This study looks at common sources of detection in foreign bribery cases, untapped sources which are under or not utilised in foreign bribery investigations, and ways in which these methods of detection may be enhanced.

Lithuania has taken significant steps to strengthen its legislative framework to combat foreign bribery. Yet further efforts are needed to ensure effective enforcement of anti-bribery laws with regard to corporate liability and imposing sanctions for foreign bribery, including confiscation, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.

The next review of Sweden’s implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which was scheduled for October 2018, has been delayed until 2019. This is due to the fact that Sweden has not yet enacted legislation to urgently address remaining recommendations to reform its laws on corporate liability for the bribery of foreign public officials.

Australia has stepped up its enforcement of foreign bribery since 2012, when the OECD Working Group on Bribery last evaluated Australia’s implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, with seven convictions in two cases and 19 ongoing investigations.

Poland must make urgent progress on carrying out key recommendations of the OECD Working Group on Bribery that remain unimplemented, more than four years after its Phase 3 evaluation in June 2013.

Latest statistics for global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and international mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Analysis, trends and forecasts from the OECD using FDI statistics collected in accordance with latest international guidelines.

Australia’s enforcement of its foreign bribery laws has been extremely low, with just a single case leading to prosecutions out of 28 referrals in 13 years. Cases may have been closed prematurely. Australia must vigorously pursue foreign bribery allegations.

Australia has stepped up its enforcement of foreign bribery since 2012, when the OECD Working Group on Bribery last evaluated Australia’s implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, with seven convictions in two cases and 19 ongoing investigations.

The Phase 3 Report on Japan by the OECD Working Group on Bribery evaluates and makes recommendations on Japan'simplementation and application of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and related instruments.

Due to serious concerns about the extremely low level of enforcement of Japan’s offence of bribing foreign public officials – just three prosecutions since 1999 – the OECD Working Group on Bribery recommended in December 2013 that Japan establish an Action Plan to organise police and prosecution resources to be able to proactively detect, investigate and prosecute cases of foreign bribery by Japanese companies.

In December 2014, the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions agreed to send a High Level Mission to Japan due to longstanding serious concerns about Japan’s implementation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.

A high-level Working Group mission will visit Tokyo on 29-30 June 2016 and meet senior Japanese government officials.

Japan must step up enforcement of its foreign bribery laws and strengthen the capacities of its law enforcement agencies to proactively detect, investigate and prosecute the foreign bribery offence, according to a new report by the OECD Working Group on Bribery.

The OECD Working Group on Bribery regrets that Austria has not had a conviction of bribing foreign public officials despite a number of allegations, 13 years after ratifying the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention. However, enforcement appears to be picking up, with one case being tried, two more cases soon to be tried, and four ongoing investigations.

OECD governments are facing unprecedented challenges in the markets for government securities as a result of continued strong borrowing amid a highly uncertain environment with growing concerns about the pace of recovery, surging borrowing costs, sovereign risk and contagion pressures. The fourth OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook provides estimates for 2011 and projections for 2012. Higher than anticipated gross borrowing needs of

Borrowing operations by OECD governments are set to decrease, as their borrowing needs continue to decline, according to a new OECD report. Net borrowing needs are projected to fall from USD 2.0 trillion in 2013 to USD 1.5 trillion in 2014, the lowest level since 2007.

Sovereign gross borrowing needs in the OECD area have continued to decline from the peaks attained in 2012. They are expected to be USD 9.5 trillion in 2017, approximately the same level as 2016.

8/2/2019 - Gross borrowings of OECD governments from the markets are set to reach a new record level in 2019 by exceeding USD 11 trillion. While government funding needs in the wake of the financial crisis increased in most OECD countries, the recent further increase is confined to a few countries, particularly the United States.

This report provides updates of trends and developments associated with sovereign borrowing requirements and debt levels from the perspective of public debt managers for the OECD area and country groupings.

Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal increased by 17512.80 NPR Million in 2018. Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal averaged 4159.94 NPR Million from 2001 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 17512.80 NPR Million in 2018 and a record low of -469.70 NPR Million in 2006. This page provides - Nepal Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Rwanda increased by 305.50 USD Million in 2018. Foreign Direct Investment in Rwanda averaged 238.14 USD Million from 2009 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 314.70 USD Million in 2014 and a record low of 118.67 USD Million in 2009. This page provides - Rwanda Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Fighting foreign bribery is not a priority in Belgium. Together with the flagrant lack of resources for Belgian law enforcement authorities, this has resulted in very few foreign bribery investigations and prosecutions. In the 14 years since the entry into force of the foreign bribery offence in Belgium, only one case of bribery of foreign public officials has been concluded.

The determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) are explored with gravity models, using a Poisson estimator and a linear estimator, both with fixed effects.

Labour market mobility in the European Union is increasing, but it remains too low to provide sufficient adjustment in the face of diverging labour market developments.

Over the past decade, sound macroeconomic policies and an improved business environment have helped generate relatively strong GDP growth.

This paper provides robust empirical evidence that government effectiveness is a key determinant of sovereign defaults.

Brazil must build on the positive momentum started with its new Corporate Liability Law and its first indictments in one foreign bribery case to investigate and prosecute more proactively foreign bribery.

The OECD Working Group on Bribery is to send a high-level mission to Brasilia as soon as possible in November, to meet with senior officials, to reinforce the message that law enforcement capacity to investigate and prosecute foreign bribery should be preserved in order to ensure that Brazil remains able and committed to meeting its obligations under the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.

This paper assesses the redistribution of foreign direct investments (FDI) and tax revenues among countries due to multinationals’ response to international differences in corporate tax systems.

One of the more startling findings in the OECD Foreign Bribery Report, is that some level of corporate management was involved in over 50% of the cases sanctioned. This paper by Leah Ambler, published in the Journal of Business Compliance (01/2015), examines what went wrong and why from a corporate governance and compliance perspective.

This stocktaking report first presents a chronology of how systems for the liability of legal persons have evolved among the 41 Parties to the Anti-Bribery Convention. It then presents a “mapping” of the features of these systems for the 41 Parties.

9 December 2016, Paris: Held on International Anti-Corruption Day, this roundtable provided an opportunity for governments, the private sector, civil society, and the media, to reflect on the liability of legal persons following more than 15 years of work by the OECD Working Group on Bribery to promote its application for foreign bribery.

Corruption undermines economic and social progress and steals the future of young generations. Parties to the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention are required to criminalise bribery of foreign public officials but does this make a difference on the ground? This paper estimates a dynamic foreign direct investment (FDI) gravity model to explore the impact of corruption in general and the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in particular.

Latest statistics for global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and international mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Analysis, trends and forecasts from the OECD using FDI statistics collected in accordance with latest international guidelines.

Foreign Direct Investment in Algeria increased by 0.48 USD Billion in the first quarter of 2019. Foreign Direct Investment in Algeria averaged 0.57 USD Billion from 2001 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1.85 USD Billion in the fourth quarter of 2009 and a record low of -1.33 USD Billion in the first quarter of 2015. This page provides - Algeria Foreign Direct Investment Net Flows - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Algeria decreased to 62000 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019 from 72600 USD Million in the first quarter of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Algeria averaged 134125 USD Million from 2013 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 194961 USD Million in the first quarter of 2014 and a record low of 62000 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019. This page provides - Algeria Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Maldives decreased by 491.30 USD Million in 2018. Foreign Direct Investment in Maldives averaged -388.64 USD Million from 2011 until 2018, reaching an all time high of -228 USD Million in 2012 and a record low of -517.50 USD Million in 2017. This page provides - Maldives Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Maldives increased to 11580.70 MVR Million in December from 9300.10 MVR Million in November of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Maldives averaged 7652.29 MVR Million from 2010 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 14445.10 MVR Million in February of 2019 and a record low of 3402.28 MVR Million in October of 2010. This page provides - Maldives Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Argentina increased to 39189 USD Million in February from 38872 USD Million in January of 2020. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Argentina averaged 12982.04 USD Million from 1957 until 2020, reaching an all time high of 65345 USD Million in April of 2019 and a record low of 13 USD Million in February of 1972. In Argentina, Foreign Exchange Reserves are the foreign assets held or controlled by the country central bank. The reserves are made of specific currency. They can also be special drawing rights and marketable securities denominated in foreign currencies like treasury bills, government bonds, corporate bonds and equities and foreign currency loans. This page provides - Argentina Foreign Exchange Reserves - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Madagascar increased by 1251.50 MGA Billion in 2013. Foreign Direct Investment in Madagascar averaged 2188.86 MGA Billion from 2000 until 2013, reaching an all time high of 7716.70 MGA Billion in 2009 and a record low of 530.60 MGA Billion in 2005. This page provides - Madagascar Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Namibia decreased by 679.40 NAD Million in the second quarter of 2019. Foreign Direct Investment in Namibia averaged 1097.66 NAD Million from 1999 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 6789.40 NAD Million in the fourth quarter of 2015 and a record low of -2373.20 NAD Million in the fourth quarter of 2018. This page provides - Namibia Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Botswana decreased to 6514 USD Million in November from 6723 USD Million in October of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Botswana averaged 7275.95 USD Million from 1998 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 10346 USD Million in April of 2008 and a record low of 5152 USD Million in October of 2003. This page provides - Botswana Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Tunisia increased by 650.70 TND Million in the third quarter of 2019. Foreign Direct Investment in Tunisia averaged 578.75 TND Million from 1994 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3361.30 TND Million in the third quarter of 2006 and a record low of 0 TND Million in the third quarter of 2004. This page provides - Tunisia Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Iran increased by 2430.20 USD Million in 2017. Foreign Direct Investment in Iran averaged 2409.97 USD Million from 1998 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 4488.60 USD Million in 2012 and a record low of 15.60 USD Million in 1999. This page provides - Iran Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Mongolia decreased to 4015.50 USD Million in November from 4033.80 USD Million in October of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Mongolia averaged 1853.30 USD Million from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 4125.80 USD Million in December of 2012 and a record low of 326 USD Million in January of 2006. This page provides - Mongolia Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Georgia increased to 2706672 GEL Thousands in December from 2695791 GEL Thousands in November of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Georgia averaged 1347821.57 GEL Thousands from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3219449 GEL Thousands in October of 2017 and a record low of 297495 GEL Thousands in July of 2006. This page provides - Georgia Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Direct Investment in Bolivia increased by 151 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019. Foreign Direct Investment in Bolivia averaged 103.24 USD Million from 1998 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1023.40 USD Million in the fourth quarter of 1998 and a record low of -505.47 USD Million in the second quarter of 2014. This page provides - Bolivia Foreign Direct Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Laos increased to 997.25 USD Million in the fourth quarter of 2019 from 814.67 USD Million in the third quarter of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Laos averaged 661.13 USD Million from 2004 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1179.78 USD Million in the second quarter of 2015 and a record low of 211.50 USD Million in the first quarter of 2004. This page provides - Laos Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Bhutan increased to 1136.80 USD Million in October from 1125.20 USD Million in September of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Bhutan averaged 892.65 USD Million from 2006 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 1902.60 USD Million in July of 2016 and a record low of 458.30 USD Million in April of 2006. This page provides - Bhutan Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Foreign Exchange Reserves in Papua New Guinea increased to 2338.10 USD Million in December from 2210.10 USD Million in November of 2019. Foreign Exchange Reserves in Papua New Guinea averaged 2059.20 USD Million from 2013 until 2019, reaching an all time high of 3064 USD Million in October of 2013 and a record low of 1609.20 USD Million in May of 2018. This page provides - Papua New Guinea Foreign Exchange Reserves- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.