Blog article by Cobus de Swardt, Managing Director of Transparency International, written for the OECD Integrity Forum 2015.

This review particularly recommends shifting away from income taxation to indirect taxation, for instance by raising more revenue from the Goods and Services Tax.

In January of this year I visited the Mexican state of Tabasco– a state crossed by rivers and facing the Gulf of Mexico. The state’s population has doubled over the past 30 years and its economy relies heavily on oil and natural gas resources. It has its challenges as well: unemployment, poverty and a lack of resources.

This working paper explores avenues to improve public sector efficiency in Latvia, a catching-up and ageing economy where spending needs are large.

Brazil has made significant progress in building a reputation for sound fiscal policy since it passed the Fiscal Responsibility Law in 2000. In recent years, however, the fiscal situation has become more difficult as public spending and gross debt have risen.

Paris, 8 March 2016: Organised on International Women's Day, the OECD hosted a conference to consider policy approaches to closing leadership gender gaps in the public and corporate sectors.

Launch of the OECD review of the risk management policies in Morocco. The review provides an objective assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of Morocco's risk management policies by international experts.

The Municipality of Torreon sets the foundations to address and implement the 267 recommendations delivered by the OECD in February 2016

Indonesia's fiscal position is generally sound and policy making prudent. However, the country still faces important challenges in terms of economic and social development.

In relation to GDP, India's public debt and interest payments are high compared with most other emerging economies and rating agencies have put India's sovereign debt at the lowest investment grade.

This Global Forum plays an important role as the tool for on-going dialogue on responsible business conduct. I am pleased to announce that today, Ministers from over 20 countries are coming together to discuss how to integrate responsibility considerations throughout government policies. Their work will contribute to protect internationally recognised fundamental rights and to ensure good governance, fair regulations, and transparency.

This book presents the findings of an OECD policy dialogue with Indian stakeholders on policies to improve the monitoring and prevention of abusive related party transactions in India.

Paris, 8 March 2016: Organised on International Women's Day, the OECD hosted a conference to consider policy approaches to closing leadership gender gaps in the public and corporate sectors.

Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Meat Of Bovine Animals in Brazil decreased to 509 USD Million in April from 555.41 USD Million in March of 2020. Exports (Fob): Primary Prds - Meat Of Bovine Anima in Brazil averaged 200.77 USD Million from 1989 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 755.75 USD Million in November of 2019 and a record low of 1.57 USD Million in October of 1990. This page includes a chart with historical data for Brazil Exports of : Primary Prds - Meat of Bovine A.

Housing Starts in Thailand decreased to 6318 units in February from 10109 units in January of 2020. Housing Starts in Thailand averaged 8001.38 units from 1987 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 24699 units in June of 1997 and a record low of 1267 units in December of 1999. This page provides the latest reported value for - Thailand Housing Starts - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

IP Addresses in Bosnia and Herzegovina increased to 497687 IP in the first quarter of 2017 from 483243 IP in the fourth quarter of 2016. IP Addresses in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 355009 IP from 2007 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 514552 IP in the first quarter of 2014 and a record low of 59058 IP in the third quarter of 2007. This page includes a chart with historical data for Bosnia and HerzegovinaIP Addresses.

Temperature in Bosnia and Herzegovina increased to 22.81 celsius in August from 22.29 celsius in July of 2013. Temperature in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 10.42 celsius from 1743 until 2013, reaching an all time high of 24.04 celsius in August of 2003 and a record low of -6.53 celsius in January of 1942. This page includes a chart with historical data for Bosnia and Herzegovina Temperature.

The Corporate Tax Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina stands at 10 percent. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Corporate Income tax rate is a tax collected from companies. Its amount is based on the net income companies obtain while exercising their business activity, normally during one business year. The benchmark we use refers to the highest rate for Corporate Income. Revenues from the Corporate Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Corporate Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Personal Income Tax Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina stands at 10 percent. Personal Income Tax Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 9.33 percent from 2004 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 10 percent in 2006 and a record low of 5 percent in 2005. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Personal Income Tax Rate is a tax collected from individuals and is imposed on different sources of income like labour, pensions, interest and dividends. The benchmark we use refers to the Top Marginal Tax Rate for individuals. Revenues from the Personal Income Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Personal Income Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded a government debt equivalent to 24.80 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Government Debt to GDP in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 29.23 percent from 1998 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 56.04 percent in 1999 and a record low of 16.60 percent in 2008. Generally, Government debt as a percent of GDP is used by investors to measure a country ability to make future payments on its debt, thus affecting the country borrowing costs and government bond yields. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded a Current Account deficit of 4.20 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Current Account to GDP in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged -8.35 percent from 2004 until 2018, reaching an all time high of -4.20 percent in 2018 and a record low of -16.60 percent in 2005. The Current account balance as a percent of GDP provides an indication on the level of international competitiveness of a country. Usually, countries recording a strong current account surplus have an economy heavily dependent on exports revenues, with high savings ratings but weak domestic demand. On the other hand, countries recording a current account deficit have strong imports, a low saving rates and high personal consumption rates as a percentage of disposable incomes. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Current Account to GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Military Expenditure in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 208 USD Million in 2018 from 165 USD Million in 2017. Military Expenditure in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 194.94 USD Million from 2002 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 353 USD Million in 2002 and a record low of 160 USD Million in 2014.

The Social Security Rate For Employees in Bosnia And Herzegovina stands at 31 percent. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Social Security Rate For Employees- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Bosnia and Herzegovina was last recorded at 6056.20 US dollars in 2018. The GDP per Capita in Bosnia and Herzegovina is equivalent to 48 percent of the world's average. GDP per capita in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 3855.78 USD from 1994 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 6056.20 USD in 2018 and a record low of 700.70 USD in 1994. The GDP per capita is obtained by dividing the country’s gross domestic product, adjusted by inflation, by the total population. This page provides the latest reported value for - Bosnia and Herzegovina GDP per capita - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded a government budget surplus of 1797 BAM Million in 2018. Government Budget Value in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 673 BAM Million from 2003 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 1797 BAM Million in 2018 and a record low of -322 BAM Million in 2009. The government budget balance is the difference between government revenues and expenses. The budget is balanced when outlays equal to receipts, the country reports budget surplus when revenues are higher than expenses and deficit when expenses exceed the revenues. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Government Budget Value - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Government Revenues in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 14402.26 BAM Million in 2018 from 13479.30 BAM Million in 2017. Government Revenues in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 10576.11 BAM Million from 2003 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 14402.26 BAM Million in 2018 and a record low of 6020.95 BAM Million in 2003. Government Revenues refer to all receipts the government gets, including taxes, custom duties, revenue from state-owned enterprises, capital revenues and foreign aid. Government Revenues are part of government budget balance calculation. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Government Revenues- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Fiscal Expenditure in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 12738.29 BAM Million in 2018 from 11913.44 BAM Million in 2017. Fiscal Expenditure in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 9918.46 BAM Million from 2003 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 12738.29 BAM Million in 2018 and a record low of 5680.44 BAM Million in 2003. Fiscal expenditure refers to the sum of government expenses, including spending on goods and services, investment and transfer payments like social security and unemployment benefits. Fiscal expenditure are part of government budget balance calculation. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Fiscal Expenditure- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded a Government Budget surplus equal to 2.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2018. Government Budget in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged -0.11 percent of GDP from 2004 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 2.70 percent of GDP in 2006 and a record low of -4.30 percent of GDP in 2009. Government Budget is an itemized accounting of the payments received by government (taxes and other fees) and the payments made by government (purchases and transfer payments). A budget deficit occurs when an government spends more money than it takes in. The opposite of a budget deficit is a budget surplus. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Government Budget - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Deposit Interest Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased to 0.98 percent in 2018 from 1.21 percent in 2017. Deposit Interest Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 6.32 percent from 1998 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 51.88 percent in 1998 and a record low of 0.98 percent in 2018. The Deposit Interest Rate is the average rate paid by commercial banks to individuals or corporations on deposits. This page includes a chart with historical data for Deposit Interest Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bosnia and Herzegovina scored 54.73 points out of 100 on the 2018 Global Competitiveness Report published by the World Economic Forum. Competitiveness Index in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 16.36 Points from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 54.73 Points in 2019 and a record low of 3.52 Points in 2010. The most recent 2018 edition of Global Competitiveness Report assesses 140 economies. The report is made up of 98 variables, from a combination of data from international organizations as well as from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey. The variables are organized into twelve pillars with the most important including: institutions; infrastructure; ICT adoption; macroeconomic stability; health; skills; product market; labour market; financial system; market size; business dynamism; and innovation capability. The GCI varies between 1 and 100, higher average score means higher degree of competitiveness. With the 2018 edition, the World Economic Forum introduced a new methodology, aiming to integrate the notion of the 4th Industrial Revolution into the definition of competitiveness. It emphasizes the role of human capital, innovation, resilience and agility, as not only drivers but also defining features of economic success in the 4th Industrial Revolution. This page provides the latest reported value for - Bosnia and Herzegovina Competitiveness Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Gold Reserves in Bosnia and Herzegovina remained unchanged at 2.99 Tonnes in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 2.99 Tonnes in the third quarter of 2019. Gold Reserves in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 1.36 Tonnes from 2000 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3 Tonnes in the first quarter of 2018 and a record low of 0 Tonnes in the second quarter of 2000. Gold Reserves are country’s gold assets held or controlled by the central bank. This page provides - Afghanistan Gold Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is ranked 90 among 190 economies in the ease of doing business, according to the latest World Bank annual ratings. The rank of Bosnia and Herzegovina deteriorated to 90 in 2019 from 89 in 2018. Ease of Doing Business in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 104.58 from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 131 in 2013 and a record low of 79 in 2015. The Ease of doing business index ranks countries against each other based on how the regulatory environment is conducive to business operationstronger protections of property rights. Economies with a high rank (1 to 20) have simpler and more friendly regulations for businesses. This page includes a chart with historical data for Ease of Doing Business in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

GDP From Mining in Bosnia And Herzegovina decreased to 128493 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2016 from 147241 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2015. GDP From Mining in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 131431.30 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 155475 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2013 and a record low of 101304 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2009. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Mining- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Public Administration in Bosnia And Herzegovina decreased to 589843 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2016 from 593566 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2015. GDP From Public Administration in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 575257.82 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 596363 BAM Thousand in the second quarter of 2015 and a record low of 548758 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2008. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Public Administration- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Services in Bosnia And Herzegovina decreased to 788360 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2016 from 972195 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2015. GDP From Services in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 858953.30 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 1016250 BAM Thousand in the third quarter of 2015 and a record low of 691724 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2010. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Wholesale and Retail Trade- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Transport in Bosnia And Herzegovina decreased to 217369 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2016 from 244692 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2015. GDP From Transport in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 216631.61 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 258379 BAM Thousand in the third quarter of 2014 and a record low of 181522 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2008. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Transport- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Utilities in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 70250 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2016 from 69494 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2015. GDP From Utilities in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 67913.97 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2016, reaching an all time high of 72032 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2014 and a record low of 63702 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2009. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Utilities- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Loans To Private Sector in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 8998.70 BAM Million in November from 8955 BAM Million in October of 2019. Loans To Private Sector in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 4927.44 BAM Million from 1997 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 8998.70 BAM Million in November of 2019 and a record low of 869.53 BAM Million in August of 1997. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Loans To Private Sector- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina scored 36 points out of 100 on the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Index in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 34.88 Points from 2003 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 42 Points in 2012 and a record low of 29 Points in 2005. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). This page provides the latest reported value for - Bosnia and Herzegovina Corruption Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is the 101 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 85.53 from 2003 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 101 in 2019 and a record low of 70 in 2003. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territory's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories in the index. This page provides the latest reported value for - Bosnia and Herzegovina Corruption Rank - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Sales Tax Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina stands at 17 percent. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the sales tax rate is a tax charged to consumers based on the purchase price of certain goods and services. The benchmark we use for the sales tax rate refers to the highest rate. Revenues from the Sales Tax Rate are an important source of income for the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Sales Tax Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Housing Index in Bosnia and Herzegovina increased to 1208 Units in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 527 Units in the third quarter of 2019. Housing Index in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 1048.52 Units from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3669 Units in the fourth quarter of 2010 and a record low of 202 Units in the first quarter of 2011. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Housing Index measures the number of completed dwellings of residential constructions. Completed dwellings are related to dwellings finished in period in the reporting quarter regardless of the time when construction works started. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Completed Residential Construction - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Wages in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased 2.60 percent in December of 2019 over the same month in the previous year. Wage Growth in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 4.36 percent from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 19.20 percent in July of 2008 and a record low of -1.80 percent in January of 2015. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Wage Growth- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

External Debt in Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased to 8098822.09 BAM THO in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 8239542.87 BAM THO in the third quarter of 2019. External Debt in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 5907008.45 BAM THO from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 8870660.69 BAM THO in the fourth quarter of 2016 and a record low of 2386007.31 BAM THO in the first quarter of 1999. In Bosnia And Herzegovina, external debt is a part of the total debt that is owed to creditors outside the country. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina External Debt - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The total population in Bosnia and Herzegovina was estimated at 3.5 million people in 2019, according to the latest census figures and projections from Trading Economics. Looking back, in the year of 1960, Bosnia and Herzegovina had a population of 3.2 million people. The population of Bosnia and Herzegovina represents 0.01 percent of the world´s total population which arguably means that one person in every 11074 people on the planet is a resident of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This page provides - Bosnia and Herzegovina Population - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina expanded 1.60 percent in the fourth quarter of 2019 over the same quarter of the previous year. GDP Annual Growth Rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 1.93 percent from 2004 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 6.40 percent in the third quarter of 2011 and a record low of -6.70 percent in the fourth quarter of 2009. Manufacturing and mining are important sectors of Bosnia and Herzegovina's economy and make-up the bulk of exports. Tourism is currently growing and is expected to become vital. On the expenditure side, household consumption is the main component of GDP and accounts for 81 percent of its total use, followed by government expenditure (22 percent) and gross fixed capital formation (18 percent). Exports of goods and services account for 33 percent of GDP while imports account for 55 percent, subtracting 22 percent from the GDP. This page provides the latest reported value for - Bosnia and Herzegovina GDP Annual Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded a capital and financial account deficit of 4.94 BAM Million in the fourth quarter of 2019. Capital Flows in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged -250.49 BAM Million from 2007 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 120.46 BAM Million in the third quarter of 2017 and a record low of -805.67 BAM Million in the fourth quarter of 2008. In Bosnia And Herzegovina, international capital flows are measured using the Capital and Financial Account Balance of the Balance of Payments. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Capital Flows - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP Constant Prices in Bosnia and Herzegovina decreased to 8244256 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 8521263 BAM Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. GDP Constant Prices in Bosnia and Herzegovina averaged 6842069.21 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 8521263 BAM Thousand in the third quarter of 2019 and a record low of 5597560 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2009. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina GDP Constant Prices - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Construction in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 317295 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 312168 BAM Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Construction in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 287441.25 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 360235 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2008 and a record low of 202221 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2012. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Construction- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

GDP From Manufacturing in Bosnia And Herzegovina increased to 993213 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 970325 BAM Thousand in the third quarter of 2019. GDP From Manufacturing in Bosnia And Herzegovina averaged 770406.08 BAM Thousand from 2008 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 993213 BAM Thousand in the fourth quarter of 2019 and a record low of 542735 BAM Thousand in the first quarter of 2009. This page provides - Bosnia And Herzegovina Gdp From Manufacturing- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.