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EDB clarification




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EDB clarification




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Application deadline extended for First School Allocation Exercise 2020 for allocation of five new estate kindergarten premises




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EDB clarification




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Application arrangements for Scheme for Admission of Hong Kong Students to Mainland Higher Education Institutions for 2020




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Award Scheme for Learning Experiences under Qualifications Framework opens for application




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New notification arrangements on Secondary One discretionary places and distribution of school choice documents for Central Allocation




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EDB clarification




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Integration and Application of Knowledge, Experience and Resources Supporting Students with Special Educational Needs in the Epidemic




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Appointment of new member to Advisory Committee on Gifted Education




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Re-appointment of Chairman of Council of Education University of Hong Kong




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Primary One Central Allocation results to be posted to parents in early June




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Application for Exemption from the Language Proficiency Requirement is to close on 29 May 2020




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Support schemes applications open

The Government today announced that applications are open for several support schemes following the funding approval of the second round of the Anti-epidemic Fund and other relief measures by the Legislative Council Finance Committee.

 

The Club-house Subsidy Scheme, which provides a one-off subsidy of $100,000 to eligible club-houses, is now open for application. The deadline for application is May 18.

 

Upon submission of the completed application form and supporting documents, the disbursement of subsidies could generally be made in around two weeks.

 

The Travel Agents & Practitioners Support Scheme and the Hotel Sector Support Scheme are also open for applications, with the deadlines on June 15 and May 18 respectively.

 

The Subsidy Scheme for the Refuse Transfer Station Account Holders for Transporting Municipal Solid Waste, which offers a one-off subsidy of $8,000 to each of the eligible private municipal solid waste collectors operating in the first quarter, was also endorsed.

 

To ease the application procedures, the Environmental Protection Department will post cheques to recipients of this special subsidy in about a week after the funding endorsement.

 

Meanwhile, the total guarantee commitment of the Special 100% Loan Guarantee under the SME Financing Guarantee Scheme has been increased to $50 billion.

 

The maximum loan amount per enterprise has been increased to $4 million and the principal moratorium arrangement has been extended to the first 12 months.

 

The Special 100% Loan Guarantee will start receiving applications from April 20 and the application period has been extended to one year.




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SAS Notes for SAS®9 - 65925: Clicking a URL for a stored process in Excel brings up the SAS Stored Process Web Application Welcome page

After you submit a stored process from the SAS Stored Process Web Application, the generated URL is placed into a cell in a Microsoft Excel worksheet. When you click this URL, you expect that the stored process is sub




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SAS Notes for SAS®9 - 65885: The ability to connect to a Google BigQuery database via OAuth Authentication has been added to SAS/ACCESS Interface to Google BigQuery

The ability to connect to a Google BigQuery database via OAuth is now available with this hot fix. Three new options have been added, REFRESH_TOKEN=, CLIENT_ID=, and CLIENT_SECRET=. You can use these options with 




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Clinical implications of chromatin accessibility in human cancers

(Impact Journals LLC) Volume 11, Issue 18 of @Oncotarget Clinical implications of chromatin accessibility assessed by ATAC-seq profiling in human cancers especially in a large patient cohort is largely unknown.




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Indicators of cancer may also be markers of heart failure

(Wiley) Heart failure and cancer are conditions with a number of shared characteristics. A new study published in the Journal of Internal Medicine found that in patients with heart failure, several known tumor markers can also be indicators of heart failure severity and progression.




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Diminished returns of educational attainment on heart disease among black Americans

(Bentham Science Publishers) Using a nationally representative sample, the researchers explored racial/ethnic variation in the link between educational attainment and heart disease among American adults.




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Free use of Kudos Pro to help researchers keep communicating during pandemic disruption

(Kudos Innovations Ltd) Kudos helps researchers maximize reach and visibility of research by opening up Kudos Pro. The platform helps showcase work to a range of target audiences, supporting researchers in fields where conferences have been cancelled -- and those with COVID-19-relevant work that needs rapid communication. Over 2,000 researchers have already signed up.




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Archaeologists verify Florida's Mound Key as location of elusive Spanish fort

(Florida Museum of Natural History) Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antón de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. The Spanish fort was built in 1566 in the capital of the Calusa, the most powerful Native American tribe in the region, on present-day Mound Key in the center of Estero Bay on Florida's Gulf Coast.




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Global trade in soy has major implications for the climate

(University of Bonn) The extent to which Brazilian soy production and trade contribute to climate change depends largely on the location where soybeans are grown. This is shown by a recent study conducted by the University of Bonn together with partners from Spain, Belgium and Sweden. In some municipalities, CO2 emissions resulting from the export of soybean and derivatives are more than 200 times higher than in others.




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Ocean acidification prediction now possible years in advance

(University of Colorado at Boulder) CU Boulder researchers have developed a method that could enable scientists to accurately forecast ocean acidity up to five years in advance. This would enable fisheries and communities that depend on seafood negatively affected by ocean acidification to adapt to changing conditions in real time, improving economic and food security in the next few decades.




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A standard for real-time calculation of pollutant emissions allocated to the use of ICT

(École de technologie supérieure) The first ever standard for real-time calculation of pollutant emissions allocated to the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) was recently introduced, thanks to the work of the IEEE ICT Emissions Working Group Committe, chaired by Mohamed Cheriet, a Professor in the Systems Engineering Department at École de technologie supérieure. Under the auspices of the IEEE Standards Association, the Working Group Committee is made up of researchers from diverse backgrounds and many different countries.




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Tran receives scholarship honoring women in higher education

(Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University) Lynn Tran, a student in the University System of Georgia MD/PhD program at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, has received a Louise McBee Scholarship from the Georgia Association for Women in Higher Education.




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Position statement addresses difficult issue: allocating scare resources in COVID-19 era

(American Geriatrics Society) The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented pressure on societies worldwide, given the pandemic's rapid, often deadly spread. In health care, the pandemic has raised the pressing question of how society should allocate scarce resources during a crisis. This is the question experts addressed today in a new position statement published by the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (DOI: 10.1111/jgs.16537).




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Drug Interactions of Medications Commonly Used in Diabetes

Curtis Triplitt
Oct 1, 2006; 19:202-211
Pharmacy Update




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Addressing Health Literacy and Numeracy to Improve Diabetes Education and Care

Richard O. White
Oct 1, 2010; 23:238-243
Articles




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Insights From the National Diabetes Education Program National Diabetes Survey: Opportunities for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support

Linda J. Piccinino
May 1, 2017; 30:95-100
From Research to Practice




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Iatrogenic Inpatient Hypoglycemia: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention: Analysis of Current Practice at an Academic Medical Center With Implications for Improvement Efforts

Gregory A. Maynard
Oct 1, 2008; 21:241-247
Articles




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Educator Experience with the U.S. Diabetes Conversation Map(R) Education Program in the Journey for Control of Diabetes: The IDEA Study

Omar D. Fernandes
Jul 1, 2010; 23:194-198
Care Innovations




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Diabetes Self-Management Education for Older Adults: General Principles and Practical Application

Emmy Suhl
Oct 1, 2006; 19:234-240
Articles




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Making a Difference With Interactive Technology: Considerations in Using and Evaluating Computerized Aids for Diabetes Self-Management Education

Russell E. Glasgow
Apr 1, 2001; 14:
Feature Articles




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Associations Between Self-Management Education and Comprehensive Diabetes Clinical Care

Tammie M. Johnson
Jan 1, 2010; 23:41-46
Feature Articles




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Implementing Diabetes Self-Management Education in Primary Care

Sharlene Emerson
Apr 1, 2006; 19:79-83
Articles




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Group Education in Diabetes: Effectiveness and Implementation

Carolé R. Mensing
Apr 1, 2003; 16:
Articles




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Four Theories and a Philosophy: Self-Management Education for Individuals Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes

T. Chas Skinner
Apr 1, 2003; 16:
Lifestyle and Behavior




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J’can healthcare worker dies from COVID-19-related complications

Antoniette Bryden has fond memories of her mother, Arlene Reid, 51, a healthcare worker originally from Yallahs, St Thomas, who died of COVID-19 in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, on April 27. Reid, a personal support worker (PSW) who worked part-time...




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COVID-19: Economic Implications for Japan and the United States

Exploring the economic implications of COVID-19 on Japan and the US.




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State Cyber Interventions Below the Threshold of the Use of Force: Challenges in the Application of International Law

Invitation Only Research Event

30 April 2019 - 10:00am to 4:00pm

Chatham House | 10 St James's Square | London | SW1Y 4LE

Event participants

Chair: Elizabeth Wilmshurst, Distinguished Fellow, International Law Programme, Chatham House

Under what circumstances will a state-sponsored cyberattack on another state that falls below the threshold of the use of force be a breach of international law – for example, hacking into another state’s electoral databases, usurping inherently governmental functions such as parliamentary processes or an attack on another state’s financial system? In the dynamic field of state cyber operations, persistent, low-level cyberattacks are increasing, as are multilateral attempts to attribute the attacks to the states responsible. There is general agreement that international law applies to cyberspace but the question is how it applies and with what consequences.     
   
This meeting will bring together a small group of academics and practitioners to explore the application of international law to states’ cyber operations that interfere in the internal affairs of another state and which fall below the threshold of the use of force. What is the law on non-intervention in international law and how does it apply to states’ cyber activities? Does the Nicaragua case represent the best expression of the law in this area including the requirement of coercion? And are there any other principles of international law that are relevant? The meeting will also consider processes and procedures for agreeing on the law and best practices.
 
The purpose of the meeting will be to inform a research paper by Chatham House.
 
Attendance at this event is by invitation only.

Event attributes

Chatham House Rule

Department/project




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Sovereignty and Non-Intervention: The Application of International Law to State Cyberattacks

Research Event

4 December 2019 - 5:30pm to 7:00pm

Chatham House | 10 St James's Square | London | SW1Y 4LE

Event participants

Douglas, Legal Director, GCHQ
Zhixiong Huang, Luojia Chair of International Law, Wuhan University
Nemanja Malisevic, Director of Digital Diplomacy, Microsoft
Harriet Moynihan, Associate Fellow, International Law Programme, Chatham House
Chair: Elizabeth Wilmshurst, Distinguished Fellow, International Law Programme, Chatham House

International law applies to cyber operations – but views differ on exactly how. Does state-sponsored interference in another state's affairs using cyber means – for example,  disinformation campaigns in elections, disabling government websites, or disrupting transport systems – breach international law? If so, on what basis and how are the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention relevant? States are increasingly attributing cyber operations to other states and engaging in the debate on how international law applies, including circumstances that would justify countermeasures.

As states meet to debate these issues at the UN, the panel will explore how international law regulates cyberoperations by states, consider the prospects of progress at the UN, and assess the value of other initiatives.

This event coincides with the launch of a Chatham House research paper which analyses how the principles of sovereignty and intervention apply in the context of cyberoperations, and considers a way forward for agreeing a common understanding of cyber norms.

This event will bring together a broad group of actors, including policymakers, the private sector, legal experts and civil society, and will be followed by a drinks reception.

 

Jacqueline Rowe

Programme Assistant, International Law Programme
020 7389 3287




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The Application of International Law to State Cyberattacks: Sovereignty and Non-Intervention

2 December 2019

Hostile cyber operations by one state against another state are increasingly common. This paper analyzes the application of the sovereignty and non-intervention principles in relation to states’ cyber operations in another state below the threshold of the use of force. 

Harriet Moynihan

Senior Research Fellow, International Law Programme

2019-11-29-Intl-Law-Cyberattacks.jpg

A computer hacked by a virus known as Petya. The Petya ransomware cyberattack hit computers of Russian and Ukrainian companies on 27 June 2017. Photo: Getty Images.

Summary

  • The vast majority of state-to-state cyberattacks consist of persistent, low-level intrusions that take place below the threshold of use of force. International law, including the principle of non-intervention in another state’s internal affairs and the principle of sovereignty, applies to these cyber operations.
  • It is not clear whether any unauthorized cyber intrusion would violate the target state’s sovereignty, or whether there is a threshold in operation. While some would like to set limits by reference to effects of the cyber activity, at this time such limits are not reflected in customary international law. The assessment of whether sovereignty has been violated therefore has to be made on a case by case basis, if no other more specific rules of international law apply.
  • In due course, further state practice and opinio iuris may give rise to an emerging cyber-specific understanding of sovereignty, just as specific rules deriving from the sovereignty principle have crystallized in other areas of international law.
  • Before a principle of due diligence can be invoked in the cyber context, further work is needed by states to agree upon rules as to what might be expected of a state in this context.
  • The principle of non-intervention applies to a state’s cyber operations as it does to other state activities. It consists of coercive behaviour by one state that deprives the target state of its free will in relation to the exercise of its sovereign functions in order to compel an outcome in, or conduct with respect to, a matter reserved to the target state.
  • In practice, activities that contravene the non-intervention principle and activities that violates sovereignty will often overlap.
  • In order to reach agreement on how international law applies to states’ cyber operations below the level of use of force, states should put their views on record, where possible giving examples of when they consider that an obligation may be breached, as states such as the UK, Australia, France and the Netherlands have done.
  • Further discussion between states should focus on how the rules apply to practical examples of state-sponsored cyber operations. There is likely to be more commonality about specific applications of the law than there is about abstract principles.
  • The prospects of a general treaty in this area are still far off. In due course, there may be benefit in considering limited rules, for example on due diligence and a prohibition on attacking critical infrastructure, before tackling broad principles.




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12-LOX catalyzes the oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysolipids in platelets generating eicosanoid-lysolipids that are attenuated by iPLA2{gamma} knockout [Signal Transduction]

The canonical pathway of eicosanoid production in most mammalian cells is initiated by phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid, followed by its enzymatic oxidation resulting in a vast array of eicosanoid products. However, recent work has demonstrated that the major phospholipase in mitochondria, iPLA2γ (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 8 (PNPLA8)), possesses sn-1 specificity, with polyunsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position generating polyunsaturated sn-2-acyl lysophospholipids. Through strategic chemical derivatization, chiral chromatographic separation, and multistage tandem MS, here we first demonstrate that human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) can directly catalyze the regioselective and stereospecific oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC) and 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine (2-AA-LPE). Next, we identified these two eicosanoid-lysophospholipids in murine myocardium and in isolated platelets. Moreover, we observed robust increases in 2-AA-LPC, 2-AA-LPE, and their downstream 12-LOX oxidation products, 12(S)-HETE-LPC and 12(S)-HETE-LPE, in calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated murine platelets. Mechanistically, genetic ablation of iPLA2γ markedly decreased the calcium-stimulated production of 2-AA-LPC, 2-AA-LPE, and 12-HETE-lysophospholipids in mouse platelets. Importantly, a potent and selective 12-LOX inhibitor, ML355, significantly inhibited the production of 12-HETE-LPC and 12-HETE-LPE in activated platelets. Furthermore, we found that aging is accompanied by significant changes in 12-HETE-LPC in murine serum that were also markedly attenuated by iPLA2γ genetic ablation. Collectively, these results identify previously unknown iPLA2γ-initiated signaling pathways mediated by direct 12-LOX oxidation of 2-AA-LPC and 2-AA-LPE. This oxidation generates previously unrecognized eicosanoid-lysophospholipids that may serve as biomarkers for age-related diseases and could potentially be used as targets in therapeutic interventions.




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Glucocerebrosidases catalyze a transgalactosylation reaction that yields a newly-identified brain sterol metabolite, galactosylated cholesterol [Glycobiology and Extracellular Matrices]

β-Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to generate ceramide. Previously, we demonstrated that lysosomal GBA1 and nonlysosomal GBA2 possess not only GlcCer hydrolase activity, but also transglucosylation activity to transfer the glucose residue from GlcCer to cholesterol to form β-cholesterylglucoside (β-GlcChol) in vitro. β-GlcChol is a member of sterylglycosides present in diverse species. How GBA1 and GBA2 mediate β-GlcChol metabolism in the brain is unknown. Here, we purified and characterized sterylglycosides from rodent and fish brains. Although glucose is thought to be the sole carbohydrate component of sterylglycosides in vertebrates, structural analysis of rat brain sterylglycosides revealed the presence of galactosylated cholesterol (β-GalChol), in addition to β-GlcChol. Analyses of brain tissues from GBA2-deficient mice and GBA1- and/or GBA2-deficient Japanese rice fish (Oryzias latipes) revealed that GBA1 and GBA2 are responsible for β-GlcChol degradation and formation, respectively, and that both GBA1 and GBA2 are responsible for β-GalChol formation. Liquid chromatography–tandem MS revealed that β-GlcChol and β-GalChol are present throughout development from embryo to adult in the mouse brain. We found that β-GalChol expression depends on galactosylceramide (GalCer), and developmental onset of β-GalChol biosynthesis appeared to be during myelination. We also found that β-GlcChol and β-GalChol are secreted from neurons and glial cells in association with exosomes. In vitro enzyme assays confirmed that GBA1 and GBA2 have transgalactosylation activity to transfer the galactose residue from GalCer to cholesterol to form β-GalChol. This is the first report of the existence of β-GalChol in vertebrates and how β-GlcChol and β-GalChol are formed in the brain.




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Genetic Profile and Functional Proteomics of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Proposal for a Molecular Classification

Lucía Trilla-Fuertes
Apr 1, 2020; 19:690-700
Research




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The DNA sensor cGAS is decorated by acetylation and phosphorylation modifications in the context of immune signaling

Bokai Song
Apr 28, 2020; 0:RA120.001981v1-mcp.RA120.001981
Research




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Seminal Plasma Proteome as an Indicator of Sperm Dysfunction and Low Sperm Motility

Yunlei Li
Apr 20, 2020; 0:RA120.002017v1-mcp.RA120.002017
Research




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Robust summarization and inference in proteome-wide label-free quantification

Adriaan Sticker
Apr 22, 2020; 0:RA119.001624v1-mcp.RA119.001624
Research




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Developments and Applications of Functional Protein Microarrays

Guan-Da Syu
Apr 17, 2020; 0:R120.001936v1-mcp.R120.001936
Review




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Identification of an Unconventional Subpeptidome Bound to the Behcet's Disease-associated HLA-B*51:01 that is Regulated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1)

Liye Chen
May 1, 2020; 19:871-883
Research