Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9029, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332225
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332225.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332225.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9029, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332225" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9028, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332224
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332224.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332224.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9028, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332224" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9027, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332223
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332223.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332223.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9027, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332223" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9026, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332222
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332222.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332222.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9026, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332222" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9025, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332221
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332221.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332221.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9025, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332221" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9024, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332220
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332220.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332220.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9024, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332220" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9023, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332219
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332219.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332219.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9023, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332219" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9022, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332218
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332218.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332218.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9022, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332218" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9021, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332217
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332217.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332217.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9021, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332217" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9020, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332216
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332216.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332216.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9020, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332216" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9019, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332215
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332215.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332215.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9019, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332215" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9018, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332214
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332214.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332214.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9018, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332214" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9017, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332213
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332213.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332213.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9017, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332213" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9016, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332212
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332212.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332212.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9016, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332212" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9015, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332211
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332211.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332211.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9015, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332211" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9014, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332210
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332210.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332210.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9014, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332210" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9013, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332209
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332209.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332209.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9013, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332209" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Coyle, M; Fortin, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9012, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332208
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332208.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332208.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 9012, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/332208" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Spalding, J; Powell, J W; Schneider, D A; Fallas, K M. Marine and Petroleum Geology 155, 106358, 2023 p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106358
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20230078.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20230078.jpg" title="Marine and Petroleum Geology 155, 106358, 2023 p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2023.106358" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Geological Survey of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Canadian Geoscience Map 456, surficial data model v.2.4 conversion, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/331886
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331886.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331886.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Canadian Geoscience Map 456, surficial data model v.2.4 conversion, 2023, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.4095/331886" height="150" border="1" /></a>

White, J C; Calhoun, L; Jefferson, C W. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2023 p. 1078-1103, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2022-0083
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20220596.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20220596.jpg" title="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2023 p. 1078-1103, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2022-0083" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Bogatu, A; Bédard, J H; Labrousse, L; Zagorevski, A; Tremblay, A. Lithos vol. 454-455, 107269, 2023 p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107269
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20220567.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20220567.jpg" title="Lithos vol. 454-455, 107269, 2023 p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107269" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Parent, M. Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 201-219, https://doi.org/10.4095/331425
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331425.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331425.jpg" title="Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 201-219, https://doi.org/10.4095/331425" height="150" border="1" /></a>

McMartin, I; Campbell, J E; Godbout, P M; Behnia, P; Tremblay, T; Normandeau, P X. Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 145-165, https://doi.org/10.4095/331423
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331423.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331423.jpg" title="Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 145-165, https://doi.org/10.4095/331423" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Duk-Rodkin, A; Barendregt, R W. Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 113-143, https://doi.org/10.4095/331422
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331422.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331422.jpg" title="Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 113-143, https://doi.org/10.4095/331422" height="150" border="1" /></a>

McClenaghan, M B; Spirito, W A; Day, S J A; McCurdy, M W; McNeil, R J; Adcock, S W. Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 51-112, https://doi.org/10.4095/331421
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331421.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331421.jpg" title="Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 51-112, https://doi.org/10.4095/331421" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Kerr, D E; Plouffe, A; Campbell, J E; McMartin, I. Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 15-49, https://doi.org/10.4095/331420
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331420.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331420.jpg" title="Surficial geology of northern Canada: a summary of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program contributions; by McMartin, I (ed.); Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023 p. 15-49, https://doi.org/10.4095/331420" height="150" border="1" /></a>

McMartin, I (ed.). Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023, 265 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/331418
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331418.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331418.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 611, 2023, 265 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/331418" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Kabanov, P B; Abdi, W; Biggin, A J; Bilot, I; van der Boon, A; Gouwy, S; Grasby, S; Minions, N; Percival, J; Thallner, D; Twemlow, C; VandenBerg, R. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8940, 2023, 13 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/331201
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331201.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_331201.jpg" title="Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8940, 2023, 13 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/331201" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Kellett, D A; Coutand, I; Zagorevski, A; Grujic, D; Dewing, K; Beranek, L. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2023 p. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0082
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20220220.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20220220.jpg" title="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2023 p. 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0082" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Whitmeyer, S J; Kellett, D A; Tikoff, B; Williams, M L. Laurentia: turning points in the evolution of a continent; Geological Society of America, Memoir vol. 220, 2023 p. 7-16, https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.1220(001)
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210545.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/20210545.jpg" title="Laurentia: turning points in the evolution of a continent; Geological Society of America, Memoir vol. 220, 2023 p. 7-16, https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.1220(001)" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Rainbird, R H; Davis, W J. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 417-419, https://doi.org/10.4095/332508
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332508.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332508.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 417-419, https://doi.org/10.4095/332508" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Kellett, D; Pehrsson, S; Skipton, D; Regis, D; Camacho, A; Schneider, D; Berman, R. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 411-415, https://doi.org/10.4095/332507
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332507.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332507.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 411-415, https://doi.org/10.4095/332507" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Buchan, K L; Ernst, R E. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 375-410, https://doi.org/10.4095/332506
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332506.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332506.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 375-410, https://doi.org/10.4095/332506" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Böhm, C; Rayner, N. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 327-334, https://doi.org/10.4095/332503
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332503.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332503.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 327-334, https://doi.org/10.4095/332503" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Tschirhart, V; Pehrsson, S; Wodicka, N; Percival, J; Jefferson, C; Peterson, T; Berman, R. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 295-325, https://doi.org/10.4095/332502
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332502.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332502.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 295-325, https://doi.org/10.4095/332502" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Pehrsson, S J. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 283-287, https://doi.org/10.4095/332500
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332500.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332500.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 283-287, https://doi.org/10.4095/332500" height="150" border="1" /></a>

Jefferson, C W; Pehrsson, S; Tschirhart, V; Peterson, T; Chorlton, L; Bethune, K; White, J C; Davis, W; McNicoll, V; Paulen, R C; Rayner, N. Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 163-281, https://doi.org/10.4095/332499
<a href="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332499.jpg"><img src="https://geoscan.nrcan.gc.ca/images/geoscan/gid_332499.jpg" title="Canada's northern Shield: new perspectives from the Geoscience for Energy and Minerals Program; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 612, 2024 p. 163-281, https://doi.org/10.4095/332499" height="150" border="1" /></a>

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MANILA, Philippines — A specialist from the state weather bureau pointed to the ridge of a high pressure area located north of the country as a factor behind the recent string of tropical cyclones to strike Northern Luzon. The region saw Severe Tropical Kristine (International name: Trami) make landfall in Isabela on Oct. 24, Typhoon Marce (Yinxing) in Cagayan on Nov. 7, and Typhoon Nika (Toraji) in Aurora on Nov. 11. Further, while Super Typhoon Leon (Kong-rey) made landfall in Taiwan, the cyclone brought inclement weather over Northern Luzon until it exited the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR) on Nov. […]...

Keep on reading: Pagasa explains why recent typhoons tend to only hit Northern Luzon

Plot summary: The novel depicts a mythical island, Bensalem, which is discovered by the crew of a European ship after they are lost in the Pacific Ocean somewhere west of Peru. The minimal plot serves the gradual unfolding of the island, its customs, but most importantly, its state-sponsored scientific institution, Salomon's House, "which house or college ... is the very eye of this kingdom." On arriving to Bensalem, the travellers are initially instructed to leave without landing, but are successively quarantined to "the House of Strangers", then given greater leave to explore the island, and finally granted an explanation of Salomon's House. Their conversations with the inhabitants disclose how they in such isolation came to be Christian, how they came to know so much of the outside world (without themselves being known), the history and origin of the island's government and the establishment of Salomon's House by King Solamona, the Bensalemite customs regarding marriage and family, and purpose, properties, and activities of Salomon's House. The interlocutors include the governor of the House of Strangers, Joabin the Jew, and the Father of Salomon's House. -- Only the best and brightest of Bensalem's citizens are selected to join Salomon's House, in which scientific experiments are conducted in Baconian method in order to understand and conquer nature, and to apply the collected knowledge to the betterment of society. Near the end of the work, the Father of Salomon's House catalogues the activities of the institution's members: "For the several employments and offices of our fellows, we have twelve that sail into foreign countries under the names of other nations (for our own we conceal), who bring us the books and abstracts, and patterns of experiments of all other parts. These we call merchants of light. "We have three that collect the experiments which are in all books. These we call depredators. "We have three that collect the experiments of all mechanical arts, and also of liberal sciences, and also of practices which are not brought into arts. These we call mystery-men. "We have three that try new experiments, such as themselves think good. These we call pioneers or miners. "We have three that draw the experiments of the former four into titles and tables, to give the better light for the drawing of observations and axioms out of them. These we call compilers. "We have three that bend themselves, looking into the experiments of their fellows, and cast about how to draw out of them things of use and practice for man's life and knowledge, as well for works as for plain demonstration of causes, means of natural divinations, and the easy and clear discovery of the virtues and parts of bodies. These we call dowry-men or benefactors. "Then after divers meetings and consults of our whole number, to consider of the former labours and collections, we have three that take care out of them to direct new experiments, of a higher light, more penetrating into nature than the former. These we call lamps. "We have three others that do execute the experiments so directed, and report them. These we call inoculators. "Lastly, we have three that raise the former discoveries by experiments into greater observations, axioms, and aphorisms. These we call interpreters of nature." Even this short excerpt demonstrates that Bacon understood that science requires analysis and not just the accumulation of observations. Bacon also foresaw that the design of experiments could be improved.

They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman or Norman-French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was one of the great fiefs of medieval France. The Normans are famed both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture, and their musical traditions, as well as for their military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition on behalf of their duke led to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman influence spread from these new centres to the Crusader States in the Near East, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to Ireland. ... In Byzantium: Soon after the Normans first began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire, and then Armenia against the Pechenegs, Bulgars, and especially Seljuk Turks. The Norman mercenaries first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces of 1038-40. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service were mostly or at all from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen. One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of Antioch, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos. Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern Syria. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the Armenian general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans - formerly of Oursel - led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks." The known trade between Amalfi and Antioch and between Bari and Tarsus may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy. Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of Albanian clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under George Maniaces in the Sicilian expedition of 1038 A.D.

Tertullian lived in the ancient city of Carthage in what is now Tunisia, sometime around 200 AD. Very little is known about his life - that little comes either from writers two centuries later, or from the scanty personal notes in his works. Much of it has been asserted to be untrue anyway by some modern writers. He was born a member of the educated classes, and clearly gained a good education. Life in his times wasn't very different in some ways to the modern day - he indulged his passions as he saw fit, including sex, and like everyone else attended the games where gladiators killed each other and criminals were eaten alive, for the enjoyment of the spectators. But among the sights he saw, was that of Christians being executed this way. He was struck with the courage with which stupid and contemptible slave men and little slave girls faced a hideous death, against all nature; and after investigating, became a Christian himself, and turned his budding talents to writing in defense of this despised and victimised group. Tertullian was the first Christian writer to write in Latin, and was described three centuries later as writing 'first, and best, and incomparably', of all the writers to do so. (by the unknown author of 'Praedestinatus'). His writing is aggressive, sarcastic and brilliant, and at points very funny even after 2000 years. He was deeply conscious of his own failings, and had a burning desire for truth and integrity. He was described by Jerome as celebrated in all the churches as a speaker; and his works bear the marks of the need to keep an audience awake! His erudition was immense. Much of what he read is lost, but what remains gives a picture of wide reading, which was celebrated even in antiquity. He wrote a great number of works - how many is unknown. Thirty-one are extant; lists of known lost works are elsewhere on this site; but we have no reason to suppose this to be anything like an exhaustive list. Most of those extant have come down to us by the slenderest of threads, and the very nature of Tertullian's terse and ironic style, means that copyists made many errors, and in some cases his text is beyond certain restoration. Not all of his works were ever completed. His most important work is the Apologeticum, in defense of the Christians. Running it close must be Adversus Praxean, in which the doctrine of the Trinity comes into clear focus for the first time, in response to a heretic who was twisting the biblical balance between the persons of the Godhead. In this work, he created most of the terminology with which this doctrine was to be referred (and is still), such as Trinitas, etc. His discussion of how heretical arguments are in general to be handled in De praescriptio haereticorum also deserves wider recognition. Tertullian wrote no systematic theology; all of his works are brought forth by a local event, a persecution, or a heretic. In his time, the church finally decided to reject a movement calling itself 'The New Prophecy', and known later as Montanism. The New Prophecy made no doctrinal innovations, but said that the Holy Spirit was calling Christians to a more ascetic position. But obeying the prophets inevitably meant a problem, if the bishop did not recognise their authority. Tertullian had grown angry at what looked like compromise creeping into the church - unwillingness to be martyred, willingness to forgive more serious public sins - and aligned himself with the Montanists [it was a prophetic movement that called for a reliance on the spontaneity of the Holy Spirit and a more conservative personal ethic. Parallels have been drawn between Montanism and modern day movements such as Pentecostalism and the charismatic movement - wiki.com]. It is unclear whether this involved actually leaving the church, but his later works are avowedly Montanist, and one or two explictly attack the mainstream church on these points. As such he was not recognised as a Saint, despite his orthodoxy, and his works were all marked as condemned in the 6th Century Decretum Gelasianum. His later life is unknown, and we do not know if he was martyred or died of old age as Jerome says.

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Youth Grow Up Searching for a Better Life.