This note presents marginal effective tax rates (METRs) that summarise the tax system’s impact on the incentives to make an additional investment in a particular type of savings. By comparing METRs on different types of household savings, we can gain insights into which assets or savings types receive the most favourable treatment from the tax system.

壊れた社会的流動性エレベーター？ 社会的流動性を向上させるには 他国と比べて日本は?

A broken social elevator? Key findings for Japan

This country note for Japan provides detail on the proportion of CO2 emissions from energy use subject to different effective carbon rates (ECR), as well as on the level and components of average ECRs in each of the six economic sectors (road transport, off-road transport, industry, agriculture and fishing, residential & commercial, and electricity).

デジタル革命やグローバリゼーション、人口動態の変化によって、OECD 諸国や新興国の労働市場が変貌する一方、政策立案者は生産性及び賃金の成長鈍化や、高水準の所得格差といった問題に懸命に取り組んでいる。新たなOECD 雇用戦略は、これらの難問に対処する国々を支援するために包括的な枠組みと政策提言を提供する。

The digital revolution, globalisation and demographic changes are transforming labour markets at a time when policy makers are also struggling with slow productivity and wage growth and high levels of income inequality. The new OECD Jobs Strategy provides a comprehensive framework and policy recommendations to help countries address these challenges.

The Japanese standard VAT (CT) rate is 8.0%, which is below the OECD average. The average VAT/GST¹ standard rate in the OECD was 19.3% as of 1 January 2019. The previous standard VAT rate in Japan was 5% in 2013. It changed to the current level in 2014. Japan does not have any reduced rates.

Skills-Getting Skills Right-Country Note-Japan

This country highlight puts the spotlight on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people: their numbers, their economic situation and well-being and policies to improve LGBT inclusivity. It also includes a special chapter on people’s perceptions of social and economic risks and presents a selection of social indicators.

Mr. Angel Gurría, Secretary-General of the OECD, will be in Tokyo on 15-16 April 2019 on an Official visit to Japan, to present the OECD 2019 Economic Survey of Japan. During his visit, the Secretary-General will hold bilateral meetings with Prime Minister Abe, as well as several Ministers and other high-level Japanese officials.

生産年齢人口（15歳から64歳）の減少にも関わらず、最近の景気拡大のために日本全体の雇用は着実に増加し、2018年には統計開始から過去最大となった。同年齢層の雇用率についても、過去最高に達している。

Despite a decline in its working-age population (aged 15-64), Japan’s total employment has been increasing steadily due to the recent economic expansion, and in 2018 reached its highest level since records began

Japan’s agriculture sector has traditionally been characterised by small-scale rice production, but has recently begun to respond to new market opportunities for higher value food products across a rapidly growing East Asia. Today, rice represents less than 20% of the value of agriculture production, and larger, more productive, and more profitable farm businesses now account for more than half of total agriculture output.

This document describes the key findings for Japan from the OECD Skills Strategy 2019.

International efforts to improve transparency via automatic exchange of information on financial accounts are improving tax compliance and delivering concrete results for governments worldwide, according to new data released today by the OECD.

OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría and Japan’s Minister of Finance Taro Aso presided today over a signing ceremony to establish a new centre of the OECD International Academy for Tax Crime Investigation in Wako, Japan.

Mr. Angel Gurría was be in Osaka, from 27 to 29 June 2019, to attend the G20 Leaders’ Summit. The Secretary-General held bilateral meetings with high-level officials attending the summit.

At their Summit in Osaka this weekend, G20 leaders agreed on a range of priorities for which analysis and support from the OECD and other international organisations are playing a crucial role.

Japan must step up enforcement of its foreign bribery laws and strengthen the capacities of its law enforcement agencies to proactively detect, investigate and prosecute the foreign bribery offence, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.

Japan's tax-to-GDP ratio was 30.6% in 2016* (latest available data), below the OECD average (34.2%) by 3.6 percentage points, and above the LAC and Africa (21)* averages (22.8% and 18.2%, respectively).

This country note explains how Japan taxes energy use. The note shows the distribution of effective energy tax rates across all domestic energy use. It also details the country-specific assumptions made when calculating effective energy tax rates and matching tax rates to the corresponding energy base.

Japan displays many excellent indicators of population health, including the highest life expectancy in the world. Still, many people are pessimistic about their health – 14% of adults rate their own health poorly – though this partly reflects linguo-cultural differences. Most people lead healthy lifestyles, with low rates of alcohol consumption and the lowest share of adults overweight or obese.

Key findings for Japan from the report "Pensions at a Glance 2019"

The tax-to-GDP ratio in Japan increased by 0.7 percentage points from 30.7% in 2016 to 31.4% in 2017 (latest year available). The corresponding figures for the OECD average were a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 34.4% to 34.2% over the same period.

The tax wedge for the average single worker in Japan remained the same at 32.7 percentage points between 2018 and 2019. The OECD average tax wedge in 2019 was 36.0 (2018, 36.1). In 2019 Japan had the 26th lowest tax wedge among the 36 OECD member countries, occupying the same position in 2018.

Unemployment Rate in Luxembourg increased to 6.10 percent in March from 5.50 percent in February of 2020. Unemployment Rate in Luxembourg averaged 3.79 percent from 1982 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 7.20 percent in May of 2014 and a record low of 1.40 percent in March of 1991. In Luxembourg, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides the latest reported value for - Luxembourg Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Employment Rate in Luxembourg remained unchanged at 67.90 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 67.90 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Employment Rate in Luxembourg averaged 64.06 percent from 1992 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 68.30 percent in the second quarter of 2019 and a record low of 58.50 percent in the second quarter of 1995. In Luxembourg, the employment rate measures the number of people who have a job as a percentage of the working age population. This page provides - Luxembourg Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Imports of Semi-precious Stones & Jewellery in South Africa decreased to 498.15 ZAR Million in March from 757.05 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports of Semi-precious Stones & Jewellery in South Africa averaged 733.38 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 2037.70 ZAR Million in August of 2016 and a record low of 286.25 ZAR Million in December of 2014. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Semi-precious Stones & Jewellery.

Imports: Machinery Mechanical & Electrical Appliances in South Africa decreased to 18160.81 ZAR Million in March from 18707.38 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports: Machinery Mechanical & Electrical Applian in South Africa averaged 21974.09 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 28234.18 ZAR Million in October of 2015 and a record low of 17037.78 ZAR Million in February of 2017. This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Machinery Mechanical & Electrical Appl.

Imports - Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (Cmlv) in South Africa increased to 58464.29 ZAR Million in March from 40305.11 ZAR Million in February of 2020. Imports - Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (Cmlv) in South Africa averaged 139524.15 ZAR Million from 2014 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 281087.47 ZAR Million in December of 2019 and a record low of 20988.93 ZAR Million in January of 2017. South Africa accounts for Imports of Machinery & Mechanical Appliances using cumulative values for each year (CMLV). This page includes a chart with historical data for South Africa Imports of Machinery & Mechanical Appliances (cml.

Unemployment Rate in South Africa remained unchanged at 29.10 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 29.10 percent in the third quarter of 2019. Unemployment Rate in South Africa averaged 25.79 percent from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 30.40 percent in the third quarter of 2002 and a record low of 21.50 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008. In South Africa, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page provides - South Africa Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Gold Production in South Africa decreased to 4.90 percent in January from 24.10 percent in December of 2019. Gold Production in South Africa averaged -4.31 percent from 1981 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 75.70 percent in October of 2013 and a record low of -47.10 percent in October of 2012. In South Africa, gold production accounts for 16 percent of total mining production. This page provides - South Africa Gold Production YoY- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Iraq increased to 924397 in 2001 from 880756 in 2000. Employed Persons in Iraq averaged 864016.38 from 1994 until 2001, reaching an all time high of 924397 in 2001 and a record low of 831523 in 1994. In Iraq, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Iraq Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in China decreased to 77471 Tens of Thousands in 2019 from 77586 Tens of Thousands in 2018. Employed Persons in China averaged 61160.46 Tens of Thousands from 1952 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 77640 Tens of Thousands in 2017 and a record low of 20729 Tens of Thousands in 1952. In China, employed persons refer to persons aged 16 and over, who performed some work for compensation or business gains for one hour or more during the reference period; or who had work units or sites but were temporarily not at work during the reference period. This page provides - China Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Singapore increased to 3778 Thousand in 2019 from 3715.80 Thousand in 2018. Employed Persons in Singapore averaged 2739.03 Thousand from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3778 Thousand in 2019 and a record low of 1714.20 Thousand in 1994. In Singapore, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Singapore Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Mexico increased to 55683450 in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 55201939 in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in Mexico averaged 46203437.18 from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 55683450 in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 37970852 in the third quarter of 2000. In Mexico, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Mexico Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Switzerland increased to 5107 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 5090 Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in Switzerland averaged 4078.60 Thousand from 1975 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 5107 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 3242 Thousand in the third quarter of 1976. In Switzerland, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Switzerland Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Ireland increased to 2350.60 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 2317 Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in Ireland averaged 1988.93 Thousand from 1998 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 2350.60 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 1567.70 Thousand in the first quarter of 1998. In Ireland, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Ireland Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Indonesia increased to 129366192 in 2019 from 127067835 in 2018. Employed Persons in Indonesia averaged 92949445.17 from 1980 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 129366192 in 2019 and a record low of 51192000 in 1980. In Indonesia, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Indonesia Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons In the Euro Area increased to 160.58 Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 160.15 Million in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in the Euro Area averaged 137.69 Million from 1980 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 160.58 Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 117.36 Million in the second quarter of 1984. in the Euro Area, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area Employed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The number of employed persons in France increased to 28540.30 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 28437.90 Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in France averaged 23252.78 Thousand from 1950 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 28540.30 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 19522 Thousand in the first quarter of 1950. In France, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - France Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Angola decreased to 9924.68 Thousands in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 9931.55 Thousands in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in Angola averaged 9643.99 Thousands from 2018 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 9931.55 Thousands in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 9073.32 Thousands in the fourth quarter of 2018. This page provides - Angola Employed Persons- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Ukraine decreased to 15894.90 Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 16209.80 Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in Ukraine averaged 17645.24 Thousand from 2005 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 19465.90 Thousand in the third quarter of 2008 and a record low of 15226.10 Thousand in the first quarter of 2017. This page provides - Ukraine Employed Persons- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in South Africa increased to 10213000 in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 10142000 in the third quarter of 2019. Employed Persons in South Africa averaged 6228623.13 from 1973 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 10213000 in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 3694977 in the first quarter of 1973. In South Africa, employed persons refer to the number of people employed by the business, who received payment (in salaries; wages; commission, in addition to a retainer, salary or wage; piece rates; or payments in kind) for any part of the reference period. This excludes independent contractors and consultants; working proprietors; sole and joint owners; and employees paid on a commission basis where a retainer, salary or wage was not paid. Number of employees refers to the number of people employed at the end of the reference period. This page provides the latest reported value for - South Africa Employed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The number of employed persons in Turkey decreased to 27266 Thousand in January of 2020 from 27658 Thousand in December of 2019. Employed Persons in Turkey averaged 23982.88 Thousand from 2005 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 29318 Thousand in August of 2018 and a record low of 18493 Thousand in February of 2006. In Turkey, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Employed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The number of employed persons in Netherlands decreased to 9040 Thousand in March of 2020 from 9057 Thousand in February of 2020. Employed Persons in Netherlands averaged 8092.19 Thousand from 2000 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 9059 Thousand in January of 2020 and a record low of 6851 Thousand in February of 2000. In Netherlands, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides the latest reported value for - Netherlands Employed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The number of employed persons in South Korea decreased to 26842 Thousand in March of 2020 from 27522 Thousand in February of 2020. Employed Persons in South Korea averaged 24181.95 Thousand from 1999 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 27522 Thousand in February of 2020 and a record low of 20268 Thousand in June of 1999. In South Korea, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - South Korea Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Australia increased to 13017.61 Thousand in March of 2020 from 13015.12 Thousand in February of 2020. Employed Persons in Australia averaged 8997.74 Thousand from 1978 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 13017.61 Thousand in March of 2020 and a record low of 5997.64 Thousand in February of 1978. In Australia, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Australia Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in Luxembourg decreased to 473495 in March of 2020 from 474220 in February of 2020. Employed Persons in Luxembourg averaged 333578.55 from 1995 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 474467 in November of 2019 and a record low of 211007 in January of 1995. In Luxembourg, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides - Luxembourg Employed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The number of employed persons in The United Kingdom increased to 33073 Thousand in January of 2020 from 32985 Thousand in December of 2019. Employed Persons in the United Kingdom averaged 27154.05 Thousand from 1971 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 33073 Thousand in January of 2020 and a record low of 23630 Thousand in April of 1983. In the United Kingdom, employed persons are individuals with a minimum required age who work during a certain time for a business. This page provides the latest reported value for - United Kingdom Employed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.