Ran Dai, Hyebin Song, Rina Foygel Barber, Garvesh Raskutti.

Source: Electronic Journal of Statistics, Volume 14, Number 1, 801--834.

Abstract:
We study the bias of the isotonic regression estimator. While there is extensive work characterizing the mean squared error of the isotonic regression estimator, relatively little is known about the bias. In this paper, we provide a sharp characterization, proving that the bias scales as $O(n^{-eta /3})$ up to log factors, where $1leq eta leq 2$ is the exponent corresponding to Hölder smoothness of the underlying mean. Importantly, this result only requires a strictly monotone mean and that the noise distribution has subexponential tails, without relying on symmetric noise or other restrictive assumptions.

Christopher Withers, Saralees Nadarajah

Source: Electron. J. Statist., Volume 4, 1--14.

Abstract:
We consider M estimation of a regression model with a nuisance parameter and a vector of other parameters. The unknown distribution of the residuals is not assumed to be normal or symmetric. Simple and easily estimated formulas are given for the dominant terms of the bias and skewness of the parameter estimates. For the linear model these are proportional to the skewness of the ‘independent’ variables. For a nonlinear model, its linear component plays the role of these independent variables, and a second term must be added proportional to the covariance of its linear and quadratic components. For the least squares estimate with normal errors this term was derived by Box [1]. We also consider the effect of a large number of parameters, and the case of random independent variables.

Feature screening is a powerful tool in processing high-dimensional data. When the sample size N and the number of features p are both large, the implementation of classic screening methods can be numerically challenging. In this paper, we propose a distributed screening framework for big data setup. In the spirit of 'divide-and-conquer', the proposed framework expresses a correlation measure as a function of several component parameters, each of which can be distributively estimated using a natural U-statistic from data segments. With the component estimates aggregated, we obtain a final correlation estimate that can be readily used for screening features. This framework enables distributed storage and parallel computing and thus is computationally attractive. Due to the unbiased distributive estimation of the component parameters, the final aggregated estimate achieves a high accuracy that is insensitive to the number of data segments m. Under mild conditions, we show that the aggregated correlation estimator is as efficient as the centralized estimator in terms of the probability convergence bound and the mean squared error rate; the corresponding screening procedure enjoys sure screening property for a wide range of correlation measures. The promising performances of the new method are supported by extensive numerical examples.

Bryan D. Martin, Daniela Witten, Amy D. Willis.

Source: The Annals of Applied Statistics, Volume 14, Number 1, 94--115.

Abstract:
Using a sample from a population to estimate the proportion of the population with a certain category label is a broadly important problem. In the context of microbiome studies, this problem arises when researchers wish to use a sample from a population of microbes to estimate the population proportion of a particular taxon, known as the taxon’s relative abundance . In this paper, we propose a beta-binomial model for this task. Like existing models, our model allows for a taxon’s relative abundance to be associated with covariates of interest. However, unlike existing models, our proposal also allows for the overdispersion in the taxon’s counts to be associated with covariates of interest. We exploit this model in order to propose tests not only for differential relative abundance, but also for differential variability. The latter is particularly valuable in light of speculation that dysbiosis , the perturbation from a normal microbiome that can occur in certain disease conditions, may manifest as a loss of stability, or increase in variability, of the counts associated with each taxon. We demonstrate the performance of our proposed model using a simulation study and an application to soil microbial data.

Vinod Venkatraman
Mar 9, 2011; 31:3712-3718
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

PR Montague
Mar 1, 1996; 16:1936-1947
Articles

Gregor Thut
Sep 13, 2006; 26:9494-9502
BehavioralSystemsCognitive

Biases in sensory perception can arise from both experimental manipulations and personal trait-like features. These idiosyncratic biases and their neural underpinnings are often overlooked in studies on the physiology underlying perception. A potential candidate mechanism reflecting such idiosyncratic biases could be spontaneous alpha band activity, a prominent brain rhythm known to influence perceptual reports in general. Using a temporal order judgment task, we here tested the hypothesis that alpha power reflects the overcoming of an idiosyncratic bias. Importantly, to understand the interplay between idiosyncratic biases and contextual (temporary) biases induced by experimental manipulations, we quantified this relation before and after temporal recalibration. Using EEG recordings in human participants (male and female), we find that prestimulus frontal alpha power correlates with the tendency to respond relative to an own idiosyncratic bias, with stronger α leading to responses matching the bias. In contrast, alpha power does not predict response correctness. These results also hold after temporal recalibration and are specific to the alpha band, suggesting that alpha band activity reflects, directly or indirectly, processes that help to overcome an individual's momentary bias in perception. We propose that combined with established roles of parietal α in the encoding of sensory information frontal α reflects complementary mechanisms influencing perceptual decisions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain is a biased organ, frequently generating systematically distorted percepts of the world, leading each of us to evolve in our own subjective reality. However, such biases are often overlooked or considered noise when studying the neural mechanisms underlying perception. We show that spontaneous alpha band activity predicts the degree of biasedness of human choices in a time perception task, suggesting that alpha activity indexes processes needed to overcome an individual's idiosyncratic bias. This result provides a window onto the neural underpinnings of subjective perception, and offers the possibility to quantify or manipulate such priors in future studies.

An estimated 700 000 people die each year from antimicrobial resistant (AMR) infections and an untold number of sick animals may not be responding to treatment. AMR is a significant global threat to public health, food safety and security, as well as to livelihoods, animal production and economic and agricultural development. The intensification of agricultural production has led to a rising use of antimicrobials – a use that is expected to more than double by 2030. Antimicrobials are important for the treatment of animal and plant diseases [...]

Dimas, the headman of a small village along the shores of Lake Tanganyika, shares about the challenges of being a headman and Christian.

Bank of England Working Papers by Nicola Garbarino and Benjamin Guin

Ethnomusicologists visited a North African country to help local singers and a Sudanese Nubian believer write a worship song in his language and style.

Walvis Bay, Namibia:: The Vice President of Namibia officially opens Logos Hope as she visits the country.

A new missions experience in Namibia is not as much a programme as it is a journey.

OM EAST is publishing Rodney “Gypsy” Smith’s autobiography to help inspire Roma believers in Serbia.

After years of work and anticipation, Gypsy Smith has been published in Serbian, a cause for rejoicing in a Roma church in Serbia.

In a village in Serbia, OM workers see Roma believers reaching Roma, encouraging them to let God put a new song in their mouths.

As expected, the Education Department has delayed a rule that would require states to take a standardized approach in evaluating districts for minority bias in special education.

ASHLEY STORRIE, COMEDIAN

Education Week's top English-language learner stories on 2019 explored who's teaching the nation's English-learners and the struggles those educators encounter on the job, how the Trump administration's immigration policies affected students and their families and examined why more schools in the Un

Although several randomized trials have examined the efficacy of serotonin receptor inhibitors in the treatment of repetitive behaviors, there still remains clinical uncertainty as to whether these agents are effective in treating such behaviors in children and adults with autism spectrum disorders.

The goal of this meta-analysis was to examine randomized trials of serotonin receptor inhibitors for treating repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. Although a small but significant effect of these agents was observed, this effect is likely due to the selective publication of trial results. (Read the full article)

Ideal empirical antibiotic choices are based on local susceptibility data. These choices are important for ensuring positive patient outcomes, but pediatric-specific data may not be available.

Antibiotic susceptibilities differ by age group within a tertiary-care hospital. Knowing these differences, pediatricians chose empirical antibiotic therapy more likely to be successful. Children with infectious diseases would benefit from reporting of pediatric-specific susceptibility results. (Read the full article)

The CPT1A p.P479L variant is common to northern aboriginal populations, leads to reduced enzyme activity, and may be associated with increased infant mortality rates.

The p.P479L variant is common in British Columbia First Nations with a coastal distribution correlated with regions of high infant mortality. Homozygotes display an altered acylcarnitine profile and are overrepresented in cases of sudden unexpected infant death in these areas. (Read the full article)

Sharing human milk between those with an abundant supply and those seeking milk for their child may be growing in popularity, facilitated by Web sites recently established to link providers and recipients.

This study documents the potential for human milk shared via the Internet to cause infectious disease by estimating the extent of microbial contamination among samples purchased via a leading Internet Web site. (Read the full article)

Recent guidelines for the management of childhood pneumonia recommend narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents (eg, ampicillin) for most children; however, few studies have directly compared the effectiveness of narrow-spectrum agents to the broader spectrum third-generation cephalosporins commonly used among children hospitalized with pneumonia.

By using data from 43 children’s hospitals in the United States, we demonstrate equivalent outcomes and costs for children hospitalized with pneumonia and treated empirically with either narrow- (ampicillin/penicillin) or broad-spectrum (ceftriaxone/cefotaxime) antimicrobial therapy. (Read the full article)

Many pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are viral and do not require antimicrobial treatment. Recent estimates of antimicrobial overprescribing for these infections, defined based on the published bacterial disease prevalence among all ARTI, are not available.

Based on the published bacterial prevalence rates for pediatric ARTI, antimicrobial agents are prescribed almost twice as often as expected to outpatients nationally, amounting to an estimated 11.4 million potentially preventable antimicrobial prescriptions annually. (Read the full article)

Antibiotic overuse is common and is a major public health threat. The prevalence of antimicrobial stewardship programs in children’s hospitals is growing. Single-center studies reveal that antimicrobial stewardship programs are effective in reducing unnecessary antibiotic use. Multicenter evaluations are needed.

Antibiotic use is declining overall across a large network of freestanding children’s hospitals. Hospitals with formalized antimicrobial stewardship programs experienced greater reductions in antibiotic use than other hospitals, suggesting that these interventions are an effective strategy to address antibiotic overuse. (Read the full article)

Necrotizing enterocolitis is associated with high mortality and morbidity in premature infants. Anaerobic antimicrobial therapy has been associated with increased risk of intestinal strictures in a small randomized trial. Optimal antimicrobial therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis is unknown.

Anaerobic antimicrobial therapy was associated with increased risk of stricture formation. Infants with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis treated with anaerobic antimicrobial therapy had lower mortality. For infants with medical necrotizing enterocolitis, there was no added benefit associated with anaerobic antimicrobial therapy. (Read the full article)

The rule requires states to use a standard method in determining if districts are biased in how they identify minority students, discipline them, or place them in restrictive settings.

Even the best intentioned educators often harbor blind spots, write Re-Imagining Migration's Adam Strom and Veronica Boix Mansilla.

United States President Donald Trump told CBS’s 60 Minutes that he would added pressure on Saudi Arabia, vowing "severe punishment" should the kingdom’s leaders be linked to the disappearance of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi.

US President Donald trump has suggested that 'rogue killers' may be behind the disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Turkey.

An op-ed in Saudi-owned Al Arabiya news has warned of repercussions should the US impose sanctions on Saudi Arabia over the disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.

I rapporti tra Gheddafi e Déby sono caratterizzati da una certa superficialità, dovuta alle tensioni passate e ai sospetti che nutrono l’uno per l’altro.

Lipid II is an essential precursor of the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and thereby an important target for various antibiotics. Several lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics target lipid II with lanthionine-stabilized lipid II-binding motifs. Here, we used the biosynthesis system of the lantibiotic nisin to synthesize a two lipid II binding motifs-containing lantibiotic, termed TL19, which contains the N-terminal lipid II binding motif of nisin and the distinct C-terminal lipid II binding motif of one peptide of the two-component haloduracin (i.e. HalA1). Further characterization demonstrated that (i) TL19 exerts 64-fold stronger antimicrobial activity against E. faecium than nisin (1-22), which has only one lipid II binding site, and (ii) both the N- and C-terminal domains are essential for the potent antimicrobial activity of TL19, as evidenced by mutagenesis of each single and double domains. These results show the feasibility of a new approach to synthesize potent lantibiotics with two different lipid II binding motifs to treat specific antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance is a global concern; however, data on antibiotic-resistant Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis are limited in comparison to similar data on other microbes. A total of 492 Ureaplasma spp. and 13 M. hominis strains obtained in Hangzhou, China, in 2018, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing for levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and doxycycline using the broth microdilution method. The mechanisms underlying quinolone and macrolide resistance were determined. Meanwhile, a model of the topoisomerase IV complex bound to levofloxacin in wild-type Ureaplasma spp. was built to study the quinolone resistance mutations. For Ureaplasma spp., the levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and erythromycin resistance rates were 84.69%, 51.44% and 3.59% in U. parvum and 82.43%, 62.16% and 5.40% in U. urealyticum, respectively. Of the 13 M. hominis strains, 11 were resistant to both levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, and five strains showed clindamycin resistance. ParC S83L was the most prevalent mutation in levofloxacin-resistant Ureaplasma strains, followed by ParE R448K. The two mutations GyrA S153L and ParC S91I were commonly identified in quinolone-resistant M. hominis. A molecular dynamics-refined structure revealed that quinolone resistance-associated mutations inhibited the interaction and reduced affinity with gyrase or topoisomerase IV and quinolones. The novel mutations S21A in the L4 protein and G2654T and T2245C in 23S rRNA and ermB gene were identified in erythromycin-resistant Ureaplasma spp. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis remains high in China, the rational use of antibiotics needs to be further enhanced.

France beat Croatia to earn a final tournament debut, as they joined Serbia, Romania and Poland in qualifying for UEFA Futsal EURO 2018 via the play-offs.

Education Week's top English-language learner stories on 2019 explored who's teaching the nation's English-learners and the struggles those educators encounter on the job, how the Trump administration's immigration policies affected students and their families and examined why more schools in the Un

Bogotá, Colombia, Apr 3, 2020 / 04:04 am (CNA).- Diana María Toro Vélez was kidnapped on a September day, as she drove home from Mass in the Colombian city where she lived. She spent 453 days in captivity. And she says that God’s grace kept her hope alive during the ordeal.

“I left Mass one Thursday and was driving home in my car and when I got home they assaulted me. They asked me a few questions and took me away. They sold me to the guerrillas,” Toro told ACI Prensa, CNA’s Spanish language news partner.

Toro, the mother of three, told ACI Prensa that during her captivity, she was sometimes forced to march a lot, one time for up to 15 days in a row.

“I clung to God. I cried and prayed a lot. I really held fast to God. I taught the kidnappers how to read and write. We prayed. There was a certain coexistence, and good things came out of the bad,” she said.

Toro, 41, was kidnapped Sept. 27, 2018, in Amagá, about an hour’s drive from Medellin. Her captors were criminals, members of a gang called “The Sorcerers,” who handed her over to Marxist guerrillas from the the National Liberation Army (ELN) for 48M pesos, about $12,000. The ELN reportedly asked 3 billion pesos, about $745,000 for her return.

Toro was released from captivity on Christmas Eve, 2019.

The Catholic Church in Colombia had appealed for her release, and the release appeared to be a goodwill gesture toward achieving some kind of peace agreement between the ELN and the country’s government. Public officials credited the Church with arranging the release.

Speaking to ACI Prensa, the young mom said that she was “very devoted to Our Lady of Guadalupe. When I was kidnapped I made a rosary and prayed it every day, praying a lot to the Virgin that she would allow me to be returned to my children. And God heard me, because I was released on Dec. 24, 2019.”

It was difficult, Toro said, to be “separated from my three children, one of them 3, another 4 and one 14 years old. Separated from my husband, my parents, my siblings, my family members, relatives and friends.”

“These were 453 days of anxiety, grief, sadness and despair. 453 days of living in the middle of the jungle, sleeping under a canopy, on branches, with snakes, scorpions, mosquitos and many other animals around,” she said.

Toro told ACI Prensa she subsisted on parrot, pasta, cooked banana, and rice. She had only two sets of clothes and infrequently bathed. 

“These were really hard days without knowing anything about my family, just with the certainty that God was with me, filling me daily with his strength and fortitude and firmly believing that if I woke up okay, my family was okay too,” she said.

“And God brought me out of that really hard situation. I saw that his glory and his mercy are immense.”

Toro said the ordeal has filled her with gratitude.

“I want to tell those people who in these times feel alone or in despair because of the situation we’re going through in Colombia and the entire world, that God is with us, he never has left us alone, especially now.”

“Let’s pray the rosary, let’s pray as a family. The power of prayer is immense,” she added.

 

This story was first published by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner. It has been translated and adapted by CNA.

 

Villavicencio, Colombia, Apr 7, 2020 / 12:00 am (CNA).- The president of the Colombian bishops’ conference, Óscar Urbina, suspended 15 priests of his archdiocese from ministry who have been accused of sexual abuse. Other jurisdictions in the country have removed four other priests.

Archbishop Óscar Urbina of Villavicencio told Colombian media that the accused priests represent 15% of the city’s priests.

The priests are accused of committing sexual abuse in Colombia, Italy and the United States, Caracol Radio reported.

Fr. Carlos Villabón, communications director and chancellor for the archdiocese of Villavicencio, told ACI Prensa, CNA’s Spanish language news partner, that the 15 priests were suspended while a canonical investigation proceeds at the Vatican.

“On March 16, 2020 these 15 priests were notified after a preliminary investigation was carried out. They are neither convicted nor acquitted by this suspension, only asked to relinquish their parish duties, cease celebrating the Eucharist and cease their ministerial service while the complete investigation is conducted,” the priest explained.

The results of the preliminary investigation “are now being sent to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith at the Vatican, and there they will determine the gravity of the facts and what the Church calls a penal canonical process will be conducted,” Villabón said.

“It’s unknown how much time the canonical process will take, but the idea is that it proceed as quickly as possible, considering that in Italy and in many parts of the world there’s a quarantine because of the coronavirus,” the communications director added.
Caracol Radio published a list of the 19 priests, but Villabón told ACI Prensa that the archdiocese would neither confirm nor deny the names reported.

 “According to a witness under protection by the prosecutor’s office, the 19 priests apparently formed a network of abusers, Caracol Radio reported.

In an April 3 statement, the archdiocese of Villavicencio announced that an accusation was received Feb. 14, 2020 concerning “acts against sexual morality by some priests of this archdiocese.”

“Having as a priority the alleged victim, we expressed to him our deep pain and solidarity and have offered him psychological and spiritual accompaniment. We reaffirm our commitment to act with clarity and transparency for his good and that of the Church,” the statement said.

Following the protocols of the Archdiocesan Commission for the Protection of Minors, once the abuse was reported, the regional prosecutor’s office was notified and “we made ourselves completely available to cooperate in the investigations taking place in this case,” the statement said.

The archdiocese said that it has taken steps “to eradicate the terrible evil of abuse within and outside our institution. We ask to be informed of any situations where one of our members has finally betrayed his vocation of service and dedication to the Lord and the community.”

A version of this story was first reported by ACI Prensa, CNA's Spanish-language news partner. It has been translated and adapted by CNA.

 

Children adapt their attitudes toward reading to conform to their classmates' perceived gender stereotypes, in ways that put boys at a disadvantage, according to a new study in the journal Child Development.