terrorism

Why France? Understanding terrorism’s many (and complicated) causes


The terrible attack in Nice on July 14—Bastille Day—saddened us all. For a country that has done so much historically to promote democracy and human rights at home and abroad, France is paying a terrible and unfair price, even more than most countries. My colleagues Will McCants and Chris Meserole have carefully documented the toll that France, and certain other Francophone countries like Belgium, have suffered in recent years from global terrorism. It is heart wrenching.

From what we know so far, the attack was carried out by a deeply distraught, potentially deranged, and in any case extremely brutal local man from Nice of Tunisian descent and French nationality. Marital problems, the recent loss of his job, and a general sense of personal unhappiness seem to have contributed to the state of mind that led him to commit this heinous atrocity. Perhaps we will soon learn that ISIS, directly or indirectly, inspired the attack in one way or another as well. My colleague Dan Byman has already tapped into his deep expertise about terrorism to remind us that ISIS had in fact encouraged ramming attacks with vehicles before, even if the actual manifestation of such tactics in this case was mostly new. 

This attack will again raise the question: Why France? On this point, I do have a somewhat different take than some of my colleagues. The argument that France has partly brought these tragedies upon itself—perhaps because of its policies of secularism and in particular its limitations on when and where women can wear the veil in France—strikes me as unpersuasive. Its logical policy implications are also potentially disturbing, because if interpreted wrongly, it could lead to a debate on whether France should modify such policies so as to make itself less vulnerable to terrorism. That outcome, even if unintended, could dance very close to the line of encouraging appeasement of heinous acts of violence with policy changes that run counter to much of what French culture and society would otherwise favor. So I feel the need to push back.

Here are some of the arguments, as I see them, against blaming French culture or policy for this recent string of horrible attacks including the Charlie Hebdo massacre, the November 2015 mass shootings in Paris, and the Nice tragedy (as well as recent attacks in Belgium):

  • Starting with the simplest point, we still do not know much about the perpetrator of the Nice killings. From what we do surmise so far, personal problems appear to be largely at the root of the violence—different from, but not entirely unlike, the case with the Orlando shooter, Omar Mateen.
  • We need to be careful about drawing implications from a small number of major attacks. Since 2000, there have also been major attacks in the Western world by extremist jihadis or takfiris in New York, Washington, Spain, London, San Bernardino, Orlando, and Russia. None of these are Francophone. Even Belgium is itself a mixed country, linguistically and culturally.
  • Partly for reasons of geography, as well as history, France does face a larger problem than some other European countries of individuals leaving its country to go to Syria or Iraq to fight for ISIS, and then returning. But it is hardly unique in the scale of this problem.
  • Continental Europe has a specific additional problem that is not as widely shared in the United Kingdom or the United States: Its criminal networks largely overlap with its extremist and/or terrorist networks. This point may be irrelevant to the Nice attack, but more widely, extremists in France or Belgium can make use of illicit channels for moving people, money, and weapons that are less available to would-be jihadis in places like the U.K. (where the criminal networks have more of a Caribbean and sub-Saharan African character, meaning they overlap less with extremist networks).
  • Of course, the greatest numbers of terrorist attacks by Muslim extremists occur in the broader Muslim world, with Muslims as the primary victims—from Iraq and Syria to Libya and Yemen and Somalia to South Asia. French domestic policies have no bearing on these, of course.

There is no doubt that good work by counterterrorism and intelligence forces is crucial to preventing future attacks. France has done well in this regard—though it surely can do better, and it is surely trying to get better. There is also no doubt that promoting social cohesion in a broad sense is a worthy goal. But I would hesitate, personally, to attribute any apparent trend line in major attacks in the West to a particular policy of a country like France—especially when the latter is in fact doing much to seek to build bridges, as a matter of national policy, with Muslims at home and abroad. 

There is much more to do in promoting social cohesion, to be sure, even here in America (though our own problems probably center more on race than on religion at the moment). But the Nice attacker almost assuredly didn’t attack because his estranged wife couldn’t wear a veil in the manner and/or places she wanted. At a moment like this in particular, I disagree with insinuations to the contrary.

      
 
 




terrorism

Terrorism in the Philippines and U.S.-Philippine security cooperation

Events of the past few months—in particular, the prolonged standoff in Marawi, Mindanao—have significantly increased concerns about terrorist activity in the southern Philippines, and in Southeast Asia more broadly. The shape and focus of the U.S.-Philippine alliance has already been somewhat in flux with the ascension of relatively new leadership in both countries—Rodrigo Duterte having…

       




terrorism

Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China’s Changing Strategy in Xinjiang

       




terrorism

Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law

The following is part of the Series on Counterterrorism and American Statutory Law, a joint project of the Brookings Institution, the Georgetown University Law Center, and the Hoover Institution Introduction It is a slight exaggeration to say that Barack Obama is the first president in American history to have run in part on a political…

       




terrorism

Taking the off-ramp: A path to preventing terrorism

      
 
 




terrorism

Somalia Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Somalia decreased to 7.80 in 2018 from 8.02 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Somalia averaged 6.12 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 8.02 in 2017 and a record low of 3.14 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Iraq Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Iraq decreased to 9.24 in 2018 from 9.75 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Iraq averaged 8.86 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 10 in 2014 and a record low of 4.09 in 2002. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Ukraine Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Ukraine decreased to 5.55 in 2018 from 6.05 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Ukraine averaged 3.06 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 7.20 in 2014 and a record low of 0.15 in 2007. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Uruguay Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Uruguay decreased to 0.17 in 2018 from 0.34 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Uruguay averaged 0.21 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1.19 in 2005 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

2nd International Meeting on Terrorism Risk Insurance

Paris, 5 December 2012: This conference addressed the evolution of the terrorism threat and whether current insurance solutions adequately answer the needs of market players in an ever changing risk context.




terrorism

3rd International Meeting on Terrorism Risk Insurance

Washington DC, 10 September 2014: This meeting addressed the evolution of the terrorism threat, the availability and affordability of terrorism risk insurance, the financial liability of governments and short and long-term perspectives.




terrorism

Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism in Latvia: Overview

A robust and resilient anti-money laundering and combating of terrorism financing (AML/CFT) regime is the first step towards being able to implement effective legal, regulatory and operational measures. This document describes recommendations made by the OECD in relation to Latvia’s efforts to strengthen its AML/CFT supervisory and control systems.




terrorism

Rwanda Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Rwanda increased to 2.95 in 2018 from 2.18 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Rwanda averaged 2.73 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.94 in 2010 and a record low of 0.42 in 2004. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Mali Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Mali increased to 6.65 in 2018 from 6.02 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Mali averaged 3.41 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6.65 in 2018 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Afghanistan Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Afghanistan increased to 9.60 in 2018 from 9.39 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Afghanistan averaged 8.09 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 9.60 in 2018 and a record low of 5.70 in 2002. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Qatar Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Qatar decreased to 0.03 in 2018 from 0.06 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Qatar averaged 0.34 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2.23 in 2005 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Cameroon Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Cameroon remained unchanged at 6.62 in 2018 from 6.62 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Cameroon averaged 2.75 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 7 in 2015 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Tunisia Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Tunisia decreased to 3.94 in 2018 from 4.09 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Tunisia averaged 2.85 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4.96 in 2015 and a record low of 0.92 in 2006. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

South Sudan Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in South Sudan decreased to 6.32 in 2018 from 6.76 in 2017. Terrorism Index in South Sudan averaged 5.33 from 2011 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6.82 in 2016 and a record low of 0 in 2011. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact). This page provides - South Sudan Terrorism Index- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.




terrorism

Uganda Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Uganda increased to 3.96 in 2018 from 3.93 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Uganda averaged 4.61 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6.09 in 2004 and a record low of 2.76 in 2013. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Republic of the Congo Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Republic of the Congo decreased to 2.69 in 2018 from 3.37 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Republic of the Congo averaged 1.60 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4.04 in 2016 and a record low of 0 in 2008. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Peru Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Peru decreased to 2.84 in 2018 from 2.95 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Peru averaged 3.20 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.93 in 2009 and a record low of 2.54 in 2016. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Papua New Guinea Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Papua New Guinea decreased to 1.36 in 2018 from 2.04 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Papua New Guinea averaged 0.35 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2.04 in 2017 and a record low of 0 in 2012. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Zimbabwe Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Zimbabwe increased to 2.83 in 2018 from 1.57 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Zimbabwe averaged 1.87 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.74 in 2002 and a record low of 0.20 in 2016. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Trinidad and Tobago Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Trinidad and Tobago decreased to 0.02 in 2018 from 0.12 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Trinidad and Tobago averaged 0.44 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2.23 in 2013 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Thailand Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Thailand decreased to 6.03 in 2018 from 6.25 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Thailand averaged 6.35 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 7.28 in 2014 and a record low of 4.10 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Turkmenistan Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Turkmenistan remained unchanged at 0 in 2018 from 0 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Turkmenistan averaged 0.03 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 0.23 in 2002 and a record low of 0 in 2007. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Philippines Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Philippines decreased to 7.14 in 2018 from 7.18 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Philippines averaged 6.71 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 7.27 in 2014 and a record low of 5.78 in 2006. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Libya Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Libya decreased to 6.77 in 2018 from 6.99 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Libya averaged 2.81 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 7.29 in 2014 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

United Arab Emirates Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in the United Arab Emirates decreased to 0.05 in 2018 from 0.11 in 2017. Terrorism Index in the United Arab Emirates averaged 0.23 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1.12 in 2010 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Taiwan Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Taiwan increased to 1.01 in 2018 from 0.94 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Taiwan averaged 0.20 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1.01 in 2018 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Norway Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Norway decreased to 0.08 in 2018 from 0.15 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Norway averaged 1.25 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4.71 in 2011 and a record low of 0 in 2002. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

New Zealand Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in New Zealand decreased to 0.14 in 2018 from 0.29 in 2017. Terrorism Index in New Zealand averaged 0.30 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1.19 in 2014 and a record low of 0 in 2013. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Netherlands Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Netherlands increased to 2.35 in 2018 from 1.96 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Netherlands averaged 1.59 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2.78 in 2009 and a record low of 0.18 in 2007. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Nepal Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Nepal decreased to 5.09 in 2018 from 5.30 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Nepal averaged 5.61 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6.86 in 2004 and a record low of 4.39 in 2016. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Lithuania Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Lithuania increased to 0.46 in 2018 from 0 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Lithuania averaged 0.03 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 0.46 in 2018 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Macedonia Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Macedonia decreased to 0.30 in 2018 from 0.65 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Macedonia averaged 2.24 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4.50 in 2002 and a record low of 0.30 in 2018. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Madagascar Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Madagascar decreased to 1.96 in 2018 from 2.61 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Madagascar averaged 1.61 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.29 in 2016 and a record low of 0 in 2007. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Malawi Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Malawi increased to 0.66 in 2018 from 0.46 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Malawi averaged 0.07 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 0.66 in 2018 and a record low of 0 in 2003. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Malaysia Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Malaysia decreased to 2.50 in 2018 from 2.70 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Malaysia averaged 1.55 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.58 in 2014 and a record low of 0 in 2006. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Mexico Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Mexico increased to 4.08 in 2018 from 3.53 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Mexico averaged 3.03 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4.51 in 2013 and a record low of 1.35 in 2005. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Mongolia Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Mongolia remained unchanged at 0 in 2018 from 0 in 2017. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Morocco Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Morocco increased to 1.22 in 2018 from 0.04 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Morocco averaged 2.07 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 4.50 in 2003 and a record low of 0 in 2002. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Mozambique Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Mozambique increased to 5.54 in 2018 from 4.58 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Mozambique averaged 1.97 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 5.54 in 2018 and a record low of 0 in 2005. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Myanmar Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Myanmar decreased to 5.51 in 2018 from 5.92 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Myanmar averaged 4.43 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 5.92 in 2017 and a record low of 3.45 in 2002. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Namibia Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Namibia remained unchanged at 0 in 2018 from 0 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Namibia averaged 0.42 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.03 in 2002 and a record low of 0 in 2006. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Ireland Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Ireland decreased to 2.69 in 2018 from 3.05 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Ireland averaged 1.96 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.66 in 2014 and a record low of 0.04 in 2005. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Israel Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Israel decreased to 4.53 in 2018 from 4.58 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Israel averaged 5.56 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6.86 in 2002 and a record low of 4.53 in 2018. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Italy Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Italy increased to 3.11 in 2018 from 2.74 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Italy averaged 2.86 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.71 in 2003 and a record low of 1.98 in 2008. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).




terrorism

Japan Terrorism Index

Terrorism Index in Japan decreased to 2.29 in 2018 from 2.93 in 2017. Terrorism Index in Japan averaged 1.49 from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 3.60 in 2016 and a record low of 0 in 2014. The Global Terrorism Index measures the direct and indirect impact of terrorism, including its effects on lives lost, injuries, property damage and the psychological aftereffects. It is a composite score that ranks countries according to the impact of terrorism from 0 (no impact) to 10 (highest impact).