A fuel additive imparting high lubricity to gasoline and diesel fuels while concurrently increasing miles and reducing emissions. The fuel additive is formed of a plurality of individual components having individual and a combined synergistic effect along with components increasing fuel lubricity which are mixed with a liquid fuel-soluble carrier and added to the fuel supply of internal combustion engines.

A heater in a housing with an opening. The heater reacts with oxygen to produce heat and upon consumption of the oxygen, the heating reaction stops and can be restarted at a later point in time upon the introduction of additional oxygen and is used in a package for heating pre-moistened substrates such as sanitary wipes, and the like.

A two-stage reactor is disclosed for the conversion of solid particulate biomass material. The reactor is designed to maximize conversion of the solid biomass material, while limiting excess cracking of primary reaction products. The two-stage reactor comprises a first stage reactor, in which solid biomass material is thermally pyrolyzed to primary reaction products. The primary reaction products are catalytically converted in a second stage reactor.

A wax composition comprising various waxes and an organically modified polysiloxane (OMP). These materials are mixed and melted into a homogenous liquid state creating a molten blend. It is preferred that the slip agent be added to the blend at least 0.25 percent by weight, and more preferably at 0.50 percent by weight. By mixing OMP with known candle and wax potpourri waxes, the wax becomes much easier to remove from the wax container.

The present invention relates generally to processes for preparing agglomerated particulate low-rank coal feedstocks of a particle size suitable for reaction in a fluidized-bed reactor and certain other gasification reactors and, in particular, for coal gasification and combustion applications. The present invention also relates to integrated coal gasification and combustion processes including preparing and utilizing such agglomerated particulate low-rank coal feedstocks.

A debris collecting and retaining magnet structure for removable disposition in a motor vehicle transmission. The magnet structure is cylindrical and defines a plurality of axially and circumferentially extending and intersecting bars or ribs. The intersecting bars or ribs form a cylindrical cage. The cage is secured to a mounting structure having a radially extending arm or lug with a mounting opening in which a threaded fastener may be installed to secure the magnet assembly to a transmission housing. The mounting structure includes a gasket such as an O-ring to seal it within the transmission. The cylindrical magnet cage exhibits significantly increased surface area relative to conventional magnets thereby increasing the amount of metal particles that may be attracted to and retained by the magnet.

Methods and systems are provided for disinfecting water mains using ultraviolet (UV) light and advanced oxidation processes. One or more UV light sources are provided and secured to a movable device that moves axially in a pipe. The frequency and intensity of the UV light is determined based on characteristics of the pipe, such as its material and size. The rate at which the movable device moves through the pipe is also determined so that the interior surface of the pipe is properly disinfected. The movable device is remotely caused to move through the pipe. An oxidant supply component having a dispensing portion dispenses an oxidizing agent into the pipe. A portion of the emitted UV light may convert the dispensed oxidizing agent into additional oxidizing agents that further disinfect the pipe.

A preparation method of Bacillus subtilis biological composite material loaded with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with core-shell structure includes the following steps: 1) preparation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, 2) preparation of Fe3O4@mSiO2 nanoparticles, 3) preparation of Fe3O4@mSiO2@MANHE nanoparticles; and 4) preparation of Bacillus subtilis@Fe3O4@mSiO2@MANHE composite.

A reverse osmosis (RO) water filtration device includes a body, a RO cartridge, a first cartridge, a second cartridge and a storage tank all mounted inside the body. Water to be filtered sequentially goes through a water inlet of the RO water filtration device, the first cartridge, the RO cartridge, the storage tank, the second cartridge, and a faucet to get the water filtered. The storage tank provides additional water supply when the pressure between the faucet and RO cartridge is below the water pressure inside the storage tank to increase water volume upon opening a faucet.

A pollution mitigation system is disclosed. The system can include a valve forming a passage the valve installable to form an orifice in a storm drain retention chamber that passes storm water into a conduit of a storm water management system. The valve having a stem connected to a closure member that can plug the orifice. The valve can have a spring loaded actuator that can move the closure member into a closed position. The system can also include a node such as a wireless sensor node or a mote that has sensors, a transceiver, an antenna, a microcontroller, memory, an energy source and at least one output to control movement of the closure member via the preloaded actuator. The node can have an output that provides the stimulus to the preloaded actuator to cause the preloaded actuator to move the closure member to a position that obstructs the passage in response to either the sensor or a transmission from a mobile telephone such as a cell phone or a smartphone.

ACT for America, which the Southern Poverty Law Center has designated as an anti-muslim hate group, showed up on Saturday morning in cities nationwide, dubbing its protest a "March Against Sharia." Berkeley was spared, but the group appeared in nearby Santa Clara, and in Roseville, a suburb of Sacramento.…

Disclosed are methods and compositions for detecting the presence of a cancer in a subject and assessing the efficacy of treatments for the same. The disclosed method use reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex polymerase chain reaction techniques as well as Template Exchange Extension Reaction (TEER) to detect the presence of point mutations, truncations, or fusions of anaplastic lymphoma kinase.

Compositions and methods for detecting Trichomonas vaginalis are provided.

The present invention provides a method for imaging microtentacles on isolated, living, non-adherent primary tumor cells from a cancer subject comprising: i) obtaining one or more living, non-adherent primary tumor cells that has been isolated from a solid tumor from the subject; and ii) imaging the one or more living, non-adherent primary tumor cells and detecting the microtentacles.

An assay system and method for use in the field of chemical testing is disclosed. The assay system can be used for filtering whole blood for testing on an integrated circuit containing digital control functionality.

Multi-biotinylated reactants are provided which can be used in divalent complexes for various applications such as colocalization, labeling, immobilization, and purification. Methods for constructing, purifying, and using the bis-biotinylated reactants are also provided. In certain embodiments, two bis-biotinylated reactants are bound to a single streptavidin tetramer to provide a complex having a 1:1 stoichiometry with respect to the bis-biotinylated reactants.

Viruses and other bioagents are of high medical and biodefense concern and their detection at concentrations well below the threshold necessary to cause health hazards continues to be a challenge with respect to sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity. Ideally, assays for accurate and real time detection of viral agents and other bioagents would not necessitate any pre-processing of the analyte, which would make them applicable for example to bodily fluids (blood, sputum) and man-made as well as naturally occurring bodies of water (pools, rivers). We describe herein a robust biosensor that combines the sensitivity of surface acoustic waves (SAW) generated at a frequency of 325 MHz with the specificity provided by antibodies and other ligands for the detection of viral agents. In preferred embodiments, a lithium tantalate based SAW transducer with silicon dioxide waveguide sensor platform featuring three test and one reference delay lines was used to adsorb antibodies directed against Coxsackie virus B4 or the negative-stranded category A bioagent Sin Nombre virus (SNV), a member of the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae, negative-stranded RNA viruses. Rapid detection (within seconds) of increasing concentrations of viral particles was linear over a range of order of magnitude for both viruses, although the sensor was approximately 50×104-fold more sensitive for the detection of SNV. For both pathogens, the sensor's selectivity for its target was not compromised by the presence of confounding Herpes Simplex virus type 1. The biosensor was able to detect SNV at doses lower than the load of virus typically found in a human patient suffering from hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Further, in a proof-of-principle real world application, the SAW biosensor was capable of selectively detecting SNV agents in complex solutions, such as naturally occurring bodies of water (river, sewage effluent) without analyte pre-processing.

This invention publicizes a chronic renal disease diagnostic kit, comprised of FGF23 monoclonal antibody, biotin labeling reagent Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin, PBS buffer solution (pH7.0, 0.1M), casein saline solution, streptomycin avidin and substrate TMB. The labeling condition is the weight ratio of FGF23 antibody and Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin, which is 1:5-1:12. The dilution ratio of streptomycin avidin is 1:3000. The lowest testing threshold limit value of FGF23 kit is 10 pg/ml, whose sensitivity is 10 times higher than that of common monoclonal antibody, which is very significant for early diagnose of chronic renal disease.

The present invention relates to in vitro methods of assessing the susceptibility or responsiveness of a subject to the treatment with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor/antagonist, wherein the subject has been diagnosed or suspected of suffering from inflammation-associated. These methods comprise determining the level of expression of EGFR in myeloid cells in a sample from the subject, wherein an expression of EGFR in the myeloid cells is indicative of the subject being susceptible to the treatment with an EGFR inhibitor/antagonist. The invention also relates to EGFR inhibitors/antagonists for use in the treatment or amelioration of inflammation-associated cancer. The invention furthermore provides in vitro methods of prognosing the survival time, progression-free survival time or disease course of a subject that has been diagnosed or suspected of suffering from from inflammation-associated cancer. In addition thereto, the invention relates to in vitro diagnostic methods of assessing the proneness of a subject to develop inflammation-associated cancer in which the expression of EGFR is determined in myeloid cells from the subject.

The present invention provides an approach for the determination of the activation states of a plurality of proteins in single cells. This approach permits the rapid detection of heterogeneity in a complex cell population based on activation states, expression markers and other criteria, and the identification of cellular subsets that exhibit correlated changes in activation within the cell population. Moreover, this approach allows the correlation of cellular activities or properties. In addition, the use of modulators of cellular activation allows for characterization of pathways and cell populations. Several exemplary diseases that can be analyzed using the invention include AML, MDS, and MPN.

The present invention relates to an in vitro method of diagnosing chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in a subject, said method comprising the steps of: a) Detecting a monocyte population in a biological sample from said subject; b) Quantifying the CD14+/CD16− monocytes in said biological sample; c) Comparing the value of step b) to a reference value; and d) Diagnosing CMML based on said comparison. Preferably, said detecting step a) is performed by an exclusion gating strategy by flow cytometry.

A method to detect prostate cancer comprising contacting a sample of prostate cells from the patient with a set of detectably labeled probes under hybridization conditions and determining the presence of chromosomal abnormalities in prostate tumor tissue, PIN (intra-epithelial neoplasia), histologically benign tissue and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); a method to combine immunofluorescence and FISH (IF-FISH) to facilitate the assessment of chromosomal abnormalities; a set of probes; and a kit comprising the set of probes and instructions for diagnosing prostate cancer in a patient.

We have discovered a protein in humans, herein referred to as collagen like gene (CLG) product (SEQ ID NOS: 12 and 13), that is expressed in human prostate cancer and breast cancer cell lines but not in normal adult, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney or pancreas tissues. We have also discovered that the level of CLG mRNA expression correlates positively with the metastatic potential of the cancer cell lines tested.

In sporadic Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary lesion formation is preceded by extensive post-translational modification of the microtubule associated protein tau. Immunoassays have been developed recently that detect tau in biological specimens, thus providing a means for pre-mortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, which has remained elusive. These assays have been improved by the analysis of relevant post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, however opportunity for improvement remains. The present invention addresses this issue by disclosing synthetic methylated peptides derived from the tau protein of paired helical filaments and non-diseased control brain. Alzheimer's disease specificity is provided by the presence or absence of methyl moieties on lysine residues and differences between mono-, di-, and tri-methylation. The methylated peptide is useful as an antigen and a binding partner for identifying compounds that interact with the peptide and the methylated tau protein, including antibodies that can distinguish non-diseased brain from that affected by Alzheimer's disease. The resulting antibodies are useful diagnostically and therapeutically. The compounds that specifically bind to methylated tau proteins are useful for eliminating abnormally methylated tau.

Provided are a detection agent for detecting hydroxy vitamin D, preparation method thereof, and use thereof in 25-hydroxy vitamin D immunological detection. The detection agent comprises a conjugate formed by a 25-hydroxy vitamin D antigen derivative and protein carrier, and magnetic spheres coated by the conjugate. Also provided is a 25-hydroxy vitamin D detection kit comprising the detection agent.

The invention relates to a device for thermally disconnecting or tripping an overvoltage protection device, comprising: a locking element (A1), on which a first force (F1) acts, and which is fixed in such a way that same is released when a limit temperature is exceeded; and a slider (S1) which is blocked in a first state (Z1) by the fixed locking element (A1), and on which a second force (F2) acts in order to transfer same into a second state (Z2) when the locking element (A1) is released.

An overvoltage protection device includes a resistor that is connected in series between an internal signal line connected to a communication terminal of a processor and a communication line, a diode of which a cathode is connected to the internal signal line and an anode is connected to a ground, and a PNP transistor of which a base is connected to a power supply terminal, an emitter is connected to the internal signal line, and a collector is connected to the ground. When a base-emitter voltage (a junction saturation voltage) of the transistor in operation is defined as VBE and a power source is turned on (a voltage V1) by the operation of the transistor, a voltage of the internal signal line is limited to the source voltage V1+VBE. When the power source is turned off (a voltage 0 V), the voltage of the internal signal line is limited to the source voltage 0 V+VBE.

An electrical energy receiving end capable of overvoltage protection and a wireless electrical energy transmission device are provided. An electrical energy receiving coil is divided into a first receiving coil and a second receiving coil, so that under normal operation the first receiving coil and the second receiving coil jointly resonate with an impedance matching network to receive energy. When the electrical energy receiving end has an overvoltage, the first receiving coil and the impedance matching network (or the second receiving coil and the impedance matching network) form a loop, and due to the impedance mismatch, the energy received by the electrical energy receiving end is greatly reduced to solve the problem of overvoltage at the electrical energy receiving end.

In accordance with disclosed embodiments, there are provided methods, systems, and apparatuses for implementing a magnetic particle embedded flexible substrate, a printed flexible substrate for a magnetic tray, or an electro-magnetic carrier for magnetized or ferromagnetic flexible substrates. For instance, in accordance with one embodiment, there are means disclosed for fabricating a flexible substrate having one or more electrical interconnects to couple with leads of an electrical device; integrating magnetic particles or ferromagnetic particles into the flexible substrate; supporting the flexible substrate with a carrier plate during one or more manufacturing processes for the flexible substrate, in which the flexible substrate is held flat against the carrier plate by an attractive magnetic force between the magnetic particles or ferromagnetic particles integrated with the flexible substrate and a complementary magnetic attraction of the carrier plate; and removing the flexible substrate from the carrier plate subsequent to completion of the one or more manufacturing processes for the flexible substrate. Other related embodiments are disclosed.

A package includes a conductive pad, with a plurality of openings penetrating through the conductive pad. A dielectric layer encircles the conductive pad. The dielectric layer has portions filling the plurality of openings. An Under-Bump Metallurgy (UBM) includes a via portion extending into the dielectric layer to contact the conductive pad. A solder region is overlying and contacting the UBM. An integrated passive device is bonded to the UBM through the solder region.

According to one embodiment, a storage device includes an enclosure, and a circuit board assembly in the enclosure. The circuit board assembly includes a first circuit board, a second circuit board opposed to the first circuit board, a third circuit board opposed to the second circuit board, a first connector connecting the first and second circuit boards to each other, a second connector connecting the second and third circuit boards to each other, and is offset to the first connector in a plane direction, a first spacer between the first and second circuit boards, and a second spacer between the second and third circuit boards. The first spacer includes a support body at a position opposed to the second connector and in contact with the first and second circuit boards.

According to one embodiment, a storage device includes an enclosure, and a circuit board assembly in the enclosure. The circuit board assembly includes a first circuit board on which a heat-producing component is mounted, a second circuit board, a third circuit board, a first connector connecting the first and second circuit boards, a second connector connecting the second and third circuit boards, a first spacer sandwiched between the first and second circuit boards, and a second spacer sandwiched between the second and third circuit boards. The first spacer includes a spacer frame, a partition member opposed to the heat-producing component with a gap between, and a thermal transfer member attached to the partition member and in contact with the first circuit board.

CHRISTINE Cassell (letters 28th April) asks a pertinent question when she enquires where the responsibility for the problem with PPEs for front line NHS workers lies.

Embodiments are directed to an electromagnetic memory device having a memory cell and an encapsulation layer formed over the memory cell. The memory cell may include a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), and the encapsulation layer may be formed from a layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Amorphous silicon improves the coercivity of the MTJ but by itself is conductive. Adding hydrogen to amorphous silicon passivates dangling bonds of the amorphous silicon, thereby reducing the ability of the resulting hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer to provide a parasitic current path to the MTJ. The hydrogenated amorphous silicon layer may be formed using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which can be tuned to enable a hydrogen level of approximately 10 to approximately 20 percent. By keeping subsequent processing operations at or below about 400 Celsius, the resulting layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon can maintain its hydrogen level of approximately 10 to 20 percent.

A method of making a MRAM device includes forming a magnetic tunnel junction on an electrode, the magnetic tunnel junction comprising a reference layer positioned in contact with the electrode, a tunnel barrier layer arranged on the reference layer, and a free layer arranged on the tunnel barrier layer; and depositing an encapsulating layer on and along sidewalls of the magnetic tunnel junction; wherein the exposing of the magnetic tunnel junction to hydrogen plasma is performed at a temperature from about 150 to about 250° C. An MRAM device including an encapsulating layer comprising either silicon nitride or aluminum oxide is also provided.

A magnetic element is provided. The magnetic element includes a free magnetization layer having a surface area that is approximately 1,600 nm2 or less, the free magnetization layer including a magnetization state that is configured to be changed; an insulation layer coupled to the free magnetization layer, the insulation layer including a non-magnetic material; and a magnetization fixing layer coupled to the insulation layer opposite the free magnetization layer, the magnetization fixing layer including a fixed magnetization so as to be capable of serving as a reference of the free magnetization layer.

The present disclosure provides a method for packaging an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel. The method includes providing a first substrate and a second substrate; forming a first bonding layer in a packaging region of the first substrate; and forming a second bonding layer in a packaging region of the second substrate. The method also includes bonding the first substrate with the second substrate by molecular bonding between the first bonding layer and the second bonding layer.

A gas turbine that includes: a combustor coupled to a turbine that define a working fluid flowpath; a compressor discharge cavity; a staged injection system that includes the forward injector and a staged injector; a stator blade positioned extending across the working fluid flowpath between an inboard sidewall and an outboard sidewall. A one-way continuous coolant flowpath that includes: an intake section that comprises an upstream port connected to the compressor discharge cavity and a downstream port formed through one of the inboard and outboard sidewalls; an outtake section that comprises a downstream port connected to the staged injector and an upstream port formed through the same one of the inboard and outboard sidewalls; and a cooling circuit extending through an interior of the airfoil of the stator blade and connecting to the downstream port of the intake section and the upstream port of the outtake section.

An axial fuel staging injector for a gas turbine includes a body. The body includes an upstream end and a downstream end. The body defines a primary compressed air flow path through which compressed air flows from a compressed air source to a transition duct of a gas turbine combustor. The body includes a plurality of outlets disposed on an interior surface thereof. Each outlet of the plurality of outlets includes a secondary fuel conduit in fluid communication with a secondary fuel source, and includes a first wall that defines a secondary fuel path. The secondary compressed air conduit is in fluid communication with a compressed air source, and includes a second wall disposed about the first wall in a substantially coannular arrangement, wherein the first wall and the second wall define a secondary compressed air flow path. Each outlet is configured to inject a secondary fuel and compressed air into the primary compressed air flow path in a direction transverse to the primary compressed air flow path forming a fuel-air mixture.

The invention relates to a storage tank (1) in a motor vehicle for receiving an aqueous urea solution for the SCR of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas. The storage tank (1) comprises a tank body which forms a storage volume (2) for the urea solution. The storage tank (1) furthermore comprises a filling pipe for filling the storage volume (2) and means for venting the storage volume (2) during the refuelling, wherein the filling pipe (3) has a filling head (9) at a remote end, and the filling head (9) forms an orifice stub (10). The orifice stub (10) defines an orifice (11) for receiving a fuel pump nozzle. Said orifice stub furthermore has an external thread for receiving a complementary union thread of a refuelling cylinder for refuelling by the gas displacement method. The orifice stub forms at least one secondary air opening when the refuelling cylinder is attached, and therefore, when a refuelling cylinder is attached, a sealing seat is bridged by the refuelling cylinder and refuelling by the gas displacement method is possible even if counterflow venting through the filling tube (3) does not take place.

Various embodiments of the invention can include a portable power system with multiple power generation modes and mode based adjustable drag configuration. Embodiments of the invention include a system with an adjustable inlet ram air inlet, a ram air powered section (e.g. a ram air powered turbine with an adjustable ram air inlet), a fuel powered section, e.g., jet fuel powered auxiliary power unit, which is used when insufficient ram air is present or a power surge requires augmented power generation, and a generator section selectively coupled with the ram air powered section and the fuel powered section.

A thermal heat storage system is provided, including a storage tank, a heat injection system and a heat recovery system. The storage tank holds a material for thermal storage. The heat injection system is coupled to an intake on the storage tank. The heat recovery system is coupled to an output on the storage tank and also uses vapor under depressurized conditions for heat transfer.

An electro-hydraulic actuation system includes a regeneration valve in fluid communication with a first fluid chamber and a second fluid chamber of a hydraulic actuator, and a dump valve is in fluid communication with the second fluid chamber and a fluid reservoir. A pump provides a flow of fluid to the first and second fluid chambers, a displacement of the pump controlling a velocity of the actuator during motion in the retraction and extension directions. An electric motor drives the pump, and a controller controls a state of the regeneration valve and the dump valve. At least one feedback device senses a system condition and provides a respective feedback signal indicative of the sensed system condition to the controller, the controller responsive to the feedback signal to determine an occurrence of an over-center load condition and control a state of the regeneration valve and the dump valve in response to the occurrence to maintain the velocity of the actuator.

A pattern-forming method includes providing a first ion beam at a first incidence angle and a second ion beam at a second incidence angle to a surface of an etch target layer formed on a substrate. Patterns are formed by patterning the etch target layer using the first and second ion beams. The first ion beam and the second ion beam are substantially symmetrical to each other with respect to a normal line that is perpendicular to a top surface of the substrate. Each of the first and second incidence angles is greater than 0 degrees and smaller than an angle obtained by subtracting a predetermined angle from 90 degrees.

A machine (1) and a method for thermobonding using an emission of electromagnetic waves (13), for example microwaves, to activate one or a plurality of adhesive layers located between a support and one or a plurality of layers of flexible covering, through a bed of particles (4) fluidized by a humidified gas. A multi-layer upholstery item including at least one non-permeable layer and produced in a single operation is also described.

A vapor compression system comprising a centrifugal compressor (22) having: an inlet (24); an outlet (26); a first impeller stage (28); a second impeller stage (30); and a motor (34) coupled to the first impeller stage and second impeller stage. A first heat exchanger (38) is downstream of the outlet along a refrigerant flowpath. An expansion device (56) and a second heat exchanger (64) are upstream of the inlet along the refrigerant flowpath. A bypass flowpath (120; 320) is positioned to deliver refrigerant from the compressor bypassing the first heat exchanger. A valve (128) is positioned to control flow through the bypass flowpath, wherein: the bypass flowpath extends from a first location (140) intermediate the inlet and outlet to a second location (142; 342) downstream of the first heat exchanger along the refrigerant flowpath.

A variable refrigerant package air conditioner is shown that is easy to install in new construction with a unique base that causes collected mixture that overflows to drain outside the building. A control system is shown that has motors and compressor that are pulse width modulated so the air conditioner is infinitely variable while maintaining the highest possible power factor. Dehumidification of outside air occurs as it is mixed with inside air. By gradually approaching a temperature set point and even reheating after dehumidification, moisture is removed from the room.

Apparatus for and method of rapidly chilling a beverage in which a vessel having high thermal mass relative to the amount of beverage to be introduced into the vessel is cooled through contact with a cooling module to a temperature low enough that a volume of beverage introduced into the vessel is rapidly cooled.

A system includes first and second compressors arranged in parallel, a condenser, expansion device, evaporator, and flow control device fluidly connected. The first compressor includes a first lubricant sump and the second compressor including a second lubricant sump. A lubricant transfer conduit fluidly connects the first lubricant sump and the second lubricant sump. The flow control device is disposed between the evaporator and the first and second compressors, and includes a fluid inlet and two fluid outlets. A first of the two fluid outlets is fluidly connected to the first compressor, a second of the two fluid outlets is fluidly connected to the second compressor. The second fluid outlet includes a nozzle disposed within a flow passage of the flow control device such that a space is maintained between an outer surface of the nozzle and an inner surface of the flow passage.

A novel process for activating available compressors in multiple compressor air conditioning systems, using an Optimum Stage-Up Process. This process is programmed into a controller as an algorithm, to provide a process for fast compressor start. This process shortens the time to initiate operation of compressors in a multi-compressor air conditioning system required to meet the demand call under any load condition, and hence shortens the time required for the actual sensed interior region air temperature to reach the interior region temperature set point. The Optimum Stage-up Algorithm estimates the number of compressor stages or steps that must be initiated, based on sensed or measured values, to meet the demand at any load condition. These measured values include the sensed temperature of the interior region being cooled, which is compared to the temperature set point of this interior region as well as measured mixed air temperature and supply air temperature.