A researcher may have many reasons for wanting to establish new laboratory colonies from field-collected mosquitoes. In particular, the ability to study the diversity found within and among natural populations in a controlled laboratory environment opens up a wide range of possibilities for understanding how and why burdens of vector-borne disease vary over space and time. However, field-collected mosquitoes are often more difficult to work with than established laboratory strains, and considerable logistical challenges are involved in safely transporting field-collected mosquitoes into the laboratory. Here, we provide advice for researchers working with Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex pipiens, as well as notes on other closely related species. We provide guidance on each stage of the life cycle and highlight the life stages for which it is easiest to initiate new laboratory colonies for each species. In accompanying protocols, we provide methods detailing Ae. aegypti egg collection and hatching as well as how to transport larvae and pupae from the field.

Sleep is likely a whole-brain phenomenon, with most of the brain probably benefiting from this state of decreased arousal. Recent advances in our understanding of some potential sleep functions, such as metabolite clearance and synaptic homeostasis, make it evident why the whole brain is likely impacted by sleep: All neurons have synapses, and all neurons produce waste metabolites. Sleep experiments in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that diverse sleep functions appear to be conserved across all animals. Studies of brain activity during sleep in humans typically involve multidimensional data sets, such as those acquired by electroencephalograms (EEGs) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and these whole-brain read-outs often reveal important qualities of different sleep stages, such as changes in frequency dynamics or connectivity. Recently, various techniques have been developed that allow for the recording of neural activity simultaneously across multiple regions of the fly brain. These whole-brain-recording approaches will be important for better understanding sleep physiology and function, as they provide a more comprehensive view of neural dynamics during sleep and wake in a relevant model system. Here, we present a brief summary of some of the findings derived from sleep activity recording studies in sleeping Drosophila flies and discuss the value of electrophysiological versus calcium imaging techniques. Although these involve very different preparations, they both highlight the value of multidimensional data for studying sleep in this model system, like the use of both EEG and fMRI in humans.

The establishment of neural connectivity is a major part of neural development. The central nervous system (CNS) midline is the most characterized axon guidance choice point, and work in Drosophila has played a pivotal role in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible. Axons respond to attractive cues such as Netrin via the Frazzled receptor, and repulsive cues such as Slit via Robo receptors. Both signals are expressed at the CNS midline, affect pioneer axons, and have dramatic effects on the axon scaffold as a whole. Here, we focus on previous research analyzing classic mutants in the Slit/Robo pathway, which can readily be detected with a dissecting microscope. We also discuss analyzing these mutants in a teaching lab situation. The combination of sophisticated genetics and reliable axonal markers in Drosophila allows phenotypic analysis to be performed at the single-cell level. The elaborate architecture of neurons is very sensitive to disruption by genetic mutations, allowing the effects of novel mutations to be easily detected and assessed.

Social workers in Bar, Montenegro, introduce OM workers to “hidden” people, enabling them to give holistic help, which the social workers alone could not provide.

OM worker Jelena desires to help the broken hearted and see local believers grow. Read what God has done in her life.

OM Montenegro partners with Serbian singer-songwriter Dejan Milinov to bring worship music to believers in their own language.

Ongoing practical friendship wins the trust of a family in Montenegro, opening a door of hope for their future.

With 3D CAD, Company Reduces Design Cycle from Three Weeks to Three or Four Days

Switch to SolidWorks 3D CAD and Simulation Software Delivers Productivity Increase over AutoCAD

Austrian manufacturer also optimizes creation of assembly documentation and related bills of material

Eliminates the Cost and Complexity of Maintaining Online Parts Catalogs; Improves Search, Navigation, and Communication for Engineers Seeking 3D Part Models

Solutions Catch Problems Early and Drive Cost Out of Designs

New Licensing, Support Programs For Certification Accompany Software Upgrades

Non-Profit Cooperative Assembled Virtual Team to Prove $1,000 Incubator Was Possible, Safe, and Reliable

Curventa and RuRoc Adapt Original Design for Formula One Pit Crew Safety Wear

Ramac Analyzes Design With SolidWorks SustainabilityXpress, Finds Alternatives That Consume Fewer Resources

Easy-to-Learn CAD Software Keeps Ideas Flowing

Island Sky invents green humanitarian solution using SolidWorks 3D CAD and Simulation software

SolidWorks CAD Software Enables Engineering Students to Fit ‘CubeSat’ Components Into a Four-Inch Square Box

Fabricators & Manufacturers Association teams with SolidWorks to encourage students to get formal manufacturing training

U.K.

World's largest stainless steel residential sink maker standardizes on SolidWorks, cuts new product line design time in half

SolidWorks 3D mechanical design and COSMOS design analysis software play key roles in developing regulator that reached more than 1,000 feet deep

DWGgateway plug-in lets AutoCAD users share designs with virtually anyone

New design increases user leverage and mobility, and keeps hands clean

M G Bennett & Associates designs machine to help test U.K. 's oldest major suspension bridge

California

#1 3D mechanical design software helps company quickly design very large assemblies

Team gears up for the America's Cup in 2007 by creating SolidWorks 3D models to gain higher performance from almost every aspect of the racing yacht

MatWeb's new export engine pipes data from its 47,000 material information sheetsdirectly into SolidWorks and COSMOSWorks

3D mechanical design and analysis capabilities help Ohio company speed products to market, recouping thousands in potentially lost revenue per day

Permasteelisa selects 1,200 licenses of SolidWorks 3D modeling software to more quickly satisfy clients' high expectations for beautiful and unparalleled function

Robust design helps withstand challenging competitive conditions as team takes first round in America 's Cup qualifying races

Besser Company has significantly compressed its mold design cycle

Software will foster supply chain efficiency through better customer, partner, supplier communication

Company purchases 80 licenses of SolidWorks after benchmark testing demonstrates 3x to 7x performance advantage

SolidWorks' dominance in Mexican industry prompts purchase of 300 seats at leading academic institution

World's largest supplier of food weighing machines to automate custom product configuration with 3D CAD software

Customers will be able to pick a flavor and a mix-in and walk off with fresh dessert in less than a minute

Cutting days and weeks from design cycle gives Syncroness more time to focus on designing lightweight, high performance products

Longtime U.K. office furniture maker streamlines custom, quality product development

Company's award-winning designs pack big performance into small spaces, bringing great sound to elegant homes

New 3D CAD software increases productivity, quality, and efficiency

SOLIDWORKS and COSMOS analysis software help legendary Italian manufacturer speed innovations to market

Automation of time-consuming analysis tasks and support for popular CAD programs gives designers and engineers a safety net for experimenting with new product designs

New Tango accelerates like a Porsche, trumps gridlock like a motorcycle

Training on 3D CAD application gives students vital skills for competing in world engineering market