Kremkau, Frederick W., author

Devereaux, Edwin, 1932- author

Herring, William, author

Muscolino, Joseph E., author

Keel, Pamela K., author

Férard, Georges, author

Kanne, Jeffrey P., author

Watson, Dean H., author

Milner, Danny A., Jr. (Danny Arnold), author

Lee, Yong Heng, author

Vizniak, Nikita A

Stevens, Christine Dorresteyn, author

Roth, Christopher G., author

Jarvis, Carolyn, author

Vizniak, Nikita A, author

Toennies, Klaus D., author

Burtis, Carl A

Bickley, Lynn S., author

Simon, Roger P., author

American College of Sports Medicine, author, issuing body

Kisner, Carolyn, author

Faulkner, Timothy J., author

Fischbach, Margaret A

Hashemi, Ray H., author

Pagana, Kathleen Deska, 1952- author

Goodman, Catherine Cavallaro, author

Neumann, Donald A., author

Garza, Diana, author

Vizniak, Nikita A., author

In an era of slowing economic growth, Asian countries face an imperative to boost productivity. One possible source of economic revitalization would be to make better use of women in the labor force. Although female representation in corporate leadership has been rising gradually over time, as of 2017, women comprised only 16 percent of executive officers and 11 percent of board members in publicly listed firms in Asia. Research shows that Asian firms with female executive officers and board members perform better in terms of net profit margin and return on assets than firms that lack females in leadership positions. Public policy can improve this gender gap. For one thing, countries that produce large numbers of female college graduates in fields such as law, business, or economics tend to generate more female corporate executives.

Refer to the Appendix for additional data and a detailed exposition of data collection and cleaning.

A "New Arctic" is emerging that is functionally operating in a dramatically changed—and rapidly changing—world order. This New Arctic is a direct consequence of unprecedented changes in the global climate system and concurrent transformations in the geopolitical world, all of which further drive changes in the Arctic, which in turn have global consequences. The scale of change in this New Arctic presents a new and shifting reality, with global reach. These rapid changes provide new venues and opportunities that affect the interests of Arctic coastal nations and high-north businesses and governance. Finally, a new international multi-decadal-scale agenda is emerging that increasingly focuses on four major changes, with international and domestic consequences: climate change, global and Arctic regional socio-economic change, challenges that affect human and societal well-being, and geopolitical realities.

Population aging will leave many of Asia's economies increasingly dependent on an aging, and eventually a shrinking, workforce. Historically, an aging workforce has been seen as an impediment to economic growth. Experience from economies in advanced stages of aging suggests, however, that population aging can induce innovation and adoption of new technologies and so promote productivity and sustained growth. But there is no guarantee that all aging societies stand to benefit. Countries in Asia need to adopt technologies appropriate for their level of demographic transition, facilitate learning across all ages, and encourage regional cooperation for the most efficient use of their work forces and other resources.

The current COVID-19 pandemic, which started in Wuhan, China, underscores what the public health community has warned about for more than two decades—the risk of viral diseases capable of spreading from animal to human hosts. The first outbreaks of “bird flu” (highly pathogenic avian influenza—HPAI, subtype H5N1)—raised similar concerns 20 years ago, concerns that have persisted with the outbreak of SARS in 2002–2004 and COVID-19 today. A recent study compared information on infrastructure and other aspects of economic development in Vietnam with outbreaks of avian influenza. While this research focuses on avian influenza in Vietnam, the study of links between infrastructure characteristics and new and reemerging health risks has broad applicability, especially given the global importance of today’s rapidly expanding urban landscapes.

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