Este documento es parte de una consultoría del IFPRI con el Banco Mundial para apoyar al gobierno de Argentina, y en particular al Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca (MAGyP), en el análisis de los derechos o impuestos de exportación (DEXs), llamados también retenciones en la Argentina. Este es un tema con importantes implicaciones políticas, económicas y sociales.

The IDB-funded PFPAS program has provided an important financial injection into Nicaragua’s agricultural research system during 2013–2018. The program has made important strides in rehabilitating some of INTA’s run-down research infrastructure, in offering degree and short-term training to research staff, and in strengthening linkages between agricultural research and producers.

En 2022, el mundo se enfrentó a múltiples crisis. Continuaron las perturbaciones de los sistemas alimentarios debidas a la prolongada pandemia de COVID-19, las grandes catástrofes naturales, los disturbios civiles y la inestabilidad política, así como los crecientes efectos del cambio climático, mientras la guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania y la inflación agravaban una crisis mundial de alimentos y fertilizantes.

"Miles Morales, the Ultimate Universe's newest Spider-Man, is back in action with a new status quo and a new outlook on life! But now Miles must face with the worst nightmare of the Spider-Man legacy: Norman Osborn, the Green Goblin— the man who killed Peter Parker! Or did he … ? Even as new villains start coming out of the woodwork, Miles finds himself with— a girlfriend! Her name is Katie Bishop, but she has a secret … and it's bad news for Spider-Man! As Miles makes a life-changing decision, he discovers a mind-blowing truth about his family! But what does it have to do with S.H.I.E.L.D.? Doctor Doom steps from the shadows and Spider-Man gathers the mighty Ultimates— but no matter what happens next, this might be the end of the world for Miles Morales!" -- Description provided by publisher.

"A fascinating and entertaining biography of Alexander Hamilton, in graphic novel format. Alexander Hamilton: The Fighting Founding Father!tells the story of one of the most ambitious and controversial figures in American history in a graphic novel format. From a rough childhood on the Caribbean island of Nevis to the highest levels of American politics, Alexander Hamilton's life was filled with adventure, conflict, and controversy. Full-color illustrations and an entertaining narrative make this graphical biography of America's first Secretary of the Treasury accessible for readers of all ages." -- Provided by publisher.

Western Jane Candia Coleman is a natural storyteller whose characters come from the lands between the southwestern valleys of Arizona and the Gila Mountains of New Mexico. The night Billy the Kid died is hauntingly depicted in Corrido for Billy. Lady Flo is a memoir, based on historical fact, of the black wife of an Irish nobleman. Moving On depicts a young girl abandoned by her family who finds her way with an itinerant Jewish peddler. And Are You Coming Back, Phin Montana? is the winner of the 1995 Spur Award for Best Western Short Fiction. Each story embodies the finest elements of Western fiction imitations of hope, vulnerability, and courage.

Overcoming your pain-proven strategies for grief recovery Coping with loss is difficult, but that doesn't mean you have to suffer alone. Based on the proven-effective acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) treatment, Moving Through Grief provides simple and effective techniques to help you get unstuck and start living a rich and fulfilling life again, loss and all. ACT is all about embracing what hurts and committing to actions that will improve and enrich your life. Whether you're dealing with the loss of a loved one, your health, home, or even career, Moving Through Grief provides you with creative exercises that will help you work through your pain and reconnect with the things you love. In Moving Through Grief, you will learn: - How you can show up for your life and experience joy and satisfaction again, even as you work through the pain of your loss -Ddiscover how the six tools of ACT-values, committed action, acceptance, being present, cognitive diffusion, and self-as-context-can ease your pain and aid with the healing process - And make real progress towards feeling like yourself again with straightforward exercises, like identifying your values and setting realistic goals. Find out how ACT can change the way you relate to your pain with Moving Through Grief.

In an era of rapidly evolving Artificial Intelligence/Large Language Model (AI/LLM) technologies, cybersecurity practitioners face significant challenges in monitoring unauthorized AI solutions, detecting AI vulnerabilities, and identifying unexpected AI/LLM development. Tenable Security Center leverages advanced detection technologies - agents, passive network monitoring, dynamic application security testing, and distributed scan engines - to surface AI/LLM software, libraries, and browser plugins. The risk managers utilize this report to begin a comprehensive review of the AI/LLM packages in systems and web applications, along with associated vulnerabilities, mitigating risks of exploitation, data leakage, and unauthorized resource consumption.

AI/LLM technologies are promising and can transform many industries and businesses, offering new innovation and efficiency opportunities. However, the technology represents a huge security challenge at many layers and this impact should not be overlooked. By using Tenable Security Center and Tenable Web App Scanning the organization is able to take a security-first approach. When combined with best practices and robust governance policies, the organizations can harness the power of AI/LLM and mitigate the associated emerging threats.  

This report provides a detailed view of AI/LLM use by leveraging Nessus plugin (196906) to detect AI/LLM usage in 3 ways: browser extensions, applications, and file paths all common to AI/LLM implementations. AI/LLM vulnerabilities discovered in web applications are identified using the Web Application Scanner, alongside network traffic analysis using the Nessus Network Monitor (NNM). By combining all methods of data collection, the risk managers are able to identify problem areas and other risks associated with AI/LLM.

Chapters

Executive Summary: This chapter provides a detailed view of AI/LLM use by leveraging Nessus plugin (196906) to detect AI/LLM usage in 3 ways: browser extensions, applications, and file paths all common to AI/LLM implementations. AI/LLM vulnerabilities discovered in web applications are identified using the Web Application Scanner, alongside network traffic analysis using the Nessus Network Monitor (NNM). 

AI/LLM Browser Extensions Chapter: This chapter provides the details for Assets that we found to have one or more of the AI/LLM detection browser extension plugins detected by Nessus. The chapter will search through plugins that include certain keywords: GPT, CopIlot, or AI. The AI/LLM Browser Detection chart shows the count of plugins related to the detection of GPT, AI, or Copilot AI or LLM browser extensions. 

AI/LLM Software Detected Using Nessus: This chapter provides the details for Assets that we found to have one or more of the AI/LLM software plugins detected by Nessus. The introductory matrix provides an indicator for all the matches found in the organization, followed by a a chart and table showing the affected assets.

AI/LLM Usage Detected Using Web Application Security: This chapter provides the details for web application assets that we found to have one or more of the AI/LLM detection plugins. The LLM/AI Usage Detected by WAS chart shows the count of plugins related to the detection of AI or LLM. 

This book contains curse words and sarcasm along with a lot of really good food for thought for anyone embarking upon an indie author adventure. From choosing a pen name to attending a convention as a featured author, this is not a book about writing. It is a book about being a writer and some things you should know about before giving up or giving in! This is part of a series of real talk books from an Indie Author.

Le changement climatique constitue une menace croissante pour nos systèmes alimentaires, dont les implications sont graves pour la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, les moyens de subsistance et le bien-être général, en particulier pour les personnes pauvres et vulnérables du monde entier. Une action urgente contre le changement climatique est attendue à l’échelle mondiale – à la fois pour réaliser les importantes réductions d’émissions requises pour limiter le réchauffement climatique et pour accroître les capacités d’adaptation et la résilience.

En 2022, le monde a subi des crises multiples. Les perturbations des systèmes alimentaires dues à la longue pandémie de COVID-19, des catastrophes naturelles majeures, des troubles civils, l’instabilité politique et les impacts croissants du changement climatique ont persisté, tandis qe l’inflation et la guerre entre la Russie et l’Ukraine ont exacerbé la crise alimentaire mondiale et la crise des engrais.

In an era of rapidly evolving Artificial Intelligence/Large Language Model (AI/LLM) technologies, cybersecurity practitioners face significant challenges in monitoring unauthorized AI solutions, detecting AI vulnerabilities, and identifying unexpected AI/LLM development. Tenable Security Center leverages advanced detection technologies - agents, passive network monitoring, dynamic application security testing, and distributed scan engines - to surface AI/LLM software, libraries, and browser plugins. The risk managers utilize this dashboard to begin a comprehensive review of the AI/LLM packages in systems and web applications, along with associated vulnerabilities, mitigating risks of exploitation, data leakage, and unauthorized resource consumption.

This dashboard provides a detailed view of AI/LLM use by leveraging Nessus plugin (196906) to detect AI/LLM usage in 3 ways: browser extensions, applications, and file paths all common to AI/LLM implementations. AI/LLM vulnerabilities discovered in web applications are identified using the Web Application Scanner, alongside network traffic analysis using the Nessus Network Monitor (NNM). By combining all methods of data collection, the risk managers are able to identify problem areas and other risks associated with AI/LLM.

AI/LLM technologies are promising and can transform many industries and businesses, offering new innovation and efficiency opportunities. However, the technology represents a huge security challenge at many layers and this impact should not be overlooked. By using Tenable Security Center and Tenable Web App Scanning the organization is able to take a security-first approach. When combined with best practices and robust governance policies, the organizations can harness the power of AI/LLM and mitigate the associated emerging threats.

Components

AI/LLM Software Known to Nessus: This matrix provides summary counts of AI/LLM use by leveraging Nessus plugin (196906). This column chart uses the Plugin ID filter and Plugin Output filter to show the AI/LLM applications found on assets scanned using Nessus. Each label displayed is the pattern added to the plugin output search. This search allows the security managers a simplified approach to beginning the understanding into AI usage.

AI/LLM Top 5 Applications: This matrix provides the counts top 5 utilized AI/LLM applications discovered by Tenable Research. The cells use the Plugin ID (196906) and Plugin Output filter to show the AI/LLM application. Each label displayed is the pattern added to the plugin output search. This search allows the security managers a simplified approach to beginning the understanding into AI usage. The top 5 utilized list consists of: TensorFlow, NumPy, H2O Flow, HuggingFace, and scikit-learn.

AI/LLM Detection Statistics: This matrix provides summary counts of AI/LLM use by leveraging Nessus plugin (196906) to detect AI/LLM usage in 3 ways: browser extensions, applications, and file paths all common to AI/LLM implementations. AI/LLM vulnerabilities discovered in web applications are identified using the Web App Scanner, alongside network traffic analysis using the Nessus Network Monitor (NNM). By combining all methods of data collection, the risk managers are able to identify problem areas and other risks associated with AI/LLM.

AI/LLM Software Detected by NNM & WAS: AI/LLM vulnerabilities discovered in web applications are identified using the Web Application Scanner, alongside network traffic analysis using the Nessus Network Monitor (NNM). By combining all methods of data collection, the risk managers are able to identify problem areas and other risks associated with AI/LLM.

AI/LLM Browser Extensions: This matrix provides summary counts of AI/LLM use by leveraging Nessus plugin (196906). The cells use the Plugin ID filter and Plugin Output filter to show the AI/LLM browser extensions grouped into three search patterns. Each label displayed is the pattern added to the plugin output search. This search allows the security managers a simplified approach to beginning the understanding into AI usage.
 

One of the common questions often asked of the IT team is “how many systems are missing patches and how many patches are missing on each system?”  This dashboard uses the “Patch Report” plugin and organizes the current patch status for systems scanned with credentials.  The IT team can now easily communicate the specific systems with missing patches to executives.

The Nessus "Patch Report" plugin (66334) elegantly summarizes all of the missing patches and general remediation actions required to remediate the discovered vulnerabilities on a given host. Instead of counting the number of vulnerabilities, the plugin lists applications that need to be upgraded. The approach is not only much easier for IT administrators to consume, but the count of applications provides a measure of how much "work" is required to secure a system.

The dashboard provides risk guidance using the “Remediation Summary” tool.  This tool works by employing a concept called “top patch”.  Tenable Security Center uses proprietary technology to identify a chain of patches.  The first patch in the chain is called the “top patch”.  If the “top patch” is applied, all subsequent vulnerabilities will also be remediated at the same time.  Using both the Remediation Summary tool and “Patch Report” plugin, the organization can better plan remediation efforts.   

The dashboard and its components are available in the Tenable Security Center Feed, a comprehensive collection of dashboards, reports, assurance report cards and assets.  The dashboard can be easily located in the Tenable Security Center Feed under the category Executive. The dashboard requirements are:

• Tenable Security Center
• Nessus
• This dashboard requires “Full Text Search” to be enabled for each analyzed repository.

Please note the "Full Text Search" option must be enabled for the repository to support the trending component.

Tenable Security Center has the ability to identify all discoverable vulnerabilities, eliminating blind spots. Tenable detects missing patches, incorrect configurations, lapsed defenses, incomplete monitoring and network intruders—so you can mitigate them.  Tenable Security Center can show risk across all systems, enabling informed decisions.  Tenable’s approach to continuous monitoring reaches across cloud, virtual, mobile and traditional systems and measures attack vectors in each of these domains.  Tenable Security Center provides a unique combination of detection, reporting, and pattern recognition utilizing industry recognized algorithms and models.  By providing that single point of data collection, Tenable.sc enables sharing of vulnerability scanning results across the technical groups and business owners. Tenable.sc is continuously updated with information about advanced threats and zero-day vulnerabilities, and new types of regulatory compliance configuration audits.

Components

Remediations Tracking - Top 25 Remediations: This component provides the top 25 remediation actions that can be taken to reduce overall risk.  The table is sorted using vulnerability weight scores, which are calculated differently for each organization.  To determine score weights, login with the admin account, edit your organization and then select “Analysis”.  In the upper right hand corner, there are four scores, one for each severity level. The default scores are: critical = 40, high = 10, medium = 3 and low = 1. The vulnerability weight helps to determine a fully calculated score used in risk analysis.

The Outstanding Remediations - Time Since Patch Publication (Assets) matrix displays the total count of missing patches across the environment. The matrix is comprised of five columns. The first column provides a count of the vulnerabilities that are exploitable, and the last four columns provide counts of vulnerabilities based on Vulnerability Priority Rating (VPR) levels. VPR scores are displayed as column headers in traditional severity text.  Critical represents VPR 9-10, High represents VPR 7-8.9, Medium represents VPR 4-6.9, and Low represents VPR 0.1-3.9. Each row filters the vulnerabilities based on the patch publication date of less than 30 days ago, Current Quarter, Last Quarter, Current Year, Last Year, and greater than 365 Days.

The End of Life Software Detection table displays a list of software that is no longer supported by the vendor. The table is sorted by the count column, which lists a count of the total number of assets affected by the unsupported software package. The filter used is for Plugin Name equals Unsupported. Tenable recommends that assets found here be upgraded to a higher supported version as soon as possible, since vendors no longer list active vulnerabilities for end-of-life software.

The Outstanding Remediations by Device Type (Vulnerabilities) matrix displays the total count of missing patches by device type. The matrix is comprised of five columns. The first column provides a count of the vulnerabilities that are exploitable, and the last four columns provide counts of vulnerabilities based on Vulnerability Priority Rating (VPR) levels. VPR scores are displayed as column headers in traditional severity text.  Critical represents VPR 9-10, High represents VPR 7-8.9, Medium represents VPR 4-6.9, and Low represents VPR 0.1-3.9.  There is a row present which groups devices by type, such as Linux, Windows, or macOS devices. Counts present in each cell represents the number of vulnerabilities present for the device group and VPR score.

Identifying guidelines for the design of conditional credit programs to promote sustainable agricultural practices in Latin America

Tools for food system policy development.

The post Identifying guidelines for the design of conditional credit programs to promote sustainable agricultural practices in Latin America appeared first on IFPRI.

Síntesis de evidencia: Lineamientos para el diseño de programas crediticios agropecuarios condicionados para el fomento de prácticas agropecuarias sostenibles

Enfoques para el desarrollo de políticas del sistema alimentario.

The post Síntesis de evidencia: Lineamientos para el diseño de programas crediticios agropecuarios condicionados para el fomento de prácticas agropecuarias sostenibles appeared first on IFPRI.

Comprehensive sanitation in India: Despite progress, an unfinished agenda

Building on improvements in Infant mortality.

The post Comprehensive sanitation in India: Despite progress, an unfinished agenda appeared first on IFPRI.

India lifts export restrictions on rice

Assessing impacts on global markets and African consumers.

The post India lifts export restrictions on rice appeared first on IFPRI.

The Role of Private Philanthropy in Funding Climate Solutions

The Linkages Series is a mini-conference format designed to spark learning and action around current issues shaping the field. Together, they bridge funder, practitioner, & network constellations. Join this virtual conference for a deep dive into how and where private philanthropy plays a key role in funding climate change solutions globally and hear from leaders […]

The post The Role of Private Philanthropy in Funding Climate Solutions appeared first on IFPRI.

Integrating reforms with global goals.

Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal Altered Metabolic Regulation of Xanthobacter autotrophicus under Electrochemical Water-Splitting Conditions  ACS Publications

Candidate protein biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: a proteomics study  Nature.com

Proteomics approach to discovering non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers and understanding the pathogenesis of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis  Journal of Translational Medicine

We bring you two stories from The Indicator on two industries that are undergoing rapid change: vets and container shipping. | Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.

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Even if you don't own stocks, there are a lot of reasons to care about investing. We meet some of the folks left out of the stock market who deploy sophisticated economic thinking, even creating their own alternate financial systems. Our professors help us understand how consumption smoothing and life-cycle hypothesis apply to personal finance. And we meet the creator of the 401(k). | Watch this Tik Tok to learn more and subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.

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It's Stacey vs Greg in a face off on the future of the office. Each takes a side, armed with studies, historical examples, theories on efficiency and happiness and from their closet studios, they bring their indicators for the future of the office. | Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here. And our daily podcast The Indicator hosted by Stacey here.

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It's another extremely dry, hot summer for the American West. Our daily podcast, The Indicator from Planet Money, brings us two stories about the water shortage in the West with economic ideas that may help. | Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.

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Women start a lot of businesses, but when it comes time for them to grow, many hit a wall, or the women founders end up losing control. Why? We bring you two indicators on women and work from our daily podcast The Indicator. Also, Amanda and Stacey go on a picnic to prove a point. | Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.

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We bring you two stories from The Indicator on the recent battles being fought in Congress. | Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.

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Ticket scalping frustrates fans, but it fascinates economists. It's been a favorite topic of ours in the past. This time, Darian turns to friends and experts to navigate the world of concert tickets like an economist who is also a music fan. Then we find out just how big Adele is on vinyl. So big her latest album disrupted the whole market for vinyl, the material itself. | These stories come from our daily podcast The Indicator. Go subscribe if you haven't already.

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Will it be inflation? Striketober? The supply chain? Our hosts make their case, and the choice is up to you.

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Two stories about people trying to overcome supply chain challenges. We follow a ship that is forced to get creative to bypass clogged ports, and we visit a warehouse that is running out of space. | Subscribe to our weekly newsletter here.

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Corporate profits are soaring. So are prices. Can corporations just not raise prices? Would that fight inflation? We examine this theory making the rounds. Then, we go inside the pipes of the economy to see how mortgage rates connect to that recent rate hike by the Federal Reserve. | Subscribe to our sister podcast, The Indicator from Planet Money. It's daily, and always less than 10 minutes.

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Two stories of consternation from inside the crypto world. Can a crypto crash spread to the wider economy? How does contagion work? And ... why has crypto had such appeal with Black investors? | Subscribe to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

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So are we in a recession or not? The jury is still out, but there are some warning signs. GDP is down and inflation is up. But how much do we know about the 'indicators' that tell us how the economy is doing? Today, the stories of two of our most important indicators, the Consumer Price Index and GDP, and what they can and can't tell us about our current economic predicament.| Subscribe to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

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On today's show - how your social circle is one of the strongest predictors of economic mobility and how pop music reflects the economy.

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It's fall, so on this episode, we're taking you back to school. First, what sorority rush can teach us about a particular kind of market. Then, how two economists fixed the way macroeconomics was taught in high schools. It's econ, inside and outside the classroom.

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Xi Jinping recently secured his third term as China's president – so we're looking at two shocks to the world's second-largest economy. First: How China's housing boom turned into a real estate crisis. Second: How the recent U.S. ban on selling advanced semiconductor chips to China could affect China's technology industry.

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This episode was first released as a bonus episode for Planet Money+ listeners last month. We're sharing it today for all listeners. To hear more episodes like this one and support NPR in the process, sign up for Planet Money+ at plus.npr.org.

Planet Money+ supporters: we'll have a fresh bonus episode for you next week!

"Save aggressively for retirement when you're young." "The stock market is a sure-fire long-term bet." "Fixed-rate mortgages are better than adjustable-rate mortgages." Popular financial advice like this appears in all kinds of books by financial thinkfluencers. But how does that advice stack up against more traditional economic thinking?

That's the question Yale economist James Choi set out to answer in a paper called Popular Personal Financial Advice Versus The Professors. In this interview, he tells Greg Rosalsky what he found. Their talk marks another edition of Behind The Newsletter, in which Greg shares conversations with policy makers and economists who appear in the Planet Money newsletter.

Subscribe to the newsletter at https://www.npr.org/newsletter/money.

Read more about James Choi's paper here: https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2022/09/06/1120583353/money-management-budgeting-tips

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"ESG" investing – Environmental, Social, Governance – has attracted a lot of attention from investors, and from Republican politicians who call it "woke investing." On today's show, what the fight over ESG reveals about the potential and limitations of sustainable investing.

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2022 was a year of big economic changes. But what economic story most defined the year? Our hosts from Planet Money and The Indicator battle it out over what should be crowned the indicator of the year. Subscribe to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney

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If the Fed had a mantra to go along with its mandate, it might well be "two percent." We look into how that became the target inflation rate, why some economists are calling for a change and how the inflation rate becomes unanchored.

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A lot of the time, economic policy can seem pretty impersonal — cold, hard, data-driven. But at the heart of the Federal Reserve are people: fallible, complicated people who are just doing their best to steer the economy in the right direction.

Often, we remember them just for their economic decisions. But today, we're airing two episodes from our daily economics show The Indicator that profile the people inside the Fed. First, we're heading back to the 1970s to revisit Arthur Burns' oft-criticized stint as Fed chair. Next, we have a conversation with Mary Daly, the current president of the San Francisco Fed, about her remarkable path from high school dropout to one of the most important economic voices in the nation.

These two Indicator episodes were originally produced by Viet Le and Brittany Cronin. They were fact-checked by Sierra Juarez and Dylan Sloan and edited by Kate Concannon. The Planet Money version was produced by Dylan Sloan, engineered by Josh Newell and edited by Dave Blanchard.

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Right now, the economy is all over the place. And when things get confusing, we look to basic economic indicators to help explain what's going on. Today, we're bringing you two episodes of our daily show The Indicator that focus on the bond market.

The market for U.S. treasury bonds is generally safe, predictable and pretty boring. Recently, though, it's been anything but. We look into the fluctuations in bond prices and the yield curve (one of our favorite indicators) to try to help us understand where the economy stands right now.

These two Indicator episodes were originally produced by Brittany Cronin and Noah Glick. They were fact-checked by Sierra Juarez and engineered by Gilly Moon and Katherine Silva. Kate Concannon edits The Indicator.

The Planet Money version was produced by Dylan Sloan and edited by Dave Blanchard.

Music: "Funk Lounge," "A Fulltime Job" and "Velvet Groove."

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When you were little, what did you want to be when you grew up? An astronaut, a doctor or maybe a famous athlete? Today one of the most popular responses to that question is influencer – content creators who grow their following on Tik Tok, Instagram and YouTube and monetize that content to make it their full-time job.

In a lot of ways influencing can seem like the dream job - the filters, the followers, the free stuff. But on the internet, rarely is anything as it appears. From hate comments and sneaky contracts to prejudice and discrimination, influencers face a number of hurdles in their chosen careers.

This week we're bringing you two stories from our daily show The Indicator on the promise and perils of the multi-billion dollar influencer industry.

This episode was produced by Corey Bridges and Janet Lee. It was engineered by Robert Rodriguez and Katherine Silva. It was fact-checked by Sierra Juarez and Dylan Sloan. Emily Kinslow was the podcast coordinator for this series. Viet Le is The Indicator's senior producer. Kate Concannon edits the show. Our acting executive producer is Jess Jiang.

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Innovation is crucial for game-changing advancements in society, whether it's treatments for serious diseases, developments in AI technology, or rocket science.

Today on the show, we're airing two episodes from our daily economics show The Indicator. First, a new paper suggests that breakthrough innovations are more likely at smaller, younger companies. We talk to an inventor who left a big pharmaceutical company to start afresh, leading to some incredible treatments for serious diseases.

Then, it's off to Mars — or at least, on the way. Elon Musk's company SpaceX did a first test launch of a rocket meant to go all the way to the red planet. The rocket made it up off of the launch pad and lumbered briefly through the sky before self-destructing over the Gulf of Mexico. Suffice it to say, it's not quite ready. NPR science correspondent Geoff Brumfiel walks us through SpaceX's business plan as we try to figure out if this company has the funding and business acumen to reach its moonshot goal.

These two Indicator episodes were originally produced by Corey Bridges & Brittany Cronin, engineered by Katherine Silva & James Willets, and fact-checked by Dylan Sloan & Sierra Juarez. Kate Concannon edits the show.

The Planet Money version of this episode was produced by Willa Rubin, engineered by Robert Rodriguez, and edited by Keith Romer.

Help support Planet Money and get bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.


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Two stories today.

First, as we start to understand post-affirmative action America, we look to a natural experiment 25 years ago, when California ended the practice in public universities. It reshaped the makeup of the universities almost instantly. We find out what happened in the decades that followed.

Then, we ask, why does it cost so much for America to build big things, like subways. Compared to other wealthy nations, the costs of infrastructure projects in the U.S. are astronomical. We take a trip to one of the most expensive subway stations in the world to get to the bottom of why American transit is so expensive to build.

This episode was hosted by Adrian Ma and Darian Woods. It was produced by Corey Bridges, and engineered by Robert Rodriguez and Katherine Silva. It was fact-checked by Sierra Juarez. Viet Le is the Indicator's senior producer. And Kate Concannon edits the show. Alex Goldmark is our executive producer.

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In China, data on the economy is sometimes difficult to come by. The Chinese government has put a pause on releasing some of its official economic data. But many of the stories emerging from the country paint a clear picture: the second largest economy in the world is struggling.

Today, our friends at The Indicator share some of their recent reporting on China. First up, it's a special edition of the Beigie Awards focused entirely on China. What can the approach of the Federal Reserve's Beige Book - i.e. looking at anecdotes that tell us something about where the economy is headed - show us about China's economy?

Then, we take a deep dive into one of the most alarming indicators in China: the skyrocketing urban youth unemployment rate.

This episode was hosted by Darian Woods, Wailin Wong, and Robert Smith. The original Indicator episodes were produced by Corey Bridges with engineering by Robert Rodriguez. They were fact-checked by Cooper Katz McKim and Sierra Juarez. They were edited by Paddy Hirsch and Kate Concannon.

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When someone says "the economy is doing well"—what does that even mean? Like, for workers, for employers, for the country as a whole? According to what calculation? How do you put a number on it?

The world of economics is filled with all sorts of "measuring sticks." GDP. Inflation. Unemployment. Consumer sentiment. Over time, all kinds of government agencies, universities and private companies have come up with different ways to measure facets of the economy. These measures factor into all kinds of huge decisions—things like government policy, business strategies, maybe even your personal career choices or investments.

On today's show, we're going to lift the curtain on two of these yardsticks. We are going to meet the people tasked with sticking a number on two huge measures of our economic well being: the official U.S. government inflation report and the monthly unemployment and jobs numbers. Come along and see how the measures get made.

This episode was hosted by Darian Woods, Stacey Vanek Smith, and Wailin Wong. It was produced by Julia Ritchey and Jess Kung with help from James Sneed. Engineering by Gilly Moon and James Willetts. It was fact-checked by Michael He and Corey Bridges, and edited by Kate Concannon and Viet Le. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money's executive producer.

Help support Planet Money and get bonus episodes by subscribing to Planet Money+ in Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org/planetmoney.

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