Summer programs that use multimedia may improve student literacy, numeracy, phonics skills, and math vocabulary, according to a study released by WestEd, a nonprofit education research organization. The report examines the Electric Company's Summer Learning Program, which is sponsored by the Sesame

Students are learning how to research and write scripts, hone interviewing techniques, and edit video footage, and some teenagers are even earning certifications in media technology.

Have you noticed that the Internet is changing the world into a

Public libraries are moving deeper into digital learning, often in partnership with schools and other institutions, to help prepare students for the skills they'll need for college and careers.

Education Week takes a close look at the obstacles and opportunities for American Indian children in finding success in school and beyond.

Most districts have the technology to support the basic digital textbooks of today, but not the interactive, multimedia-rich ones of the future.

The California Teachers Association continues its assault on NCLB. To supplement its Web ads, it has turned to YouTube and radio ads. The YouTube video tears at heartstrings and predicts that NCLB will lead to the end of public education as we know it. The radio ad includes standard union criticism

The Newseum in Washington has just launched Decision 2012: Exploring Elections and the Media, an online resource for teaching about the presidential campaign and election.

Participate in a chat about how multimedia tools are transforming teaching and learning in core academic subjects.

Video, audio, photo galleries and infographics on education news and issues from preschool through the 12th grade.

Antonín Panenka tells us about the idea and technique behind his classic 1976 UEFA European Championship final winning penalty.

Malta. Report on the individual review of the annual submission of Malta submitted in 2017. Note by the expert review team.

Where businesses are fighting to survive, agility is the name of the game, says Mignon Reynecke.

Strategic partnerships could be used to create win-win outcomes, says Sifiso Skenjana.

Penn State’s College of Agricultural Sciences is staying connected to alumni during the COVID-19 pandemic by moving its monthly Alumni Society board meetings and other alumni activities online.

I rapporti tra Gheddafi e Déby sono caratterizzati da una certa superficialità, dovuta alle tensioni passate e ai sospetti che nutrono l’uno per l’altro.

Chad’s North West may become the next stage for insurgency, drug-running and religious extremism in the Sahel if the government continues to actively neglect the poorest of the violence-plagued country’s poor regions.

Die Zentralafrikanische Republik trägt einen nüchternen, doch gerade in jüngster Zeit allzu treffenden Namen. Denn sie scheint tatsächlich zum Zentrum oder zumindest zum Ballungsraum all der vielfältigen Probleme geworden zu sein, unter denen der Kontinent seit langem leidet und von denen sich aber mittlerweile viele afrikanische Länder befreien können. Da sind die Konflikte um den Abbau wertvoller Ressourcen, besonders von Diamanten. Aus einer kleinen Elite ist eine Reihe unfähiger politischer Führer hervorgegangen. Es mehren sich Konflikte zwischen nomadischen Stämmen und der sesshaften Bevölkerung, was Ursachen auch im Klimawandel hat, und zu neuen Konkurrenzen zwischen den beiden Bevölkerungsteilen führt. Aus Rivalitäten zwischen ethnischen Gemeinschaften erwuchsen blutige Kämpfe und neue Feindschaften: die altbekannte, berüchtigte Kombination von historischen Altlasten und politischem Opportunismus schuf Konflikte auf der Grundlage religiöser Gruppenzugehörigkeit, wie jetzt zwischen Christen und Muslimen. Die schwierige Lage hat dem Land international eine erhöhte, aber nicht immer nützliche Aufmerksamkeit verschafft: des Nachbarlands Tschad, der Zentralafrikanischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft, von der Afrikanischen Union und von den Vereinten Nationen. Außerdem von multilateralen und Nicht­regierungs­organisationen, von der ehemaligen Kolonialmacht Frankreich und von weiteren internationalen Akteuren wie den Vereinigten Staaten, Südafrika, der Europäischen Union und unlängst auch von Deutschland. In kürzester Zeit ist die Zentralafrikanische Republik zu trauriger Berühmtheit gelangt. Doch so stark die Aufmerksamkeit auch gestiegen ist, so viel Wissen ist über dieses Land nachzuholen – Wissen, das man braucht, um vernünftig zu handeln. Mein Kollege Thibaud Lesueur und ich haben in den vergangenen drei Jahren viele Monate in der Zen­tralafrikanischen Republik verbracht. Wir konnten vor Ort beobachten, wie der Staat erst allmählich, dann rasant auseinanderfiel. Wir verfolgten, wie ein französisches Expeditionskorps, die Operation Sangaris, den afrikanischen Truppen zu Hilfe kam, um noch eine Spur von Ordnung vor dem drohenden Chaos zu retten, wie es nur eine gut ausgestattete Berufsarmee kann. Wir sahen, wie aus der einst stabilen Bevölkerung eine Generation plündernder Krieger hervorging. Und wir erlebten, wie aus Bangui, der Hauptstadt am Ubangi Fluss mit 750 000 Einwohnern, ein Schauplatz von Lynchjustiz wurde, was 90 Prozent der muslimischen Bevölkerung in die Flucht trieb. Ein Opfer dieser Selbstjustiz wurde auch Jean-Emmanuel Ndjaroua, ein Mitglied des nationalen Übergangsrats. Er machte im Februar den verhängnisvollen Fehler, öffentlich zu Toleranz und Frieden aufzurufen, und wurde auf offener Straße erschossen. Die große Herausforderung besteht nun darin zu verhindern, dass aus Tausenden viele Zehntausende Tote werden. Noch besteht Hoffnung, dass ein solches Blutvergießen vermieden werden kann. Die neue Regierung unter Präsidentin Catherine Samba-Panza hat Potenzial, und die von der Zentralafrikanischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft zügig entsandten – aber zu schwachen – Truppen hat man durch eine hoffentlich zielgerichtetere Mission unter Führung der ­Afrikanischen Union ersetzt. Unter der Federführung Frankreichs hat der UN-Sicherheitsrat am 10. April eine Resolution zum Einsatz einer neuen UN-Friedensmission beschlossen. Diese sieht vor, dass die Truppen der Afrikanischen Union im September 2014 unter das Kommando der Vereinten Nationen gestellt werden und die Zahl der internationalen Friedenssoldaten nahezu verdoppelt wird. Die Europäische Union hat derweil für Mai die Stationierung einer „Überbrückungsmission“ angekündigt. Diese Einsatzverpflichtungen sind mehr als bloße Versprechen, aber sie bleiben dennoch hinter dem zurück, was man als entschiedenes Handeln bezeichnen würde. Was also ist zu tun? Vertrauen zwischen den Religionen Es ist entscheidend, zwischen den Bevölkerungsteilen wieder Vertrauen aufzubauen. Der Imam, der Erzbischof und Vertreter der anderen christlichen Kirchen in Bangui arbeiten bereits eng zusammen, aber ihre Anstrengungen sind bisher auf die Hauptstadt begrenzt – aus der fast alle Muslime geflohen sind. Ein interkonfessioneller Dialog und eine Versöhnungskampagne müssen an der Basis beginnen und mithilfe der Übergangsregierung und ihrer internationalen Unterstützer auf die Provinzen ausgeweitet werden. Die Bausteine dafür existieren bereits – im Westen des Landes beispielsweise sind die verbliebenen muslimischen Flüchtlinge mehrheitlich bei christlichen Missionen untergekommen. Erinnern wir uns: Religiöse Gruppenzugehörigkeiten sind noch nicht lange eine Konfliktursache in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik. Zwei frühere Präsidenten, Bokassa und Patassé, konvertierten zum Islam, und diverse ethnische Gruppen setzen sich aus Christen und Muslimen zusammen. Bis heute sind im vorwiegend muslimischen nordöstlichen Distrikt, in dem sich auch viele aus Bangui vertriebene Krieger aufhalten, die Christen des Saraa-Stammes (zu dem auch viele Muslime gehören) nicht angegriffen worden, und auch nicht das zahlenmäßig große christliche Volk der Banda in Bria. In Bangui entstand als Reaktion auf die Morde eine Nichtregierungsorganisation, Les Frères Centrafricains, die über Aufkleber an Taxis zur Versöhnung aufrief. Junge Christen taten sich zusammen, um gemeinsam Moscheen vor Angriffen zu beschützen. Ankurbelung der Wirtschaft Die Wirtschaft des Landes muss neu belebt werden. Die wichtigsten Exportgüter des Landes sind Holz und Diamanten – und der Handel mit diesen Gütern setzt Sicherheit voraus. Von den fünf privaten Firmen, die bislang die Holzindustrie dominierten, arbeiten nur noch zwei. Ein Angestellter vor Ort erzählte uns, wie sein Betrieb zuerst Anfang 2013 von der Präsidentengarde durchsucht wurde, daraufhin von den muslimisch dominierten Séléka-Rebellen und schließlich von der prochristlichen Anti-Balaka-Bewegung, und wie alle von ihnen Fahrzeuge stahlen. Der Diamantenhandel ist ebenfalls in eine schwere Schieflage geraten, denn die Händler waren fast ausschließlich Muslime. Mit Beginn des Gegenaufstands der Anti-Balaka-Milizen flohen sie aus den Städten, ihre Geschäfte wurden geplündert. Auf lange Sicht muss der Staat seine Kontrolle über die Diamantenfelder wiederherstellen und für die Sicherheit der Händler sowie die Transparenz der Handelswege sorgen. Dazu müssen Zivilbeamte und Polizei eingesetzt werden. Zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt können allein Friedenstruppen dafür sorgen, dass der Handel wieder sicher aufgenommen werden kann. Der bedeutendste nicht exportorientierte Wirtschaftszweig des Landes ist die landwirtschaftliche Selbstversorgung. Auch sie leidet unter der problematischen Sicherheitslage, besonders dort, wo Nomaden und Farmer in Konkurrenz um Land aufeinandertreffen. Die Wanderungen der nomadischen Hirten aus dem Tschad im Norden in die Zentralafrikanische Republik müssen dringend unter eine von allen Seiten ausgehandelte Regelung gestellt werden, von der Art, wie sie in Niger und Tschad bereits erfolgreich ist. In den größeren Städten des Landes muss indessen Arbeit für die ­dortigen Kämpfer geschaffen werden. In der Hauptstadt Bangui herrscht Gewalt. Dort wird neben einer verbesserten Sicherheitslage dringend mehr Beschäftigung für die Jugendlichen gebraucht, damit diese eine Alternative zu den Milizen finden, die ihnen bisher „Arbeit“ verschafft haben. Die Hauptstadt und weitere Landesteile leiden unter infrastrukturellen Problemen, die durch beschäftigungsintensive Maßnahmen zu lösen wären, für die ungelernte und angelernte Arbeitskräfte eingesetzt werden können. Sicherheit Um die Sicherheit im Land wiederherzustellen, muss die Afrikanische Union mit den Vereinten Nationen zusammenarbeiten. Die neue UN-­Resolution will aus den 6000 AU-Soldaten UN-Blauhelme machen, aber Streit um Zuständigkeiten könnte die Umsetzung erschweren. Auch Frankreich und die Europäische Union müssen eine Grundlage zur Zusammenarbeit finden. Hier wird vermutlich Deutschland eine Schlüsselrolle spielen. Die deutsche Koalitionsregierung hat den Versuch gestartet, die deutsch-französische ­Zusammenarbeit neu zu beleben, gerade auf außenpolitischem Gebiet. Im April sprach Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel von Frankreich und Deutschland als „Motor“ der Beziehungen zwischen der EU und Afrika, und Frankreichs Staatspräsident François Hollande unterstrich die „besondere Freundschaft“ beider Länder. Deutschland hat sich in bisher nicht gekannter Weise verpflichtet, in Mali und der Zentralafrikanischen Republik militärische Hilfen bereitzustellen – dies soll jeweils in enger Abstimmung mit Frankreich geschehen. Hinzu kommt eine bedeutsame entwicklungspolitische Unterstützung. Diese französisch-deutsche Führung hat aus einem vagen Plan ein handfestes Unternehmen gemacht; mittlerweile haben sich Estland, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien, Lettland, Litauen, Luxemburg, Polen, Portugal, Schweden, Spanien, Großbritannien sowie Georgien zur Mission bekannt. Der Großteil der Truppen wird von Estland, Frankreich, Georgien, Polen und Spanien gestellt. Deutschland legt seinen Schwerpunkt auf den strategischen Lufttransport, Großbritannien kümmert sich um logistische Fragen und Italien um die Technik. Selbst wenn die EU-Überbrückungsmission Realität wird und sich die Beziehungen zur Afrikanischen Union verbessern, wird es für den ­Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen und die UN-Organisationen sehr schwierig werden, erfolgreich eine Blauhelmtruppe in der Zentralafrikanischen Republik zu etablieren. Die Vereinten Nationen müssen die Frage beantworten, welche ihrer Mitgliedstaaten die Truppen stellen. Dabei sollten sie Tschad außen vor lassen. Das Land ist schon zu sehr in die Angelegenheiten der Zentralafrikanischen Republik verstrickt und hat seine Friedensmission Anfang April aufgekündigt, nachdem tschadische Soldaten beschuldigt wurden, für den Tod von Zivilisten verantwortlich zu sein. Die Befehlsgewalt über die Truppen wird zwar formal im September von der AU auf die UN übergehen. Aber praktisch wird die UN-Mission wahrscheinlich nicht vor Ende des Jahres in vollem Umfang anlaufen. Dabei erfordert die Entwaffnung der Milizen schnelles Handeln: Die verbliebene muslimische Bevölkerung in Bangui hat sich in der PK5 genannten muslimischen Enklave bewaffnet, und auch die Anti-Balaka-Milizen haben bisher keine Probleme, in der Hauptstadt an Waffen zu kommen – obwohl Tausende französische und afrikanische Friedenssoldaten durch die Straßen der Hauptstadt patrouillieren. Der muslimische Bürgermeister von Banguis drittem Bezirk, zu dem auch PK5 gehört, sagte im März: „Wenn wir PK5 verlassen, um in ein benachbartes Gebiet zu gehen, werden wir noch am gleichen Tag getötet.“ Die Franzosen verpassten im Dezember und Januar die Gelegenheit zur weitgehenden Entwaffnung der Séléka-Truppen, als diese noch in vier Lagern festgehalten wurden. Eine UN-Mission wird es mit der Entwaffnung nicht leichter haben als die Franzosen. Der Plan der Vereinten Nationen sieht vor, dass zuerst Soldaten stationiert werden, dann eine funktionierende Polizei aufgebaut wird, und dann ein Justizsystem. Die größten Schwachstellen sind die Soldaten und Geld: Von beiden gibt es viel zu wenig. Ein strategischer Fahrplan Die Übergangsregierung der Zentralafrikanischen Republik wie auch die internationale Gemeinschaft brauchen dringend einen Plan. Auf nationaler Ebene hatte es Ende vergangenen Jahres einen gegeben – einen mangelhaften, aber immerhin etwas. Die neue Regierung unter Catherine Samba-Panza ist die dritte Regierung innerhalb eines Jahres, aber sie ist vielversprechend. Die meisten wichtigen Ministerien sind mit Technokraten statt mit Parteigenossen besetzt. Präsidentin Samba-Panza hat bereits zu Beginn ihrer Amtszeit die Bedeutung von Justiz und Versöhnung betont. In einem Gespräch im April mit Crisis-Group-Präsidentin Louise Arbour bestätigte sie dies und unterstrich, dass ihr Land auf die Hilfe ausländischer Richter angewiesen sei, um ein effektives Justizsystem aufzubauen. All dies gibt Anlass zur Hoffnung. Was man jedoch für die erweiterte internationale Intervention braucht, sind eine kohärente Führung, strategisches Denken sowie einen gemeinsamen Stabilisierungsplan, der es der Übergangsregierung ermöglicht, mittel- und langfristige Prioritäten zu setzen. Die internationale Kontaktgruppe sowie der jüngste Bericht des UN-Generalsekretärs betonen zu Recht, wie wichtig es ist, die Sicherheit im Land wiederherzustellen, die staatlichen Dienste zu reaktivieren und Wahlen vorzubereiten. Aber sie gehen nicht auf die tieferliegenden Probleme ein, insbesondere nicht auf den wirtschaftlichen Niedergang, der die Hauptursache für den Staatszerfall ist. Jemand – beispielsweise die EU oder Mitglieder der internationalen Kontaktgruppe – sollte dafür sorgen, dass die bisherigen Entwicklungs- und Aufbauprogramme überprüft werden. Eine solche Überprüfung ist aus zwei Gründen wichtig: erstens um zu verstehen, was bei der Reform des Sicherheitssektors, bei der Entwaffnung und Demobilisierung von Kämpfern sowie den Reintegrationsmaßnahmen schiefgelaufen ist. Und zweitens, um eine Stabilisierungsstrategie zu entwerfen, die die Wirtschaft in den Mittelpunkt stellt und das bietet, was zurzeit fehlt: neue Ideen für alte Probleme sowie eine langfristige Roadmap für die nationalen und internationalen Akteure. Auf diese Weise hätte man eine Grundlage für die angedachte Geberkonferenz im späteren Jahresverlauf und es wäre einfacher, eine sinnvolle Aufgabenverteilung unter den internationalen Akteuren zu verabreden. Ein solcher Rahmen ist unverzichtbar, um der neuen Regierung ein Fundament für ihre Herkulesaufgabe zu geben, nämlich aus dem Land wieder einen funktionierenden Staat zu machen und die Wirtschaft wieder aufzubauen, die Grundlage eines jeden zukunftsfähigen Staates. Bei dieser Überprüfung sollte man keine Zeit verlieren. Denn wie schon in der Vergangenheit könnte das ­Interesse der in­ternationalen Gemeinschaft an der Zentralafrikanischen Republik wieder schwinden. Gerade dies war in der Vergangenheit ein Hauptgrund dafür, dass sich die Probleme des Landes so häufig wiederholten. Geschieht das nicht, könnte es passieren, dass die geplante Überbrückungsmission schon in einem Jahr nur noch eine vage Erinnerung ist, dass der Fall Zentralafrikanische Republik Frankreich aufgebürdet wird, dass die afrikanischen Staaten gerade genug Mittel haben, um einzuschreiten, aber zu wenig, um irgendetwas langfristig zu stabilisieren, und dass die Übergangsregierung dann nur noch damit beschäftigt ist, die Fassade eines Staates aufrechtzuerhalten.

Background: This study summarizes drug resistance analyses in 4 recent phase 2b trials of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion inhibitor presatovir in naturally infected adults.

Methods: Adult hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients, lung transplant recipients, or hospitalized patients with naturally acquired, laboratory-confirmed RSV infection were enrolled in 4 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with study-specific presatovir dosing. Full-length RSV F sequences amplified from nasal swabs obtained at baseline and postbaseline were analyzed by population sequencing. Substitutions at RSV fusion inhibitor resistance-associated positions are reported.

Results: Genotypic analyses were performed on 233 presatovir-treated and 149 placebo-treated subjects. RSV F variant V127A was present in 8 subjects at baseline. Population sequencing detected treatment-emergent substitutions in 10/89 (11.2%) HCT recipients with upper and 6/29 (20.7%) with lower respiratory tract infection, 1/35 (2.9%) lung transplant recipients, and 1/80 (1.3%) hospitalized patients treated with presatovir; placebo-treated subjects had no emergent resistance-associated substitutions. Subjects with substitutions at resistance-associated positions had smaller decreases in viral load during treatment relative to those without, but similar clinical outcomes.

Conclusions: Subject population type and dosing regimen may have influenced RSV resistance development during presatovir treatment. Subjects with vs without genotypic resistance development had decreased virologic responses but comparable clinical outcomes.

QPX7728 is a new ultra-broad-spectrum inhibitor of serine and metallo beta-lactamases from a class of cyclic boronates that gave rise to vaborbactam. The spectrum and mechanism of beta-lactamase inhibition by QPX7728 were assessed using purified enzymes from all molecular classes. QPX7728 inhibits class A ESBLs (IC₅₀ range 1-3 nM) and carbapenemases such as KPC (IC₅₀ 2.9±0.4 nM) as well as class C P99 (IC₅₀ of 22±8 nM) with a potency that is comparable or higher than recently FDA approved BLIs avibactam, relebactam and vaborbactam. Unlike those other BLIs, QPX7728 is also a potent inhibitor of class D carbapenemases such as OXA-48 from Enterobacteriaceae and OXA enzymes from A. baumannii (OXA-23/24/58, IC₅₀ range 1-2 nM) as well as MBLs such as NDM-1 (IC₅₀ 55±25 nM), VIM-1 (IC₅₀ 14±4 nM) and IMP-1 (IC₅₀ 610±70 nM). Inhibition of serine enzymes by QPX7728 is associated with progressive inactivation with a high efficiency k₂/K ranging from of 6.3 x 10⁴ (for P99) to 9.9 x 10⁵ M^-1 s^-1 (for OXA-23). This inhibition is reversible with variable stability of the QPX7728-beta-lactamase complexes with target residence time ranging from minutes to several hours: 5-20 minutes for OXA carbapenemases from A. baumanii, ~50 minutes for OXA-48 and 2-3 hours for KPC and CTX-M-15. QPX7728 inhibited all tested serine enzymes at 1:1 molar ratio. Metallo-beta-lactamases NDM, VIM, and IMP were inhibited by a competitive mechanism with fast-on-fast-off kinetics, with K_is of 7.5±2.1 nM, 32±14 nM and 240±30 nM for VIM-1, NDM-1 and IMP-1, respectively. QPX7728 ultra-broad-spectrum of BLI inhibition combined with its high potency enables combinations with multiple different beta-lactam antibiotics.

Malaria parasites invade and replicate within red blood cells (RBCs), extensively modifying their structure and gaining access to the extracellular environment by placing the plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) into the RBC membrane. Expression of members of the cytoadherence linked antigen gene 3 (clag3) family is required for PSAC activity, a process that is regulated epigenetically. PSAC is a well-established route of uptake for large, hydrophilic antimalarial compounds and parasites can acquire resistance by silencing clag3 gene expression, thereby reducing drug uptake. We found that exposure to sub-IC50 concentrations of the histone methyltransferase inhibitor chaetocin caused substantial changes in both clag3 gene expression and RBC permeability, reversing acquired resistance to the antimalarial compound blasticidin S that is transported through PSAC. Chaetocin treatment also altered progression of parasites through their replicative cycle, presumably by changing their ability to modify chromatin appropriately to enable DNA replication. These results indicate that targeting histone modifiers could represent a novel tool for reversing epigenetically acquired drug resistance in P. falciparum.

Since 2012, single low dose of primaquine (SLDPQ, 0.25mg/kg) has been recommended with artemisinin-based combination therapies, as first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, to interrupt its transmission, especially in low transmission settings of multidrug, including artemisinin, resistance. Policy makers in Cambodia have been reluctant to implement this recommendation due to primaquine safety concerns and lack of data on its efficacy.

In this randomized controlled trial, 109 Cambodians with acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria received dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) alone or combined with SLDPQ on the first treatment day. Transmission-blocking efficacy of SLDPQ was evaluated on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and recrudescence by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (gametocyte prevalence) and membrane-feeding assays with Anopheles minimus mosquitoes (gametocyte infectivity). Without the influence of recrudescent infections, DP+SLDPQ reduced gametocyte carriage 3 fold compared to DP. Of 48 patients tested on Day 0, only three patients were infectious to mosquitoes (~6%). Post-treatment, three patients were infectious: on D14 (3.5%, 1/29), and on the first and seventh day of recrudescence (8.3%, 1/12 for each); this overall low infectivity precluded our ability to assess its transmission blocking efficacy.

Our study confirms effective gametocyte clearance of SLDPQ when combined with DP in multidrug resistant P. falciparum and the negative impact of recrudescent infections due to poor DP efficacy. Artesunate-mefloquine (ASMQ) has replaced DP and ASMQ-SLDPQ has been deployed to treat all P. falciparum symptomatic patients to further support the elimination of multidrug resistant P. falciparum in Cambodia.

Objectives: Antibiotic combination therapy is used for severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. Yet, data of which combinations are most effective is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of polymyxin B in combination with 13 other antibiotics against four clinical strains of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Methods: We evaluated the interactions of polymyxin B in combination with amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, meropenem, minocycline, rifampicin, temocillin, thiamphenicol or trimethoprim by automated time-lapse microscopy using predefined cut-off values indicating inhibition of growth (≤10⁶ CFU/mL) at 24 h. Promising combinations were subsequently evaluated in static time-kill experiments.

Results: All strains were intermediate or resistant to polymyxin B, anti-pseudomonal β-lactams, ciprofloxacin and amikacin. Genes encoding β-lactamases (e.g., bla_PAO and bla_OXA-50) and mutations associated with permeability and efflux were detected in all strains. In the time-lapse microscopy experiments, positive interactions were found with 39 of 52 antibiotic combination/bacterial strain setups. Enhanced activity was found against all four strains with polymyxin B used in combination with aztreonam, cefepime, fosfomycin, minocycline, thiamphenicol and trimethoprim. Time kill experiments showed additive or synergistic activity with 27 of the 39 tested polymyxin B combinations, most frequently with aztreonam, cefepime, and meropenem.

Conclusion: Positive interactions were frequently found with the tested combinations, also against strains that harboured several resistance mechanisms to the single drugs and with antibiotics that are normally not active against P. aeruginosa. Further study is needed to explore the clinical utility of these combinations.

Carbapenems are currently the preferred agents for the treatment of serious Acinetobacter infections. However, whether cefepime/cefpirome can be used to treat Acinetobacter bloodstream infection (BSI) if it is active against the causative pathogens is not clear. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of cefepime/cefpirome and carbapenem monotherapy in patients with Acinetobacter BSI. The population included 360 patients with monomicrobial Acinetobacter BSI receiving appropriate antimicrobial therapy admitted to four medical centres in Taiwan in 2012–2017. The predictors of 30-day mortality were determined by Cox regression analysis. The overall 30-day mortality rate in the appropriate antibiotic treatment group was 25.0% (90/360 patients), respectively. The crude 30-day mortality rates for cefepime/cefpirome and carbapenem therapy were 11.5% (7/61 patients) and 26.3% (21/80 patients), respectively. The patients receiving cefepime/cefpirome/carbapenem therapy were infected by Acinetobacter nosocomialis (51.8%), A. baumannii (18.4%) and A. pittii (12.1%). After adjusting for age, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, invasive procedures, and underlying diseases, cefepime/cefpirome therapy was not independently associated with a higher or lower 30-day mortality compared to the carbapenem therapy. SOFA score (hazard ratio [HR], 1.324; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.137–1.543; P < 0.001) and neutropenia (HR, 7.060; 95% CI, 1.607–31.019; P = 0.010) were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality of patients receiving cefepime/cefpirome or carbapenem monotherapy. The incidence density of 30-day mortality for cefepime/cefpirome versus carbapenem therapy was 0.40% versus 1.04%. The therapeutic response of cefepime/cefpirome therapy was comparable to that of carbapenems among patients with Acinetobacter BSI receiving appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Telacebec (Q203) is a new anti-tubercular drug with extremely potent activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Here, we explored the treatment-shortening potential of Q203 alone or in combination with rifampin (RIF) in a mouse footpad infection model. The first study compared Q203 at 5 and 10 mg/kg doses alone and with rifampin. Q203 alone rendered most mouse footpads culture-negative in 2 weeks. Combining Q203 with rifampin resulted in relapse-free cure 24 weeks after completing 2 weeks of treatment, compared to a 25% relapse rate in mice receiving RIF+clarithromycin, the current standard of care, for 4 weeks.

The second study explored the dose-ranging activity of Q203 alone and with RIF, including the extended activity of Q203 after treatment discontinuation. The bactericidal activity of Q203 persisted for ≥ 4 weeks beyond the last dose. All mice receiving just 1 week of Q203 at 2-10 mg/kg were culture-negative 4 weeks after stopping treatment. Mice receiving 2 weeks of Q203 at 0.5, 2 and 10 mg/kg were culture-negative 4 weeks after treatment. RIF did not increase the efficacy of Q203. A pharmacokinetics sub-study revealed that Q203 doses of 2-10 mg/kg in mice produce plasma concentrations similar to those produced by 100-300 mg doses in humans, with no adverse effect of RIF on Q203 concentrations.

These results indicate the extraordinary potential of Q203 to reduce the duration of treatment necessary for cure to ≤ 1 week (or 5 doses of 2-10 mg/kg) in our mouse footpad infection model and warrant further evaluation of Q203 in clinical trials.

QPX7728 is an ultra-broad-spectrum boronic acid beta-lactamase inhibitor with potent inhibition of key serine and metallo beta-lactamases observed in biochemical assays. Microbiological studies using characterized strains were used to provide a comprehensive characterization of the spectrum of beta-lactamase inhibition by QPX7728. The MIC of multiple IV only (ceftazidime, piperacillin, cefepime, ceftolozane and meropenem) and orally bioavailable (ceftibuten, cefpodoxime, tebipenem) antibiotics alone and in combination with QPX7728 (4 μg/ml), as well as comparator agents, were determined against the panels of laboratory strains of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae expressing over 55 diverse serine and metallo beta-lactamases. QPX7728 significantly enhanced the potency of antibiotics against the strains expressing Class A extended spectrum beta-lactamases (CTX-M, SHV, TEM, VEB, PER) and carbapenemases (KPC, SME, NMC-A, BKC-1), consistent with beta-lactamase inhibition demonstrated in biochemical assays. It also inhibits both plasmidic (CMY, FOX, MIR, DHA) and chromosomally encoded (P99, PDC, ADC) Class C beta-lactamases and Class D enzymes including carbapenemases such as OXA-48 from Enterobacteriaceae and OXA enzymes from Acinetobacter baumannii (OXA-23/24/72/58). QPX7728 is also a potent inhibitor of many class B metallo beta-lactamases (NDM, VIM, CcrA1, IMP, GIM but not SPM or L1). Addition of QPX7728 (4 μg/ml) reduced the MICs in a majority of strains to the level observed for the vector alone control, indicative of complete beta-lactamase inhibition. The ultra-broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibition profile makes QPX7728 a viable candidate for further development.

QPX7728 is an ultra-broad-spectrum boronic acid beta-lactamase inhibitor that demonstrates inhibition of key serine and metallo beta-lactamases at a nano molar range in biochemical assays with purified enzymes. The broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of QPX7728 observed in biochemical experiments translates into enhancement of the potency of many beta-lactams against strains of target pathogens producing beta-lactamases. The impact of bacterial efflux and permeability on inhibitory potency were determined using isogenic panels of KPC-3 producing isogenic strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and OXA-23-producing strains of A. baumannii with various combinations of efflux and porin mutations. QPX7728 was minimally affected by multi-drug resistance efflux pumps in either Enterobacteriaceae, or in non-fermenters such as P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii. In P. aeruginosa, the potency of QPX7728 was further enhanced when the outer membrane is permeabilized. The potency of QPX7728 in P. aeruginosa is not affected by inactivation of the carbapenem porin OprD. While changes in OmpK36 (but not OmpK35) reduced the potency of QPX7728 (8-16-fold), QPX7728 (4 μg/ml) nevertheless completely reversed KPC-mediated meropenem resistance in strains with porin mutations, consistent with a lesser effect of these mutations on the potency of QPX7728 compared to other agents. The ultra-broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibition profile combined with enhancement of the activity of multiple beta-lactam antibiotics with varying sensitivity to the intrinsic resistance mechanisms of efflux and permeability indicate QPX7728 is a useful inhibitor for use with multiple beta-lactam antibiotics.

Contezolid (MRX-I), a new oxazolidinone, is an antibiotic in development for treating complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI) caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. This was a thorough QT study conducted in 52 healthy subjects who were administered oral contezolid at a therapeutic (800 mg) dose, a supratherapeutic (1600 mg) dose, placebo, and oral moxifloxacin 400 mg in 4 separate treatment periods. The pharmacokinetic profile of contezolid was also evaluated. Time-point analysis indicated that the upper bounds of the two-sided 90% confidence interval (CI) for placebo-corrected change-from-baseline QTc (QTc) were <10 ms for the contezolid therapeutic dose at each time point. The upper bound of the 90% CI for QTc were slightly more than 10 ms with the contezolid supratherapeutic dose at 3 and 4 hours postdose, and the prolongation effect on the QT/QTc interval was less than that of the positive control, moxifloxacin 400 mg. At 3 and 4 h after the moxifloxacin dose, the moxifloxacin group met the assay sensitivity criteria outlined in ICH Guidance E14 with having a lower confidence bound ≥5 ms. The results of a linear exposure-response model which were similar to that of a time point analysis demonstrated a slightly positive relationship between contezolid plasma levels and QTcF interval with a slope of 0.227 ms per mg/L (90% CI: 0.188 to 0.266). In summary, contezolid did not prolong the QT interval at a therapeutic dose and may have a slight effect on QT interval prolongation at a supratherapeutic dose.

Multidrug resistant strains belonging to the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) group, and especially those belonging to clusters C-III, C-IV and C-VIII, have increasingly emerged as a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, with colistin used as one of the last line of treatment. However, colistin-resistant ECC strains have emerged. The aim of this study was to prove that MgrB, the negative regulator of PhoP/PhoQ two-component regulatory system, is involved in colistin resistance in ECC of cluster C-VIII, formerly referred to as Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii. An in vitro mutant (Eh22-Mut) was selected from a clinical isolate of Eh22. The sequencing analysis of its mgrB gene showed the presence of one nucleotide deletion leading to the formation of a truncated protein of six instead of 47 amino acids. Wild-type mgrB gene from Eh22, as well as that of a clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae used as controls, were cloned and the corresponding recombinant plasmids were used for complementation assays. Results showed a fully restored susceptibility to colistin, and confirmed for the first time that mgrB gene expression plays a key role in acquired resistance to colistin in ECC strains.

Durlobactam (DUR, also known as ETX2514) is a novel β-lactamase inhibitor with broad activity against Ambler class A, C, and D β-lactamases. Addition of DUR to sulbactam (SUL) in vitro restores SUL activity against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. The safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of DUR alone and with SUL and/or imipenem/cilastatin (IMI/CIL) were evaluated in healthy subjects. This was a randomized, placebo-controlled study. In Part A, subjects including an elderly cohort (DUR 1 g) received single ascending doses of DUR 0.25-8 g. In Part B, multiple ascending dose of DUR 0.25-2 g were administered every 6 hours (q6h) for 29 doses. In Parts C and D, the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential, including safety, of DUR (1 g) with SUL (1 g) and/or IMI/CIL (0.5/0.5 g) was investigated after single and multiple doses. Plasma and urine concentrations of DUR, SUL, and IMI/CIL were determined. Among 124 subjects, DUR was generally safe and well tolerated either alone or in combination with SUL and/or IMI/CIL. After single and multiple doses, DUR demonstrated linear dose proportional exposure across the studied dose ranges. Renal excretion was a predominant clearance mechanism. No drug:drug interaction potential was identified between DUR and SUL and/or IMI/CIL. SUL-DUR, 1 g (of each component) administered q6h with a 3 hour IV infusion, is under development for the treatment of serious infections due to A. baumannii.

A total of 2,283 Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from 18,334 samples including patients with diarrhea, food of animal origin and pets across 5 provinces of China. The highest prevalence of Salmonella spp. was detected in chicken meats (39.3%, 486/1,237). Fifteen serogroups and 66 serovars were identified, with Typhimurium and Enteritidis being the most dominant. Most (85.5%, 1,952/2,283) isolates exhibited resistant to ≥ 1 antimicrobial and 56.4% were multi-drug resistant (MDR). A total of 222 isolates harbored extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), 200 of which were CTX-M-type that were mostly detected from chicken meat and turtle fecal. Overall, eight bla_CTX-M genes were identified, with bla_CTX-M-65, bla_CTX-M-123, bla_CTX-M-14, bla_CTX-M-79, and bla_CTX-M-130 being the most prevalent. Totally, 166 of the 222 ESBL-producing isolates had amino acid substitutions in GyrA (S83Y, S83F, D87G, D87N, and D87Y) and ParC (and S80I), whilst the PMQR-encoding genes oqxA/B, qepA, and qnrB/S were detected in almost all isolates. Of the fifteen sequence types (STs) identified in the 222 ESBLs, ST17, ST11, ST34, and ST26 ranked among the top 5 in the number of isolates. Our study revealed considerable serovars diversity, high prevalence of co-occurrence of MDR determinants, including CTX-M-type ESBLs, QRDRs mutations and PMQR genes. This is the first report of CTX-M-130 Salmonella spp. from patients with diarrhea and QRDRs mutations from turtle fecal samples. Our study emphasizes the importance of actions, both in the health care settings and in the veterinary medicine sector, to control the dissemination of MDR, especially the CTX-M Salmonella spp. isolates.

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine has shown excellent efficacy and tolerability in malaria treatment. However, concerns have been raised of potentially harmful cardiotoxic effects associated with piperaquine. The population pharmacokinetics and cardiac effects of piperaquine were evaluated in 1,000 patients, mostly children enrolled in a multicentre trial from 10 sites in Africa. A linear relationship described the QTc-prolonging effect of piperaquine, estimating a 5.90ms mean QTc-prolongation per 100ng/mL increase in piperaquine concentration. The effect of piperaquine on absolute QTc-interval estimated a mean maximum QTc-interval of 456ms (EC₅₀=209ng/mL). Simulations from the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models predicted 1.98-2.46% risk of having QTc-prolongation > 60ms in all treatment settings. Although piperaquine administration resulted in QTc-prolongation, no cardiovascular adverse events were found in these patients. Thus, the use of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine should not be limited by this concern.

Linezolid has strong antimicrobial activity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Little is known about the distribution of linezolid in tuberculosis (TB) lesions in patients with MDR-TB. The aim of this study is to evaluate the distribution of linezolid in TB lesions in patients with spinal MDR-TB. Nine patients with spinal MDR-TB were enrolled prospectively from August 2019 to February 2020. The patients received a linezolid-containing anti-TB treatment regimen and needed surgery for the removal of TB lesions. During the operation, nine blood samples, eight diseased bone tissue samples, seven pus samples and four granulation tissue samples were collected simultaneously and 2 h after the oral administration of 600 mg of linezolid. Linezolid concentrations in plasma, diseased bone tissue, pus, and granulation tissue samples were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. At sample collection, the mean concentrations of linezolid in plasma, diseased bone tissue, pus, and granulation tissue samples of the nine patients were 11.14 ± 5.82, 5.94 ± 4.27, 11.09 ± 4.58, 14.08 ± 10.61 mg/L, respectively. The mean ratios of linezolid concentration in diseased bone/plasma, pus/plasma, and granulation/plasma were 53.84%, 91.69%, and 103.57%, respectively. The mean ratios of linezolid concentration in pus/plasma and granulation/plasma were higher than those in diseased bone/plasma, and the difference was statistically significant (t =-2.810, p = 0.015; t =-4.901, p = 0.001). In conclusion, linezolid had different concentration distributions in different types of TB infected tissues in patients with spinal MDR-TB.

The off-label use of third generation cephalosporin (3GC) during in ovo vaccination or vaccination of newly hatched chicks, was a common practice worldwide. CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli have been disseminated among broiler production. The objectives of this study were to determine the epidemiological linkage of bla_CMY-2-positive plasmids among broilers both within and outside Japan because grandparent stock and parent stock were imported in Japan. We examined the whole genome sequences of 132 3GC-resistant E. coli isolates collected from healthy broilers during 2002-2014. The predominant 3GC-resistance gene was bla_CMY-2, which was detected in the plasmids of 87 (65.9%) isolates. The main plasmid replicon types were IncI1-I (n=21; 24.1%), IncI (n=12; 13.8%), IncB/O/K/Z (n=28; 32.2%), and IncC (n=22; 25.3%). Those plasmids were subjected to gene clustering and network analyses and plasmid multi-locus sequence typing (pMLST). The chromosomal DNA of isolates was subjected to MLST and single nucleotide variant (SNV)-based phylogenetic analysis.

MLST and SNV-based phylogenetic analysis revealed high diversity of E. coli isolates. ST429 harboring bla_CMY-2-positive IncB/O/K/Z was closely related to isolates from broiler in Germany harboring bla_CMY-2-positive IncB/O/K/Z. pST55-IncI and pST12-IncI1-I and pST3-IncC were prevalent in western Japan. pST12-IncI1-I and pST3-IncC were closely related to those detected in E. coli isolates from chicken in American continent, whereas 26 IncB/O/K/Z were related to those in Europe. These data will be useful to reveal the whole picture of transmission of CMY-2-producing bacteria in and out of Japan.

Around the world, education is the largest recipient of philanthropic giving by a large margin, but in the United States, funders are moving away from investing in K-12 schools in favor of early childhood and higher education.

OBJECTIVES:

Our first aim was to examine baseline differences in body dissatisfaction, depression, and anxiety symptoms by gender, age, and Tanner (ie, pubertal) stage. Our second aim was to test for changes in youth symptoms over the first year of receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy. Our third aim was to examine potential differences in change over time by demographic and treatment characteristics. Youth experiences of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are also reported.

BACKGROUND:

The association of dietary fat distribution with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis during early life is unknown. We examined whether success in achieving the main target of an infancy-onset dietary intervention based on the distribution of dietary fat was associated with aortic and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and distensibility from childhood to young adulthood.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Runaway youth and homeless youth are at risk for adverse mental health outcomes. These 2 populations are frequently pooled together in both research and interventions yet may have unique health needs. We sought to assess differences in mental health outcomes among these populations.

BACKGROUND:

Elevated non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are used to identify children at increased cardiovascular risk, but the use of non–HDL-C in childhood to predict atherosclerosis is unclear. We examined whether the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classification of youth non–HDL-C status predicts high common carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood.

BACKGROUND:

Pediatricians are less frequently sued than other physicians. When suits are successful, however, the average payout is higher. Little is known about changes in the risk of litigation over time. We sought to characterize malpractice lawsuit trends for pediatricians over time.

The Igloohome Deadbolt 2S allows you to lock and unlock your door using your phone, a touch-screen keypad, or physical keys, though it lacks many of the features that you get with similarly priced smart locks.

WRS Health is an innovative and clinician-centered solution that improves charting accuracy, individualizes patient-care plans, and enhances reimbursements. This application is definitely a top contender in the electronic medical record (EMR) field.

Penn State Health has appointed Don McKenna as president of Penn State Health Hampden Medical Center.

Penn State Health has enrolled its first COVID-19 patient into an experimental treatment program called convalescent plasma therapy.

Penn State Health today resumed construction of Penn State Health Cocoa Outpatient Center, an expansion of medical services at the former CocoaPlex Center location.

Both in and out of the virtual classroom, Penn State Lehigh Valley departments are connecting with students during remote learning

Beth E. Michalec, lecturer of corporate communication at Penn State Lehigh Valley, earned a doctorate in rhetoric from Duquesne University. Michalec was selected as a Fulbright specialist in June 2019 by the U.S. Department of State.