gasoline prices. This page provides the latest reported value for - United States Personal Spending - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Military Expenditure in Botswana decreased to 502 USD Million in 2018 from 522 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Botswana averaged 245.21 USD Million from 1977 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 559 USD Million in 2016 and a record low of 15 USD Million in 1977.

Military Expenditure in Mozambique increased to 129 USD Million in 2018 from 128 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Mozambique averaged 78.71 USD Million from 1980 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 130 USD Million in 2016 and a record low of 37.50 USD Million in 1996.

Consumer Spending in Mozambique increased to 437949.84 MZN Million in 2018 from 422133.24 MZN Million in 2017. Consumer Spending in Mozambique averaged 232087.79 MZN Million from 1991 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 437949.84 MZN Million in 2018 and a record low of 95503.33 MZN Million in 1992. This page provides - Mozambique Consumer Spending- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Spending in Mozambique decreased to 186191.20 MZN Million in 2018 from 197505.30 MZN Million in 2017. Government Spending in Mozambique averaged 104463.18 MZN Million from 2003 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 197505.30 MZN Million in 2017 and a record low of 44589.23 MZN Million in 2003. This page provides - Mozambique Government Spending- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Military Expenditure in Ghana increased to 211 USD Million in 2018 from 189 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Ghana averaged 82.49 USD Million from 1958 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 278 USD Million in 2012 and a record low of 9.40 USD Million in 1983.

Military Expenditure in Cameroon decreased to 405 USD Million in 2018 from 408 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Cameroon averaged 244.14 USD Million from 1970 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 408 USD Million in 2017 and a record low of 139 USD Million in 1972.

Military Expenditure in Tunisia decreased to 856 USD Million in 2018 from 859 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Tunisia averaged 316.53 USD Million from 1961 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 925 USD Million in 2016 and a record low of 48 USD Million in 1965.

Government Spending in Tunisia increased to 21735.60 TND Million in 2018 from 20113.80 TND Million in 2017. Government Spending in Tunisia averaged 8198.64 TND Million from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 21735.60 TND Million in 2018 and a record low of 1769.10 TND Million in 1990. Government Spending refers to public expenditure on goods and services and is a major component of the GDP. Government spending policies like setting up budget targets, adjusting taxation, increasing public expenditure and public works are very effective tools in influencing economic growth. This page provides - Tunisia Government Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Consumer Spending in Tunisia increased to 76118 TND Million in 2018 from 69514.30 TND Million in 2017. Consumer Spending in Tunisia averaged 30095.50 TND Million from 1990 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 76118 TND Million in 2018 and a record low of 6881.10 TND Million in 1990. This page provides - Tunisia Consumer Spending - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.