Title: Key Areas of the Brain Triggered in Recent Heart Attack Survivors
Category: Health News
Created: 5/5/2020 12:00:00 AM
Last Editorial Review: 5/6/2020 12:00:00 AM

Samantha M. Logan, Kama E. Szereszewski, Nigel C. Bennett, Daniel W. Hart, Barry van Jaarsveld, Matthew E. Pamenter, and Kenneth B. Storey

Mole-rats are champions of self-preservation, with increased longevity compared to other rodents their size, strong antioxidant capabilities, and specialized defenses against endogenous oxidative stress. However, how the brains of these subterranean mammals handle acute in vivo hypoxia is poorly understood. This study is the first to examine the molecular response to low oxygen in six different species of hypoxia-tolerant mole-rats from sub-Saharan Africa. Protein carbonylation, a known marker of DNA damage (hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine), and antioxidant capacity did not change following hypoxia but HIF-1 protein levels increased significantly in the brains of two species. Nearly 30 miRNAs known to play roles in hypoxia-tolerance were differentially regulated in a species-specific manner. The miRNAs exhibiting the strongest response to low oxygen stress inhibit apoptosis and regulate neuroinflammation, likely providing neuroprotection. A principal component analysis using a subset of the molecular targets assessed herein revealed differences between control and hypoxic groups for two solitary species (Georychus capensis and Bathyergus suillus), which are ecologically adapted to a normoxic environment, suggesting a heightened sensitivity to hypoxia relative to species that may experience hypoxia more regularly in nature. By contrast, all molecular data were included in the PCA to detect a difference between control and hypoxic populations of eusocial Heterocephalus glaber, indicating they may require many lower-fold changes in signaling pathways to adapt to low oxygen settings. Finally, none of the Cryptomys hottentotus subspecies showed a statistical difference between control and hypoxic groups, presumably due to hypoxia-tolerance derived from environmental pressures associated with a subterranean and social lifestyle.

Sulfotransferase (SULT) 4A1 is a brain-selective sulfotransferase-like protein that has recently been shown to be essential for normal neuronal development in mice. In the present study, SULT4A1 was found to colocalize with SULT1A1/3 in human brain neurons. Using immunoprecipitation, SULT4A1 was shown to interact with both SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 when expressed in human cells. Mutation of the conserved dimerization motif located in the C terminus of the sulfotransferases prevented this interaction. Both ectopically expressed and endogenous SULT4A1 decreased SULT1A1/3 protein levels in neuronal cells, and this was also prevented by mutation of the dimerization motif. During differentiation of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, there was a loss in SULT1A1/3 protein but an increase in SULT4A1 protein. This resulted in an increase in the toxicity of dopamine, a substrate for SULT1A3. Inhibition of SULT4A1 using small interference RNA abrogated the loss in SULT1A1/3 and reversed dopamine toxicity. These results show a reciprocal relationship between SULT4A1 and the other sulfotransferases, suggesting that it may act as a chaperone to control the expression of SULT1A1/3 in neuronal cells.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

The catalytically inactive sulfotransferase (SULT) 4A1 may regulate the function of other SULTs by interacting with them via a conserved dimerization motif. In neuron-like cells, SULT4A1 is able to modulate dopamine toxicity by interacting with SULT1A3, potentially decreasing the metabolism of dopamine.

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain–containing molecule 3 (TIM-3), a potential immunotherapeutic target for cancer, has been shown to display diverse characteristics in a context-dependent manner. Thus, it would be useful to delineate the precise functional features of TIM-3 in a given situation. Here, we report that glial TIM-3 shows distinctive properties in the brain tumor microenvironment. TIM-3 was expressed on both growing tumor cells and their surrounding cells including glia and T cells in an orthotopic mouse glioma model. The expression pattern of TIM-3 was distinct from those of other immune checkpoint molecules in tumor-exposed and tumor-infiltrating glia. Comparison of cells from tumor-bearing and contralateral hemispheres of a glioma model showed that TIM-3 expression was lower in tumor-infiltrating CD11b+CD45mid glial cells but higher in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. In TIM-3 mutant mice with intracellular signaling defects and Cre-inducible TIM-3 mice, TIM-3 affected the expression of several immune-associated molecules including iNOS and PD-L1 in primary glia-exposed conditioned media (CM) from brain tumors. Further, TIM-3 was cross-regulated by TLR2, but not by TLR4, in brain tumor CM- or Pam3CSK4-exposed glia. In addition, following exposure to tumor CM, IFNγ production was lower in T cells cocultured with TIM-3–defective glia than with normal glia. Collectively, these findings suggest that glial TIM-3 actively and distinctively responds to brain tumor, and plays specific intracellular and intercellular immunoregulatory roles that might be different from TIM-3 on T cells in the brain tumor microenvironment.Significance:TIM-3 is typically thought of as a T-cell checkpoint receptor. This study demonstrates a role for TIM-3 in mediating myeloid cell responses in glioblastoma.

Because we don't have enough on our plates as it is, now we've got 'murder hornets' flying around the United States. Murder hornets (actually Asian Giant Hornets, but that name didn't strike enough fear into the masses) have a sting powerful enough that China recommends medical treatment if stunk more than ten times, and emergency treatment if stung more than 30. *pours out a little liquor for Macaulay Culkin in My Girl*. And where is his glasses?! He can't see without his glasses! Put his glasses on! Here's a video of Coyote Peterson getting stung by one (the Japanese Giant Hornet was previously believed to be a subspecies of the Asian Giant Hornet, but has since been recategorized as a color morph). This is a video of a praying mantis eating a Giant Asian hornet until it's just a pile of limbs. So yeah, praying mantises -- start breeding them. And make sure to selectively breed them too so we can produce them bigger and bigger until they're preying on us because the way things are going how is that not how this ends? Keep going for the video while I surround my Animal Crossings town with preying mantises to protect my villagers and keep my five-star rating (okay, three).

In a small trial, implanting electrodes into the brain helped women with severe anorexia gain weight and feel less anxious and depressed

The brain has a powerful ability to remember and connect events separated in time. And now, in a new study in mice, scientists have shed light on how the brain can form such enduring links.

A protein shredder that occurs in cell membranes of brain cells apparently also indirectly regulates the fat metabolism. The shredder, known as gamma-secretase, is considered a possible target for drugs against cancer and Alzheimer's disease. However, the results suggest that such agents may have long-range effects that need to be watched closely.

A research team has discovered a molecular mechanism that helps Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) evade the innate immune system and infect the brain causing a rare disease with high mortality. The study from Aarhus University, University of Oxford, and University of Gothenburg, led by first author Chiranjeevi Bodda in Søren Paludan's lab, will be published May 8 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine (JEM).

The brain has a powerful ability to remember and connect events separated in time. And now, in a new study in mice published today in Neuron, scientists at Columbia's Zuckerman Institute have shed light on how the brain can form such enduring links.

A protein shredder that occurs in cell membranes of brain cells apparently also indirectly regulates the fat metabolism. This is shown by a recent study by the University of Bonn. The shredder, known as gamma-secretase, is considered a possible target for drugs against cancer and Alzheimer's disease. However, the results suggest that such agents may have long-range effects that need to be watched closely. The study has now been published in "Life Science Alliance".

Its name is Foxg1, it is a gene, and its unprecedented role is the protagonist of the discovery just published on the journal Cerebral Cortex. Foxg1 was already known for being a "master gene" able to coordinate the action of hundreds of other genes. As this new study reports, the "excitability" of neurons, namely their ability to respond to stimuli, communicating between each other and carrying out all their tasks, also depends on this gene.

Certain vitamins, minerals and other supplements can support your immune system as a whole, even though they haven’t been researched for their impact on COVID-19 specifically.

Check out this year's winners of the Art of Neuroscience competition

Is it doing the same for people?

Residents of the driest inhabited continent, Australia, have evidently been cottoning onto the fact that water means life and we need to be more thoughtful in our use of this rather precious resource. Since the year 2000, Australians have managed to

In a small trial, implanting electrodes into the brain helped women with severe anorexia gain weight and feel less anxious and depressed

New study provides insights into how pathological fear memory in Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be suppressed. fear, The findings of the

Two-person-together MRI scans on couples were used to investigate how touching is perceived in the brain. The study was carried out by Aalto University and Turku PET Centre researchers.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) evades immune response in the brain by targeting STING (The stimulator of interferon genes) protein ubiquitination. HSV1

A research team led by Chiranjeevi Bodda in Sren Paludan's lab, discovered a molecular mechanism that helps herpes simplex virus infect the brain. Details are published in the iJournal of Experimental Medicine/i.

Kapalbhati - a part of Pranayam kriya where one forcefully exhales rapidly and in short bursts helps in cleaning lungs and in exercising the abdomen muscles.

Patients with mood and anxiety disorders share the same abnormalities in regions of the brain involved in emotional and cognitive control. The findings

Radiation exposure in space may disable your abilities of learning and memory; it also causes anxiety and depression. Exposure to chronic, low dose radiation

A team at the University of California, San Diego found that an immune response to the virus could potentially be targeted to reduce the effects of the virus and birth defects (illustrated).

Tom Standage reveals a series of fascinating little-known facts in a new book. The UK-based deputy editor of The Economist examines facts and figures, including what causes happiness.

DR MICHAEL MOSLEY: Like many, I've long believed that our relentless use of social media is, for want of a better term, rotting our brains.

ROBERT HARDMAN: As every false dawn turns to dusk; as every fresh promise - be it of testing kits or ventilators - falls short, so the cries grow louder: where is the Lord Beaverbrook of our times?

The video, shared on the microblogging site, shows a praying mantis catching and feeding on a murder hornet. It hunts down its food, holding the deadly stinger at bay and chew it starting from the massive brain.

Hayden Library - RC339.52.D54 M956 2017

Brick, John, 1950- author

Parker, Linda, (Linda A.), author

Żurawicki, Leon

ASMR, Slime, and other Oddly Satisfying videos are enormously popular online, but we know surprisingly little about the body's responses that keep us wanting -- and watching -- more. WIRED's Louise Matsakis spoke with psychologist and neuroscientist Nick Davis, who co-authored one of the first studies about ASMR.

Hayden Library - RM666.C266 P37 2017

Hayden Library - BF311.K3766 2019

Hayden Library - BF431.R39 2019

Hayden Library - BF869.G3 F56 2019

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Barker Library - BF697.5.S426 S56 2018

Hayden Library - QP355.2.P37 2017

Hayden Library - QP360.H57 2017

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